아우구스티누스 『입문자 교육론』에 전개된 교사 성품론

신경수 ( Shin¸ Kyungsoo ) 인하대학교 교육연구소 2020 교육문화연구 Vol.26 No.4

본 논문의 목적은 아우구스티누스의 『입문자 교육론』에 나타난 교사 성품론을 탐색함으로써 가르침과 배움에서 교사의 역할을 숙고하고, 아우구스티누스 교사 성품론의 교육적 함의를 드러내는 데 있다. 아우구스티누스는 『그리스도교 교양』에서 고대 수사학을 교육 수사학으로 전환하면서 교사의 윤리적 성품을 중요한 요소로 논의한다. 그렇다면 아우구스티누스의 교육론에서 교사의 성품은 윤리적 성품으로 환원되는 것인가? 본 논문은 이러한 의문에 답하기 위해 『그리스도교 교양』과 함께 아우구스티누스의 교육 수사학을 구성하는 『입문자 교육론』을 탐구하고자 한다. 아우구스티누스는 『입문자 교육론』에서 고대 수사학자들이 주목하지 않았던 기쁨을 가르치는 자의 성품으로 제시한다는 점에서 독창성을 드러낸다. 더욱이 그는 교사의 성품이 학생과의 상호관계에서 형성된다고 주장함으로써 독창성을 강화한다. 이로써 그는 교사의 윤리적 성품만을 제시하는 『그리스도교 교양』보다 풍성한 교사 성품론을 전개할 수 있었다. 『입문자 교육론』은 교사의 기쁨이나 교사와 학생의 사랑에 무관심한 현대 교육체계에 반성을 일으킨다. 가르치는 행위는 기쁜 일이며, 교사의 기쁨은 학생에게 전달되어 최선의 학습효과를 이끌어낼 수 있다는 아우구스티누스의 관점은 현대의 교육적 문제에 해답의 토대를 제공할 것이다. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the role of teachers in teaching and learning by exploring the theory of teacher character shown in Augustine's De Catechizandis Rudibus, and to reveal the educational implications of Augustine's theory of teacher character. Augustine discusses the speaker, or the ethical character of a teacher, as an important factor in De Doctrina Christiana because it transforms ancient rhetoric into educational rhetoric. So in Augustine's theory of education, is the nature of a teacher returned to ethical character? In order to answer these questions, this paper explores De Catechizandis Rudibus, which constitutes Augustine's educational rhetoric, along with De Doctrina Christiana. Augustinus reveals originality in the book De Catechizandis Rudibus in that it presents joy that ancient rhetoricians did not pay attention to. Moreover, he strengthens originality by asserting that a teacher's character is formed in interrelationships with students. As a result, he was able to develop a richer theory of teachers' personality than De Doctrina Christiana, which only presents the ethical qualities of teachers. De Catechizandis Rudibus reflects on the modern educational system, which is indifferent to the joy of teachers or the love of teachers and students. Augustine's view that teaching is a pleasure, and the joy of teaching can be conveyed to students and bring out the best learning effect will provide the basis for the answer to modern educational problems.

석화(昔話)에 담긴 전근대 일본인의 경쟁심 표출 양상

박경수 ( Park¸ Kyung-soo ) 한국외국어대학교 일본연구소 2020 日本硏究 Vol.0 No.86

日本の昔話には、民衆的な性向が強く表出されている。なかでも、競爭心というものはいかなる場合であっても、支配層や上流階級に対抗する弱者の粘り強い勝負の根性としてあらわれていた。 「力くらべ」では、弱者の大勝を、「知恵比べ」でも、弱者として強者に羞恥心を感じさせる結末を導いてきた。また、動物を設定した場合も同様である。大柄で力強い動物より、弱小で下等な動物に勝利を抱かせる反転を引き起こしていた。下等で小さな動物に知恵を付与し強者にも十分敵対できることを描くことで一種の代理満足を得ようとする語し手の心理が作用したものであることはいうまでもない。 そのなかで日本の昔話の性格を最もよく表しているのは、≪猿蟹合戰≫といえよう。≪猿蟹合戰≫には、日本の風土や風習、そして日本人特有の集団性に自然親和的な心理まで投影されている。さらに下等なカニが自らの動きでさえ不可能な無生物を援助者にして高度な知能を持つ猿を強く報復することと、「成り木責め」が反映されているという点で、民衆文芸的な要素も少なくない。しかしここで発現された勝負の根性は、徹底した報復を図っており、むしろ悪循環的な要素がより多かったと思われる。 It was found that Mukashibanashi(昔話) revealing its tendency toward popular literature and art against the ruling and upper classes due to deal with the desire to win and guarantees the victory of the weak against any confrontation. It brought out a great victory for the weak in ‘a trial of strength’ and a result that shamed the strong by lifting the weak in ‘a duel of wits’. Also, the setting of animals was creating a twist that gave victory to small, inferior animals considered the underdog. It goes without saying that the speaker’s psychology of obtaining some sort of vicarious satisfaction may have worked through small, lower animals, and wisdom would have worked.

