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세디요정부를 통한 멕시코 민주화연구, 1994-2000
김달관 서울대학교 국제지역원 2003 국제지역연구 Vol.12 No.2
2000년 7월 멕시코 대통령선거가 있었다. 그 선거에서 역사상 처음으로 야당 대통령 후보였던(PAN) 비센떼 폭스가 대통령에 당선되었다. 이로써 전통여당이었던 제도혁명당(PRI)이 멕시코 정치체제에서 71년(1929-2000)동안 구축한 정치적 헤게모니를 상실했다. 멕시코는 최근 30년(1970-2000)동안 점진적인 정치자유화 과정과, 그 과정에서 시민사회 출현이라는 역동적인 과정을 겪었다. 1986·1976·1982·1987·1994년에 경제순환 주기상이 규칙적인 경제위기와 갈등이 사회적·정치적 분야로 확대되는 경향을 보여주었다. 이러한 과정에서 기존의 사회적·정치적 공간에 1985년 멕시코 지진사태를 기점으로 시민사회 출현이라는 새로운 정치공간을 확보할 수 있었다. 이러한 정치공간을 통해 시민사회와 야당은 1987·1990·1993·1996년에 정치·선거 개혁을 성취할 수 있었다. 멕시코 민주화 이해의 주요한 관점은 경제적·정치적·선거적 요소등이 민주화과정에 복합적으로 작용했다는 것이다. 물론 이 3개의 관점은 그 스스로도 중요성을 포함하고 있다. 멕시코 민주화과정의 구체적 시간의 축은 일관성을 유지하면서 마침내 이 3개의 과정이 멕시코 민주주의로 수렴되었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 멕시코 민주화 분석은 경제·정치·선거라는 구조적인 접근이며, 결과적으로 멕시코 민주주의를 이끌어 가는 정치행위자 관점에서의 분석 필요성이 대두된다. 이러한 관점에서 멕시코 정치구조와 정치문화의 주요한 정치행위자는 대통령, 정치공동체, 시민사회 등이다. 그러나 본 연구는 멕시코 민주화과정에서 중요한 역할을 했던 세디요 대통령을 주목하고자 한다. 따라서 멕시코 경제·사회·정치변화를 주목하면서, 최근 멕시코 정치변동과정에서 정치적 구심점으로 작용했던 세디요 대통령의 정치적 역할과 그의 정치적 이데올로기에 특별한 관심을 갖고자 한다. On July 2 2000, one of the most important elections in Mexican history took place. In this presidential election, A new chapter in Mexican politics was written as, Vicente Fox of the PAN defeated Francisco Labastida Ochoa of the PRI: marking the first significant leap forward in democratization in the country since the Mexican revolution at the turn of the twentieth century. The victory of the PAN put an end to the seventy-one-year rule of the PRI, that began in 1929. Few in Mexico had expected that the hegemonic PRI would ever lose power or that the presidential candidate of the PAN could actually defeat "the sixth monarchy" of the PRI by such a wide margin. This case is alarming because the Mexican president is very powerful in many aspects of party politics and body politics: from policy-making to policy executions as well as from legal control to administrative control. Thus The peaceful transition of power would not have been possible without the president's tacit and explicit-consent. Since he held an almost absolute control over the result of the elections. In an effort to identify the factors behind this democratic transition of power in 2000, it is therefore important to explore the presidency of Ernesto Zedillo, (who remained in office from 1994 to 2000), in terms of the three political ideas: legality, citizen sovereignty and democracy. This study will examine these ideas in connection with the economic crisis in 1994 and the political reform of 1996 that preceded President Zedillo's term in office.
保健所機能 標準化作業 및 保健所와 支所의 均衡있는 開發策 : 農村保健所를 中心으로
李性寬,宋達孝 최신의학사 1977 最新醫學 Vol.20 No.7
Since the commencement of the activities of the health centers there have been many problems inherent in the system. Namely health centers have excluded the medical care function from -their list of activities and it is this function which is most eagerly desired by the community at large. So the function has not been sufficient to solve the health needs of communities in our country. Therefore, the health center has not been able to really take roots in the community in our, country. Even though the health centers have conducted public health measures for the prevention of diseases the community has never appreciated these endeavors due to a lack of -understanding about health in general. The health center should accordingly be renewed from :its old stagnant activities and be reactivated to perform new tasks including medical care. Indeed the government has changed the health center with performing these tasks including providing medical care to low. income persons beginning this year. The duties and responsibilities of the health center are therefore of very great importance. The function of the health center should be based on community needs. It is highly desirable then to establish new functions and strengthen old functions of the health center in order to fulfill the health needs of the community. Also it would be desirable to create a local community .organization to inform the people that the health center is their own agency and that would act for their own health maintenance and promotion. The function of the health center should include: 1. Medical care 2. Local health planning -based on health needs of the community 3. Community health organization including participation of residents 4. Health organization in coordination with outside health facilities 5. Supervision, guidance and training for health workers at health sub-center 6. Functions concerning environmental sanitation including food sanitation 7. Evaluation The function of the health sub-center should be: 1. Primary medical care, patient case finding and referral to high level facilities 2. Comprehensive health services based on household unit 3. Collection of vital statistics to evaluate the project programs 4. Cooperating with local residents 5. Guidance concerning health matters in every day life To improve the function of the health center it would be desirable to provide a competent staffs, a sufficient financial support, installation of modern equipments and unification of the administrative channels. To improve the efficiency of personal health services to the community at the health sub center it would be desirable to establish a place where health care could be easily delivered to the community.
