http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Lee, Hyeon Ji,Latif, Muhammad,Choe, Hyeonjeong,Ali, Imran,Lee, Heung Kyoung,Yang, Eun Hye,Yun, Jeong In,Chae, Chong Hak,Jung, Jae-Kyung,Kim, Hyoung Rae,Lee, Chong Ock,Park, Chi Hoon,Lee, Kwangho 대한약학회 2014 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.37 No.9
Syntheses of various bis-ortho-alkoxy-parapiperazineanilino-pyrimidines and -triazines of KRCA-0008 analogs are described and their structure-activity-relationship to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is discussed. 5-trifluoromethyl-2,4-pyrimidine analog (2) seems to be most potent in both biochemical and cellular assay in this study, however it shows inferior mice xenograft activity to Crizotinib presumably due to its sub-optimal PK parameters. 4,6-disubstituted pyrimidine and 2,4-disubstituted triazine derivatives of KRCA-0008 are less potent or inactive to ALK wt., and this observation is explained with their molecular modeling compared to KRCA-0008.
Lee, Joo Yun,Lee, Kwangho,Kim, Hyoung Rae,Chae, Chong Hak Korean Chemical Society 2013 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.34 No.12
The three dimensional-quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies on chemical features of pyridine-2-amines in the external region of c-Met active site (ER chemical features of pyridine-2-amines) were conducted by docking, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), and topomer CoMFA methods. The CoMFA model obtained the partial least-squares (PLS) statistical results, cross-validated correlation coefficient ($q^2$) of 0.703, non cross-validated correlation coefficient ($r^2$) of 0.947 with standard error of estimate (SEE) of 0.23 and the topomer CoMFA obtained $q^2$ of 0.803, $r^2$ of 0.940, and SEE of 0.24. Further, the test set was applied to validate predictive abilities of models, where the predictive $r^2$ ($r{^2}_{pred}$) for CoMFA and topomer CoMFA models were 0.746 and 0.608, respectively. Each contribution of ER chemical features of pyridine-2-amines to the inhibitory potency showed correlation coefficients, $r^2$ of 0.670 and 0.913 for two core parts, 3-(benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)pyridine-2-amine and 3-(1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy) pyridine-2-amine, respectively, with corresponding experimental $pIC_{50}$.
Lee, Kwangho,Yu, Junsang,Sun, Seungho,Kwon, Kirok,Lim, Chungsan KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2014 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.17 No.4
Objectives: Mountain ginseng pharmacopuncture (MGP) is a pharmacopuncture made by distilling extract from mountain cultivated ginseng or mountain wild ginseng. This pharmacopuncture is injected intravenously, which is a quick, lossless way of strongly tonifying Qi function. The present study was undertaken to evaluate a 4-week, repeated, intravenous injection, toxicity test of MGP in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: Twenty male and female 6-week-old SD rats were used as subjects. We divided the SD rats into 4 groups: the high-dosage (10 mL/kg), medium-dosage (5 mL/kg), low-dosage (2.5 mL/kg) and control (normal saline) groups. MGP or normal saline was injected intravenously into the caudal vein of the rats once daily for 4 weeks. Clinical signs, body weights, and food consumption were monitored during the observation period, and hematology, serum biochemistry, organ weight, necropsy, and histological examinations were conducted once the observations had been completed. Results: No mortality was observed in any of the groups during the observation period. No changes due to MGP were observed in the experimental groups regarding clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, organ weight and necropsy. No histological changes due to MGP were observed in any of the male or female rats in the high-dosage group. Conclusion: During this 4-week, repeated, intravenous injection, toxicity test of MGP in SD rats, no toxic changes due to MGP were observed in any of the male or female rats in the high-dosage group. Thus, we suggest that the high and the low doses in a 13-week, repeated test should be 10 mL/kg and 2.5 mL/kg, respectively.
Movement Constraints and Translating Korean Wh-Questions into English
Lee. Kwangho 한국통번역교육학회 2016 통번역교육연구 Vol.14 No.2
There may arise various kinds of translation problems due to the syntactic differences between Korean and English. In this paper I discuss constraints on English wh-movements and how they are relevant to Korean into English translation problems. In English wh-phrases have to move to the beginning of sentences. However, when there are more than one wh-phrase in an English sentence, only one can move to the beginning of the sentence. It has been argued by transformational-generative syntacticians that there are various kinds of constraints that restrict wh-movement. I argue that literal translation of Korean wh-questions into English does not work in many cases and that translators need to understand the constraints on wh-movement so that they won’t make errors in translating Korean wh-questions into English. They have to know what kind of wh-movement is possible and what kind is not, since not every kind of wh-movement is allowed in English although one wh-phrase has to move to the beginning of English interrogative sentences. This paper shows how important it is for translators to know the linguistic principles underlying the languages they translate, especially when they are so different like Korean and English. Korean translation schools need to include the courses in Korean and English linguistics into their curriculum so that they can educate and train their students of translation properly.
A Study of American English Metaphoric and Metonymic Expressions of Anger
Lee, Kwangho 호남대학교 2000 호남대학교 학술논문집 Vol.21 No.1
본 논문에서는 분노를 나타내는 미국 영어의 은유 및 환유 표현에 관해 살펴보고 그 표현들이 어떤 개념 구조를 지니고 있는지 고찰해본다. 은유와 환유 표현들은 체계 없이 임의적으로 만들어지는 것이 아니다. 그러한 표현들은 사람들의 경험을 개념화시켜 나타내는 것이 가능하게 해주는 일정한 체계를 지니고 있다. 분노에 관한 은유 및 환유 표현들을, 분노시 나타나는 신체적 현상에 관한 문화적 모형에 입각하여 분석해 보면 분노를 나타내는 구체적인 개념과 추상적인 개념 사이에 존재론적 그리고 인식론적 대응 관계가 있다는 사실을 발견할 수 있다. 구체적인 개념들은 추상적인 개념들을 보다 구체적으로 개념화 할 수 있도록 도와주는 역할을 한다. 이러한 분석 연구를 통해 감정이 단순한 느낌만인 것이 아니라 복잡한 인지적 개념 구조를 가지고 있는 것이라는 사실을 발견할 수 있게 된다.