국제법상 시제법의 개념과 시제 문제의 재론

정경수 ( Jung¸ Kyung Soo ) 건국대학교 법학연구소 2021 一鑑法學 Vol.- No.50

이 글은 국제법에서 빈번하게 언급되면서도 의미 내용이 명확하다고 단언하기 어려운 시제법이 무엇인지를 탐구하는 데 의의를 둔다. 첫 번째 과제는 시제법이 처음 등장한 팔마스 섬 사건 중재 판정이 원래 담고 있는 내용과 국제재판소 등에서 지배적으로 받아들여지고 있는 내용이 무엇인지를 분석하는 것이다. 두 번째 과제는 국제법상 시제 문제가 주로 발생하는 조약의 해석 문제를 주목하고 조약의 시제 문제를 다루는 해석 방법이 무엇인지를 파악하는 것이다. 이러한 과제의 해결을 통해 이 글이 제시하고자 하는 바는, 시제법이 영토적 권원 관련 사안에서 처음 모습을 드러냈지만, 본격적인 무대는 조약 해석 영역이고 조약의 의미 내용에 관한 시제 문제가 중심이 되고 있다는 점이다. 그리하여 시제 문제를 다루는 조약의 해석은 체결 당시 의미와 적용 당시 의미의 경합이며, 전자의 중력과 후자의 양력 중 어느 것이 우세하느냐에 따라 하강할 수도 있고 상승할 수도 있다는 점을 규명할 것이다. 또한 이 과정에서 법 발전을 수용하는 여러 해석 방법이 있음을 보여줄 것이다. 이를 통해 법 발전에 따른 진화적 해석은 이를 정당화하는 논거와 뒷받침하는 방법의 타당성에 따라 그 목표에 이를 수 있다는 점을 제시할 것이다. This article explores the concept of intertemporal law, which is often mentioned in the context of international law, but its definition remains unclear. The first issue to examine in this article is to analyze the original meaning of intertemporal law within the context of international arbitration in the Island of Palmas case in comparison with the contemporary prevailing understanding of it by international courts and tribunals. Next, this article identifies different interpretative approaches to intertemporal problems in international treaties by acknowledging intertemporal law related issues arise primarily in interpreting international treaties. By addressing these issues, I want to present that the question of intertemporal law in international law has been mainly the question of treaty interpretation although the so-called intertemporal law arose in international arbitration of territorial disputes. The debates of treaty interpretation on intertemporal problem, therefore, are a competition between the meaning of the terms of a treaty at the conclusion of the treaty and the meaning of the treaty at the application of the treaty. Depending on whether the former gravity or the latter lift prevails, certain terms may be forced to remain static or allowed to evolve. Also, there are a variety of a interpretative method to treaty reflecting the development of international law. Through these multi-level analyses, this article suggests that evolutive interpretation following the development of the law could achieve its goals based on the good reason of its justification and the proper methods.

지각된 해고위험이 반이직의도에 미치는 영향 - 정치공학의 조절역할 -

김경수 ( Kim¸ Kyung-soo ),팜티투짱 ( Pham Thi Thu Trang ),조환기 ( Cho¸ Hwan-ki ) 한국호텔리조트학회 2021 호텔리조트연구 Vol.20 No.5

This study demonstrates the moderating role of political engineering on the relationship between perceived risk of dismissal and intention to stay, and presents relevant implications. The study sample consisted of full-time sales employees from a five-star tourist hotel in Seoul. The survey period lasted for 10 days from June 21 to June 30, 2021, and 260 structured questionnaires were distributed via convenience extraction method(240 copies (92%)were used in the final analysis). The findings are as follows. First, in regards to academic findings, the results showed perceived risk of dismissal had an effect on intention to stay, political engineering had an effect on intention to stay, and it was confirmed that the moderating role of political engineering had an effect on the interaction between perceived risk of dismissal and intention to stay. Second, under COVID-19, from a practical point of view, the results suggest the need for managers to prepare strategic alternatives that will minimize the damage to the company in the event of unpredictable and uncontrollable catastrophes. In addition, the data suggests the need for employees' self-development as part of the awareness of disasters and as a defense strategy.

