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Clinicoepidemiological Profile and Prognostic Factors in Neurotuberculosis in Children
Vikas Sharma,Krishnan Rajeshwari,Deepak Kumar,Garima Gupta 대한소아신경학회 2023 대한소아신경학회지 Vol.31 No.2
Purpose: This study aimed to determine the clinicoepidemiological profile and prognostic factors in children with neurotuberculosis.Methods: An observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital on 50 children diagnosed with neurotuberculosis. The demographic profile, clinical details, and all investigations were recorded on a predetermined form and datasheet for analysis, and disability severity was graded using the modified Rankin Scale.Results: Fifty patients were enrolled (male-to-female ratio, 1.08:1). Younger children (1 to 3 years) were more commonly affected. Most patients were malnourished, and only 58% had been immunized with the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine. Fever was the most common symptom (96%) followed by headache, altered consciousness, vomiting, seizures, and abnormal posture. On cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, 87% of patients showed pleocytosis with lymphocytic predominance. More than 80% of patients had CSF protein levels >100 mg/dL and CSF glucose levels <60 mg/dL. Common findings on neuroimaging were hydrocephalus (76%), basal meningeal enhancement (60%), basal exudates (52%), and parenchymal infarcts (32%). We noted a mortality rate of 40%, of whom 87.5% had modified British Medical Research Council (BMRC) stage 3 tubercular meningitis (TBM). All patients who survived stage 3 TBM had a severe disability, and over 50% of patients with stage 2 TBM had moderate to severe disabilities.Conclusion: Young age, lower socioeconomic status, BMRC stages 2 and 3, abnormal posture, hydrocephalus, and the presence of basal exudates were associated with poor outcomes. High suspicion is needed for early diagnosis and prevention of disability and mortality.
명노승,전종호,Krishnan Rajeshwar 建國大學校 自然科學硏究所 1997 建國自然科學硏究誌 Vol.8 No.-
This short Note shows that a simple and general relationship exists for the dilution of molal solutions analogous to molarity and normality; X x W = X' x W' wherein X and W are the weight fraction of solute and mass of solution and the primed quantities refer to those after dilution. Two specific examples are given to show the utilities of the expression.
Lee, Wooju,Myung, Noseung,Rajeshwar, Krishnan,Lee, Chi-Woo The Korean Electrochemical Society 2013 Journal of electrochemical science and technology Vol.4 No.4
This study describes the electrodeposition of $Cu_2Se$ thin films with a two-step approach that is based on the initial modification of polycrystalline Au electrode with a selenium overlayer followed by a cathodic stripping of the layer as $Se^{2-}$ in a 1 M lactic acid electrolyte containing $Cu^{2+}$ ions. For this two-step approach to be effective, the $Cu^{2+}$ reduction potential should be shifted to more negative potentials passed potentials for the reduction of Se to $Se^{2-}$. This was accomplished by the complexation of $Cu^{2+}$ ions with lactic acid. The resultant $Cu_2Se$ films were characterized by linear sweep voltammetry combined with electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry, UV-vis absorption spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy. Photoelectrochemical experiments revealed that $Cu_2Se$ synthesized thus, behaved as a p-type semiconductor.
Jee, Hyung-Woo,Paeng, Ki-Jung,Myung, Noseung,Rajeshwar, Krishnan The Electrochemical Society 2018 Journal of the Electrochemical Society Vol.165 No.9
<P>In this study, the composition of electrosynthesized cobalt selenide thin films was analyzed by electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry (EQCM) in a continuous flow mode. First, cobalt selenide films were electrodeposited on a Pt-EQCM electrode using a 0.1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte solution containing Co and Se precursor species at different potentials. A combination of sequential stripping and EQCM frequency monitoring protocol enabled mapping of the free Co, free Se, and CoSe content of the electrodeposited films. It was found that the composition of cobalt selenide film was very sensitive to the electrodeposition potential. The targeted CoSe content was maximum at -0.7 V and the free Co content was minimum at this potential. On the other hand, the free Se content decreased from similar to 45% at -0.6 V to nearly 0% at -0.9 V. The film composition as established by the continuous flow analysis mode stood in stark contrast with the static (batch) mode where no free Co was observed in the films. Factors in these compositional differences as well as in the EQCM electrode geometry (face-down vs. face-up) are finally discussed. (C) The Author(s) 2018. Published by ECS.</P>
Jee, Hyung-Woo,Paeng, Ki-Jung,Myung, Noseung,Rajeshwar, Krishnan The Electrochemical Society 2017 Journal of the Electrochemical Society Vol.164 No.13
<P>The mechanism of electrodeposition of cobalt selenide (CoSe) thin films was investigated by the combined application of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry (EQCM) on Pt-coated quartz electrodes. Cobalt selenide films were electrodeposited on the Pt surface from 0.1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte solution containing 5 mM SeO2 and 5 mM Co(CH3COO)(2) by linear sweep voltammetry. Four cathodic waves were observed during the linear scans and the reactions corresponding to these waves were investigated with LSV and EQCM. Combined stripping voltammetry and EQCM showed that CoSe was electrodeposited via two routes: (1) Underpotential deposition of Se followed by deposition of cobalt as CoSe; and (2) Reaction of Co(II) with electrogenerated Se(-II) to result in CoSe. Compositional analyses revealed that the electrodeposited films contained CoSe and free Se, depending on the deposition potential. However, no cobalt was found in these films because of chemical (galvanic) instability of the cobalt film in the deposition bath. (c) The Author(s) 2017. Published by ECS. All rights reserved.</P>