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FDI and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade between Korea and China
Kwangsuk Han,Jaeho Lee 한국경제연구학회 2012 Korea and the World Economy Vol.13 No.1
This study is to examine the impact of Korean firms’ FDI to China on the development of vertical intra-industry trade between two countries. The increase of Korean firms’ investment in China’s industry demonstrated strongly positive effect in the intensification of vertical intra-industry trade. Additionally, this study finds that the other components such as factor endowments as well as size of the industry in proportion to the total size of its economy are also important determinants of the development of vertical intra-industry trade between two countries.
East Asian Monetary Integration and the Composite Index of OCA Criteria
Kwangsuk Han,Yeonho Lee 한국경제연구학회 2010 Korea and the World Economy Vol.11 No.2
Since the 1997 Asian crisis and the commencement of the euro, renewed attention has been given to potential monetary integration in East Asia. After the 1997 crisis, many East Asian countries surrendered their pegs as they had no ability to sustain the peg exchange rate regimes. Therefore, the answers to the financial crisis could be an adoption of more flexible exchange rate regimes or a move to a hard fix such as a common currency. This study is differentiated from previous studies on OCA in East Asia in two respects. First, most previous studies focused on the evaluation with just a few criteria, which were too restrictive and potentially misleading. They also could not incorporate possible structural changes after the Asian crisis. As an alternative, this study covers more than ten OCA criteria, and extends the period that covers structural change after the Asian crisis. Second, this study proposes the Composite Index of OCA Criteria, which is the first trial in the study of OCA. Based on the Composite Index, we present a guideline for a step-by-step strategy to form a monetary union in East Asia. The results of our study suggest that relatively homogenous sub-groups - three Asian countries (Malaysia, Singapore and Hong Kong) or four countries (Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan) or six countries (Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, and Brunei) - could begin forming a monetary union, as a first step to form a common currency area.
적니와 유기성 폐기물의 공동열분해를 통한 금속 바이오차의 제조 및 활용
윤광석 ( Kwangsuk Yoon ),장희진 ( Heejin Jang ),송호철 ( Hocheol Song ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2021 한국폐기물자원순환학회 춘계학술발표논문집 Vol.2021 No.-
적니(red mud)는 알루미늄 생산을 위해 보크사이트(bauxite)를 Bayer 공정(전 세계적으로 95% 이상 사용)을 통해 처리하는 과정에서 필연적으로 발생하는 고체 폐기물이다. 이 적니는 생산과정에서 알루미늄 1톤당 약 1-1.5 톤이 발생한다. International Aluminium Institute(IAI)에 따르면, 전 세계적으로 2020년에 연간 약 1억3천4백만 톤의 알루미늄을 생산되었으며, 이 생산에 의해 발생된 적니는 약 1억3천4백만-2억1백만 톤으로 추정된다. 이 막대한 양의 적니는 대부분 매립 부지를 조성하여 매립 후 복토하는 방법으로 처리하고 있다, 하지만, 이는 부지의 부족 문제뿐만 아니라 독성 및 높은 알칼리성(> pH 11), 높은 금속 함량(예, Fe 및 Ti, Al 등) 때문에 심각한 생태계 및 환경적 문제를 야기할 수 있다. 이에 따라 많은 연구자들은 매립 후 복토에 대한 대처 방안을 위해 많은 노력을 시도하고 있다. 예를 들어, 건설 재료(시멘트 및 벽돌 등)로의 재이용 및 토양 개량, 중금속 흡착, 중화제, 철 회수, 탄소 광물화 등의 다양한 연구를 수행하고 있다. 하지만, 매년 막대한 양의 발생에 비해 처리할 수 있는 기술은 한계가 있다. 따라서 더 다양한 처리 연구 및 기술이 필요하며, 본 연구에서는 적니와 유기성 폐기물(리그닌 및 톱밥, 오렌지 껍질 등)을 혼합하여 공동열분해(co-pyrolysis)를 금속 바이오차를 제조하고 이를 환경(흡착 및 환원) 및 에너지(촉매) 분야에 활용하는 연구를 수행하였다.
Yoon, Kwangsuk,Jung, Jong-Min,Cho, Dong-Wan,Tsang, Daniel C.W.,Kwon, Eilhann E.,Song, Hocheol Elsevier 2019 Journal of hazardous materials Vol.366 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Co-pyrolysis of lipid waste and red mud was investigated to achieve valorization of red mud by fabricating biochar composite. For the further sustainable approach, this study intentionally employed carbon dioxide (CO<SUB>2</SUB>) as reaction medium in the co-pyrolysis process. The use of CO<SUB>2</SUB> on co-pyrolysis of lipid waste and red mud enabled manipulation of the carbon distributions between pyrogenic products. CO<SUB>2</SUB> expedited the thermal cracking of lipid waste and further reacted with lipid waste during the thermolysis. These mechanistic roles of CO<SUB>2</SUB> were catalytically enhanced by the presence of mineral phases (Fe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>) in red mud, thereby resulting in the enhanced formation of CO (40 times more at 550 °C). However, CO<SUB>2</SUB> suppressed dehydrogenation of lipid waste (∼ 50%), which resulted in the different pathway for reducing iron oxide in red mud. Moreover, as an aspect of valorization of red mud, catalytic capability of biochar composite was evaluated. As a case study, biodiesel (FAMEs) were synthesized, and all experimental findings suggested that biochar composite could be an effective catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. As compare to biodiesel synthesis using silica (92% yield at 360 °C), the equivalent biodiesel yield was achieved with the biochar at much lower temperature (130 °C).</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Valorization of red mud and lipid waste via the thermo-chemical process. </LI> <LI> Enhanced energy recovery in the thermo-chemical process using CO<SUB>2</SUB>. </LI> <LI> Fabrication of biochar composite from red mud and lipid waste. </LI> <LI> Biodiesel synthesis using biochar composite. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>