청조(淸朝) 대만(臺灣) 영유 결정의 해양사적 고찰 ― 명말(明末) 청초(淸初) 팽호(澎湖)의 지정학적 위상 변화를 중심으로 ―

蔡暻洙 ( Chae¸ Kyung-soo ) 명청사학회 2021 명청사연구 Vol.- No.55

This research trace the island named Peng-hu(澎湖), in terms of what kind of geopolitical position it had, and how its status has changed in the turbulent maritime world during the mid 16th century to the late 17th century, especially with consideration given to the relations with Taiwan(臺灣). Until the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Peng-hu was an island that place on the marginal edge of the empire territory, and it was virtually abandoned place due to the Hong-wu(洪武) emperor’s emptying islands policy. Naturally, there was a little traffic with ‘barbaric island’-Taiwan. However, the Peng-hu’s geopolitical stature had risen drastically on the effects of ‘Late wokou(後期倭寇)’ and ‘the open of Hai-cheng harbor (海澄開港)’ after the mid and late 16th century. Ever since, Peng-hu achieved recognition and functioned as a critical point to link the northern and the southern sea routes. Such importance was directly related to the maritime security issues caused by Wokou and the overseas trade opportunity with Manila. In 1622, VOC tried to occupy Peng-hu, and the Ming firmly took determined action in response. Such event clearly shows the rise of the geopolitical importance of the Peng-hu, where two critical factors overlapped - security concerns and trade opportunities. VOC’s aim was to obstruct the Spain-Manila trade route by occupying Peng-hu. The Ming empire actively responded against security threats and the trade damage that could cause by losing of Peng-hu. The confrontation was concluded by which VOC decided to give up Peng-hu and establish a new basement in southwestern Taiwan. The VOC’s colonization of Taiwan pushed up this barbaric island to the front stage of the world’s history. Meanwhile, Peng-hu had lost the focus of the public attention for a while. The Zheng regime(鄭氏勢力) conquest Taiwan quite easily, thanks to VOC, which had abandoned Peng-hu. Such a lesson has accepted seriously by both the Zheng regime and the Qing empire. That is why the military confrontation between the Zheng regime and the Qing empire had formed around Peng-hu. Because both regimes recognized the meaning of occupying Peng-hu, as almost the same as Conquest Taiwan. The naval battle of Peng-hu in 1683 was not just an opening stage battle but a pitched battle, in which both sides poured every available resource. Thus, the balance of power tilted toward the Qing empire, when Shi Lang(施瑯)’s fleet defeated Zheng’s fleet and occupied Peng-hu. In the early moment, the interest of the Qing empire for Taiwan was on the ‘people’ rather than the ‘territory’. Nevertheless, the two major contributors of the Taiwan Conquest - Shi Lang and Yao Qi-sheng(姚啓聖) emphasized with one voice the necessity of possessing Taiwan. Among them, Shi Lang sent a memorial called Gong Chen Tai Wan Qi Liu Shu(恭陳臺灣棄留疏), in which Shi Lang argued the imperativeness of terrorizing Taiwan through the history of the last century. Although Shi Lang appealed that Taiwan was an essential military strategical foothold for pacifying coastal provinces, at the same time, he also showed that Peng-hu still remained as a critical point in the new defense system. Shi Lang’s Memorial reveals the geopolitical importance of Peng-hu, which had privileged for the last century, has begun to intertwine with the new rising geographical context - Taiwan.