VP-Internal Subject Hypothesis and VP Preposing
Lee Kwangho(이광호) 신영어영문학회 2002 신영어영문학 Vol.23 No.-
Chomsky (1993)는 동사구 내 주어 가설을 받아들여 논항에 의미 역할을 부여하는 동사의 최대 투사 범주인 동사구의 지정어 자리에 주어가 위치한다고 보았다. 그 후 Chomsky (1995)는 이중 목적어 구문을 위한 동사 구조를 타동사 구문에도 확대시켜 비 대격 동사 구문을 제외하고 다른 동사 구문의 경우에도 경동사구 vP의 지정어 자리에 주어가 나타난다고 보고 V는 v로 가시적 이동을 한다고 제안한다. Sportiche (1988), Baltrin (1995) 같은 여러 학자들이 동사구 내 주어 가설을 뒷받침하는 증거들을 제시하였지만 이 같은 동사구 내주어 가설을 받아들일 때 IP의 지정어 자리에 주어가 위치한다고 볼 때와는 달리 동사구 전치 현상을 설명하는데 문제가 생기게 된다. 동사구의 지정어 자리에 있던 주어가 동사구 내에 흔적을 남기고 나가기 때문에 동사구가 전치되어 나갈 때 적정 결속 조건 (PBC)을 위배하게 되는 것이다. 만일 v'가 나갔다고 보면 적정 결속 조건을 위배하는 문제는 피할 수 있겠지만 Chomsky (1995)의 이론 내에서는 X'가 연산에 있어서 비가시적이라고 보기 때문에 v'는 이동이 될 수 없는 문제가 생기게 된다. 이와 같은 문제는 Kayne (1995)의 이론에서처럼 동사구를 최대 투사로 본다고 해도 해결될 수가 없다. Kayne의 이론에서는 동사구의 최대 투사는 하나의 segment로서 선행어 지배가 될 수 없다고 보기 때문에 동사구를 최대 투사로 본다고 해도 이동될 수가 없는 것이다. 또한 동사구 재구를 시도한다고 해도 결속 이론상의 문제들과는 달리 동사구 전치와 관련된 문제는 해결될 수가 없다. 그 외의 다른 통사적 접근 방법으로 동사구 전치를 설명하려 하는 것도 여러 가지 문제들 때문에 용이하지가 않다. 그러나 동사구 전치 현상을 음성 형태상의 이동으로 본다면 vP 내에 주어의 흔적이 남아 있다고 해도 문제 될 것이 없다. 왜냐면 주어의 흔적이 주어에 의해 성분 통어 되지 않아 적정 결속 조건을 위배하는 것처럼 보이지만 흔적은 음성 형태에서 삭제되므로 결국 적정 결속 조건이 음성 형태에서는 적용되지 않게 되기 때문이다. 따라서 통사적인 이동으로 볼 때 설정해야 했던 여러 가지 가정들과 무관하게 동사구 전치 현상이 간단하게 설명될 수 있다. 동사구 전치 현상이 문장의 의미를 심각하게 바꾸는 것이 아니라 대화상의 초점을 바꾸는 역할을 하고 적절한 문맥에서 사용되어질 수 있는 표현이라는 점을 고려하면 화용적인 의미 변화만 가져오는 음성 형태상의 문체적 변형으로 보아도 무리가 없을 것이다.
Y-configuration Stent-assisted Coil Embolization for Wide-necked Intracranial Bifurcation Aneurysms
Kwangho Lee,Hyun Park,박인성,박석규,O-ki Kwon,한종우 대한뇌혈관외과학회 2016 Journal of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neuros Vol.18 No.4
Objective:The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency and safety of Y configuration stent-assisted coiling with double-closed stents for wide-necked intracranial aneurysms located at arterial bifurcations thorough analysis of a multicenter case series. Materials and Methods:A retrospective chart review was done on 10 patients who underwent endovascular treatment of wide-necked intracranial aneurysms with Y-configuration stent-assisted coil embolization in three centers from August 2011 to March 2014. The degree of aneurysmal occlusion was assessed using the Raymond scale. Clinical outcomes were assessed before operation, at discharge, and at the last follow-up visit using the Glasgow outcome scale. Results:The 10 patients included 6 females and 4 males with a mean age of 58.6 years. Indications for treatment included 6 unruptured intracranial aneurysms and 4 ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Five aneurysms were located at the basilar artery bifurcation, four aneurysms were located in an anterior communicating artery, and one aneurysm was in the pericallosal artery. The mean size of the 10 aneurysms was 9.7 mm. All aneurysms had a dome-to-neck ratio of < 1.5 (mean, 0.89). Immediate complications included one thromboembolic event out of the 10 cases. Immediate posttreatment angiograms showed complete occlusion in 1 aneurysm and residual necks in 9 aneurysms. Follow-up results showed 8 complete occlusions and 2 residual necks. No delayed complications were observed during the follow-up period (mean: 20 months). Conclusion:Y configuration using double-closed cell stents is feasible and safe in selected patients. This method is an acceptable option for managing complex wide-necked bifurcations.