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Lı´gia Rebelo Gomes,Pedro Leão 사단법인약침학회 2020 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.13 No.1
Acupuncture is one of the areas among the alternative therapies that arise high curiosity in the biomedical scientific community. It is particularly popular for treatment of chronic diseases and addictions. However, contrasting with its evidence-based effectiveness, the lack of reasonable explanations for its mode of action divides that scientific community. Difficulties also arise to those responsible for providing information for clinicians and professionals who wish to acquire competencies leading to the acupuncture practice and have a background based on biochemistry and physiology. The classic theories of nerve conduction do not fully explain how information is read and transmitted during the acupuncture treatment. Other theories have been proposed, but they are based on concepts such as biophotonic waves and quantum biochemistry that are difficult to read and understand by those who do not have knowledge in physics. It is the main objective of this review to provide a summary of the main theories and explanatory approaches to the signal transduction and conduction in acupuncture and to describe them in terms of their explanatory hypotheses, limitations, and weaknesses. The most of the literature found support theories for neural conduction, including gate control. They explain the effects of acupuncture in pain relief; few studies have been conducted concerning the conduction based on biophotons. The primo vascular system has been referred as a possible anatomic support for conduction of information during an acupuncture treatment, which could be connected to biophoton transmission.
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Tatiana A. Pa´dua,Bianca S. S. C. de Abreu,Thadeu E. M. M. Costa,Marcos J. Nakamura,Lı´gia M. M,Antonio C. Siani,Elaine C. Rosas 대한약학회 2014 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.37 No.11
Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpene acidfound in apple peels (Malus domestica, Borkh, Rosaceae),has a large spectrum of pharmacological effects. However,the vegetal matrix usually produces highly viscous andpoorly soluble extracts that hamper the isolation of thiscompound. To overcome this problem, the crude EtOH–AcOEt extract of commercial apple peels was exhaustivelytreated with diazomethane, after which methyl ursolate(MU) was purified by column chromatography and characterizedspectrometrically. The anti-inflammatory effectsof UA and MU (50 mg/kg) were analyzed by zymosaninducedpaw edema, pleurisy and in an experimentalarthritis model. After 4 h of treatment with UA and MU,paw edema was reduced by 46 and 44 %, respectively. Both UA and MU inhibited protein extravasation into thethoracic cavity; tibio-femoral edema by 40 and 48 %,respectively; and leukocyte influx into the synovial cavityafter 6 h by 52 and 73 %, respectively. Additionally, bothUA and MU decreased the levels of mediators related tosynovial inflammation, such as KC/CXCL-1 levels by 95and 90 %, TNF-a levels by 76 and 71 %, and IL-1b levelsby 57 and 53 %, respectively. Both the compounds wereequally effective when assayed in different inflammatorymodels, including experimental arthritis. Hence, MU maybe considered to be a useful anti-inflammatory derivative toovercome the inherent poor solubility of UA for formulatingpharmaceutical products.
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