고정희 시의 청각적 지각과 소리 풍경

이경수 ( Lee¸ Kyung-soo ) 우리어문학회 2021 우리어문연구 Vol.71 No.-

이 논문은 고정희 시에서 지속적으로 포착되는 소리를 분류하고 귀납적으로 분석하는 과정을 거쳐 고정희 시에 나타나는 청각적 지각이 어떤 소리 풍경을 의미화하고 있는지 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 고정희의 시에서 청각적 지각은 세 가지 유형으로 나타났다. 첫째, 소리가 직접 나타나는 경우로, 이 유형의 시에서는 대개 외부나 내부에서 들려오는 소리에 예민하게 귀 기울이는 주체가 함께 등장했다. 고정희의 초기 시에서는 바깥에서 들려오는 소리뿐만 아니라 내면에서 들려오는 불협화음조차 시끄러운 소리 풍경을 만들어 낸다. 고정희 시를 읽으며 독자들이 청각적 지각이 지배적으로 쓰였다고 감각하게 되는 데에는 이런 유형의 시들이 구축하는 소리 풍경이 기여하고 있었다. 둘째, 고정희가 시인으로서 주로 활동했던 1980년대를 표상하는 소리들이 시대의 소리 풍경으로 고정희 시에 나타났다. 1980년대는 바깥에서는 시위와 진압과 구호와 최루탄 소리와 비명으로 늘 가득했고 안에서는 컬러텔레비전의 보급으로 대중문화가 급격히 확산되며 요란한 텔레비전 소리가 가득했던 시절이었다. 침묵을 강요했지만 비어져 나오는 소리들로 가득했던 시대의 특성이 고정희 시에서 청각적 지각을 활용한 시대의 소리 풍경으로 재현되면서 고정희 시에 소리가 넘쳐 흐른다는 인상을 형성하는 데 기여했다. 청각적 지각은 고정희 시에서 생생한 현장감을 전달하며 시대의 소리 풍경을 완성하거나 균열의 자리를 만들어 냈다. 셋째, 고정희 시에 나타난 청각적 지각의 또 하나의 유형은 마당굿 형식을 차용한 시들에서 나타났다. 이런 유형의 시들에서는 주체의 발화 외에도 다양한 종류의 ‘타인의 말’이 끼어들었다. 소리 높여 외치지 않으면 시대의 희생양이 되거나 존재를 인정받지 못했던 여성들의 목소리를 끊임없이 들려줌으로써 타인의 말들이 형성하는 소리 풍경은 고정희가 개성적으로 개척해 간 여성 주체의 말하기 형식이 된다. 여성 주체로서 바깥의 소리에 반응하는 태도와 시대의 소리 풍경, 여성주의적 말하기 방식으로서 창안해 낸 소리 풍경 등은 궁극적으로 종교와 시대와 여성주의적 문제의식이 교차하는 고정희 시의 성취를 다시 한 번 확인시켜 주었다. This study set out to classify sounds consistently captured in Go Jeong-hee's poems and analyze them inductively, thus examining what soundscapes she signified with the auditory perceptions captured in her poems. There are three types of auditory perceptions in her poems. The first type involves sounds appearing themselves. In her poems of this type, there are subjects listening sensitively to sounds from the outside or inside. In her early poems, even discords from the inside as well as sounds from the outside create noisy soundscapes. Readers reading her poems sense that auditory perceptions are used overwhelmingly, and the soundscapes created by her poems of this type contribute to it. In the second type, the sounds representing the 1980s when she was mainly active as a poet appear in her poems as the soundscapes of the times. In the 1980s, the outside world was always filled with demonstrations, suppressions, chanting, tear gas sound, and screams. The inside world was full of blaring TV sounds with the rapid spread of popular culture following the supply of color TV sets. The characteristics of the times filled with sounds pressed out of forced silence were reproduced as the soundscapes of the times based on auditory perceptions in her poems, thus contributing to an impression that her poems overflew with sounds. In her poems, auditory perceptions deliver a vivid sense of reality and complete the soundscapes of the times. The last type of auditory perceptions appeared in her poems that borrowed the Madanggut form. In her poems of this type, there were various kinds of "speeches by others" intervening in addition to speeches by the subjects. Letting the voices of women, who became victims of the times or had their existence not recognized without shouting loudly, others created soundscapes with their words. These soundscapes evolved into the speech form of female subjects that she pioneered characteristically. Female subjects' attitudes toward sounds from the outside, the soundscapes of the times, and the soundscapes created in feminist ways of speaking ultimately demonstrate once again the achievements of Go's poems in which religion, the times, and feminist problematic consciousness cross one another.