김달관 서울大學校 스페인中南美硏究所 2002 이베로아메리카硏究 Vol.13 No.-
El 2 de julio de 2000 Mexico dio por fanalizada, en las urnas, una de las etapas mas interesantes y conflictivas de su historia politica, aquella que durante 71 anos (1929-2000) habia mantenido en el poder a algun representante del PRI. El 2 de julio, bajo gobierno del PRI y bajo una ley electoral que, aunque reformada en sucesivas ocasiones, se caracterizaba por cierta tendenciosidad, el candidato Vicente Fox, perteneciente al partido de oposicion PAN, vencia en las elecciones generales dando un nuevo rumbo a la politica de un pais que no conocia otra que aquella presidencialista y dirigista que los hombres del PRI habian articulado. Sin embargo, no es una victoria coyuntural y espontanea. El triunfo en las urnas del 2 de julio es la culminacion de un proceso de liberalizacion politica especificamente mexicano que se inicio consistentemente alla por el ano 1968 con el beligerante movimiento estudiantil y que ha requerrido para su realizacion la nada insignificante cifra de 32 anos (1968-2000). En 1968, el movemiento estudiantil que desestabilizo el sistema politico no era unicamente un movimiento civil organizado en torno a ideas politicas mas o menos aperturistas, sino la voz de protesta de una clase media urbana que habia sido sistematicamente apartada del pacto corporativo. La crisis economica que vivia el Estado en aquellos momentos y los problemas internos de la elite en el poder que disminuian su efectividad decisional constituyeron un caldo de cultivo extremadamente fe rtil para las protestas de un grupo economico que se veia sistematicamente relegado de las grandes decisiones. Basando en estas perspectivas, esta investigacion aborda el significado del movimiento estudiantil de 1968 en el camino hacia democracia mexicana y la conceptualizacion del proceso de la liberalizacion politica de Mexico.
차달관,임준홍 한양대학교 공학기술연구소 1993 공학기술논문집 Vol.2 No.1
A survey on modeling and analysis methods of discrete event dynamic systems(DEDSs) is performed. The notion of stability in DEDS is introduced and the control method, which can stabilize the system, is presented. The modeling of DEDS and the notion of stability are being studied in various methods. We introduce the linguistic approach in which the dynamics are modelled by state transition and the language is defined in the event set. The state-based approach in which the notion of system state is defined and the stability of the system is analysed. Also, we show that this mndeling method and stability analysis can be applicable to the real manufacturing system.
효율적인 데이타 에퀴지션을 위한 앤티에어리어스 필터 설계에 관한 연구
최관순,안달 순천향대학교 부설 산업기술연구소 1996 순천향 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.2 No.2
The aliasing phenomenon becomes a problem in A/D conversion systems when an input signal contains frequency components above half the A/D sampling rate. These higher frequencies can "fold over" into the lower frequency spect겨m and appear as erroneous signals that cannot be distinguished from valid sampled data. The best appch to eliminating false lower frequencies is to use an anti-aliasing filter, which inhibits aliasing by limiting the input signal bandwidth to below half the sampling rate. In this paper, anti-alias filter with elliptic characteristics are designed. This filter can reduce system cost, acquisition storage requirments, and analysis time by allowing for a lower sampling rate.
조관형,김평청,우달식,조영태 한국환경과학회 2002 한국환경과학회지 Vol.11 No.4
본 연구의 시료는 현재 서울특별시와 수도권 도시들에서 상수원수로 이용하고 있는 한강수를 대상으로 수행되었다. 배·급수계통의 2차 소독을 위한 클로라민소독의 특성에 관하여 고찰하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 25 ℃, Cl_2 / NH_3-N비 1:1 ~ 14:1에서 pH6, 7, 8의 불연속점은 각각 Cl_2 / NH_3-N비 11:1, 9:1, 10:1이었다. pH6의 경우, Cl_2 / NH_3-N비가 9:1일 때 총 잔류염소량이 최대인 반면, pH7, 8의 경우 Cl_2 / NH_3-N비가 각각 6:1, 5:1일 때 최대가 되었다. 2) pH가 6, 7, 8로 증가함에 따라 모노클로라민이 최대로 생성되는 Cl_2 / NH_3-N비는 7:1에서 5:1로 이동하였으며, pH6 ~ 8 범위에서 pH가 증가함에 따라 모노클로라민의 생성량이 많았다. 3) 클로라민의 분해는 Cl_2 / NH_3-N비가 증가하고 pH가 낮을수록 증가하였다. 클로라민의 잔류성은 유리염소보다 월등히 좋았다. pH6에서 모노클로라민과 디클로라민이 생성된 이후, 접촉시간이 경과함에 따라 디클로라민의 분포비가 증가하였다. This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of chloramination as a secondary disinfection in a drinking water distribution system. At the range from pH 6 to pH 8, monochloramine was predominant with a trace of dichloramine, and the free chlorine was detected after breakpoint. At 25℃, the breakpoints of pH 6, 7 and 8 appeared when the weight ratios of chlorine to ammonia nitrogen were 11:1, 9:1 and 10:1 respectively, and the peak points on the breakpoint curves at pH 6, 7 and 8 were in the Cl_2 / NH_3-N ratio of 9:1, 6:1 and 5:1 respectively. As pH increased from 6 to 8, maximum point of monochloramine on the breakpoint curve was moved from 7:1 to 5:1 in the weight ratio of chlorine to ammonia nitrogen. The maximum concentration of monochloramine was formed at the pH values of 7~8 and in the Cl_2 / NH_3-N ratio below 5:1. As the Cl_2 / NH_3-N ratio increased and the pH lowered, chloramines decay proceeded at an increased rate, and residual chloramines lasted longer than the residual free chlorine. The monochloramine and the dichloramine were formed at pH 6, and then the dichloramine continued increasing with contact lime.