담헌 홍대용의 인간관에 나타난 실천적 특징 고찰

김경수 ( Kim¸ Kyung-soo ) 동양철학연구회 2021 東洋哲學硏究 Vol.107 No.-

본 논문의 목적은 18세기 조선의 시대적 위기를 극복하고자 한 담헌 홍대용의 실학자로서의 면모를 실천적 인간관을 통해 조망하기 위함이다. 만물일체의 일원론 하에서 철학을 개진한 담헌에게 있어 그의 인간관은 자연과 인간의 관계를 통해 정당화된다는 특징을 갖는다. 그리하여 이에 주목한 그동안의 연구들은 인물을 동등한 가치로 규정하는 자연관의 특성을 인간관의 핵심적 성격으로 관련지어왔다. 하지만 본고의 초점은 자연관을 통해 담헌이 궁극적으로 추구하는 바가 행위의 주체인 인간에게 실천성을 부여하는 것이라는 점을 밝히는 데 있다. 담헌의 자연관은 크게 두 가지 요소들을 통해 정립된다. 리기론과 지구설 등의 천문학이 바로 그것이다. 그리하여 이 두 가지 요소들을 인간관과의 상관성 속에서 분석하면 그 실천적 성격을 발견할 수 있다. 첫째는 리기론으로부터 도출된 물학에서의 외향적이며 동적인 성격이며, 둘째는 천문학을 토대로 한 상대주의적 자연관으로부터 도출된 정치에서의 실천성이다. 이 두 가지는 사회개혁과 치국안민을 위한 실천 방법으로서 의의를 갖는다. The purpose of this article is to view the aspect of Hong Dae-yong' as a Silhak scholar who tried to overcome the crisis of the Joseon Dynasty in the 18th century through a practical human perspective. Hong Dae-yong, who developed his philosophy under the monism about Natures, has philosophical characteristic that his viewpoint of human is justified through the relationship between Nature and humans. Thus, studies that have focused on this subject related the viewpoint of Nature, which defines people as equal values, as the core characteristic of the viewpoint of human. However, the focus of this paper is to reveal that what Hong Dae-yong ultimately pursues through his viewpoint of Nature is to give practicality to the human. Hong Dae-yong's viewpoint of Nature is established through two factors. These are li-qi Theory(理氣論) and Astronomy, such as the theory of the earth. Therefore, if these two factors are analyzed in their correlation with the viewpoint of human, the practical characteristics can be discovered. The first is the outgoing and dynamic character in physics derived from li-qi Theory. The second is practicality in politics derived from a relativistic viewpoint of Nature based on astronomy. These two have significance as a practical method for social reform.

Implications of RMB Internationalization

Kyungsoo Kim 동아시아재단 2017 Global Asia Vol.12 No.1

Design of Schmitt Trigger Logic Gates Using DTMOS for Enhanced Electromagnetic Immunity of Subthreshold Circuits

Kyungsoo Kim,SoYoung Kim [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2015 IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility Vol.57 No.5

<P>This paper presents subthreshold digital circuit design and optimization method using Schmitt trigger logic gates for enhanced electromagnetic immunity. The proposed Schmitt trigger logic gates are based on a buffer design using dynamic threshold-voltage MOS for low-power operation. By expanding the Schmitt trigger to NAND/NOR gate, we can dramatically improve the noise immunity with much lower switching power consumption and significant area reduction compared with CMOS Schmitt triggers, at the expense of a slight increase in delay. Not only for the gate level, but also the circuit level immunity improvement is verified with ISCAS 85 benchmark. In addition, we propose a parameter to determine the optimal noise immunity considering the tradeoff between immunity and performance. By using the proposed parameter, optimal hysteresis can be chosen for the reasonable performance deterioration.</P>

통화정책 운영체계와 금융중개기관 레버리지

( Kyungsoo Kim ),( Byoung-ki Kim ),( Hail Park ) 한국국제통상학회 2017 국제통상연구 Vol.22 No.2

This paper provides international evidence that the interplay between sophisticated interbank transactions and an interest rate-oriented monetary policy framework can increase the credit supply endogenously. Using country-level panel data collected from 18 countries with a floating exchange rate under an interest rate-oriented monetary policy framework, we find from a panel-VARX model that the impacts of non-core liability shocks on both monetary base and core asset are significantly positive. Policy implications of these findings are also discussed.