The Changing Roles of Women Officers in Public Order Policing in Hong Kong

Ho Ka-ki,Chu Yiu Kong 아시아경찰학회 2006 아시아경찰학회 국제학술회의 Vol.2006 No.-

The police are regarded as a male-dominated mescaline profession. Western police studies tend to suggest that women officers will face role-conflicts when they enter the male-dominated masculine occupation and they only play a complementary role in the public order policing. The Hong Kong Police Force was established in 1844. Women police officers were never perceived as indispensable component by early British colonial police heads. The first women officer had not been recruited until 1949. Yet, in 1950s and 1960s duties assigned to female cohorts were confined to supporting duties such as conducting clerical jobs, handling female suspects and taking care of wandering children rather than law enforcement and anti-riot operations. On the top of this, sexually segregated and discriminatory arrangements could also be easily noted in reviewing the managerial history of the Hong Kong Police. This study finds that the role of women officers started to change in late 1960s, especially in the sphere of public order policing. For instance, women police officers took up some frontier positions in the 1967 riots. They received formal anti-riot training since 1970s. A female anti-riot squad was formed in 1992. Since 1995 all newly recruited Hong Kong women police officers have been armed. In 2005 women police officers were placed in the front to deal with Korean demonstrators directly during the WTO MC6 period. The evolving responsibilities of female police officers from indoors administrative work to frontier crowd management duties not only reflect the changing attitude towards women in Hong Kong society, but also signify the vitalization of women officers in policing Hong Kong. The data of this research are largely derived from archival materials and in-depth interviews with 12 women police officers who served the force from 1950s to 1980s.

Policing the 1967 Riots in Hong Kong : An Alternative Account from Frontline Police Officers

Ho Lawrence K.K.,Chu Yiu Kong 아시아경찰학회 2005 Asia Pacific Journal of Police & Criminal Justice Vol.3 No.1

  The 1967 riots were widely regarded as the worst civil unrest in Hong Kong. According to the official explanation, the Hong Kong Police, as a para-military and non-localized force, were the most loyal government agency to restore social orders by containing these "political confrontations". In the eyes of the local Chinese leftists, however, the Hong Kong Police were regarded as the "running dog" of the British colonialists who ruthlessly suppressed their compatriots in Hong Kong. Based on archival materials and in-depth interviews with 8 Chinese frontline police officers who were directly involved in suppressing the riots, this research has four major findings.<BR>  First, these police officers thought that the prolong disorder were not serious riots but only civil disturbances. Second, regarding their policing assignments as apolitical tasks despite acknowledging the politicization of the riots, they inclined to have a fearless outlook when confronting the protesting crowds. Third, few police officers quitted their job during the prolong riots because they saw it as a police duty to restore the social stability of the territory. They were also attracted by the subsidiary and relevant benefits during the riots. Finally, the frontline police officers tended to fully accept the colonial government"s approach in dealing with the riots. In response to the local communist challenge of enforcing "fascist, brutal and hardcore suppression of the compatriots", they generally considered the regime"s policing strategy as a carefully-drafted and flexibly-adjusted one that showed greatest steadiness and restraint, thus successfully gaining support from the mainstream local Chinese community.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of By-Products from<i>Haliotis discus hannai</i>in RAW 264.7 Cells

Rho, Ho-Seok,Kim, Hyang,Kim, Jung-Ae,Karadeniz, Fatih,Ahn, Byul-Nim,Nam, Ki-Ho,Seo, Youngwan,Kong, Chang-Suk Hindawi Limited 2015 Journal of chemistry Vol.2015 No.-

<P>Several reports promoted the potential of shellfish due to their ability to act as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agents. Pacific abalone,<I>Haliotis discus hannai</I>viscera is, reported to possess bioactivities such as antioxidative stress and anti-inflammatory. In this study, anti-inflammatory potential of mucus-secreting glands from shell-shucking waste of<I>H. discus hannai</I>was evaluated using RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cell model. Results indicated that presence of<I>H. discus hannai</I>mucosubstance by-products (AM) significantly lowered the nitric oxide (NO) production along the expressional suppression of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines TNF-<I>α</I>, IL-1<I>β</I>, and IL-6 and enzymes iNOS and COX-2. Also, AM was shown to increase expression of anti-inflammatory response mediator HO-1. Presence of AM also scavenged the free radicals<I>in vitro</I>. In conclusion, by-products of<I>H. discus hannai</I>are suggested to possess notable anti-inflammatory potential which promotes the possibility of utilization as functional food ingredient.</P>

特定物債權에 대한 債權者取消權의 被保全債權性

공순진;명호인 동의대학교 지방자치연구소 2007 공공정책연구 Vol.24 No.-

[초록없음]

폐경 후 여성의 대퇴골 골밀도에 따른 대사증후군과의 관련성

임호섭,공은희 고신대학교 의과대학 2010 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지 Vol.25 No.2

low bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of this study was to identify the relationship with metabolic syndrome by BMD of femur in postmenopausal women. Methods: We evaluated 120 postmenopausal women who were visiteda health promotion center in a university hospital from January, 2008 to December, 2009. Data on their current medical diseases and medications were collected through a physician's history taking. Also, basic physical examinations and laboratory tests were performed on these subjects. Results: In adjusted analysis including age and other factors, only waist circumference had a close correlation with BMD of femur (P< 0.05). The BMD of femur had no correlation with other risk factors of metabolic syndrome. When stratified by BMD of femur, corrected BMD of femur revealed no significant correlation with the presence of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: The BMD of femur among postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome shows a positive tendency in abdominal obesity

기능성 킬레이트 고분자 Ⅳ -VSA-VP-DVB 킬레이트 수지의 이온교환 특성-

김공수, 심상무, 김경호, 김영식 忠北大學校 1986 論文集 Vol.32 No.-

-본문참고-

얕은 부영양 저수지의 동·식물플랑크톤 군집변화 특성

김호섭,공동수,황순진 한국육수학회 2005 생태와 환경 Vol.38 No.1

본 연구는 수심이 얕은 부영양 저수지에서 동·식물플랑크톤 천이양상을 이해하기 위해 2002년 11월부터 2004년 2월까지 수행하였다. 봄철 규조류와 녹조류가 우점한 시기를 제외하고는 연중 남조류가 우점하였다. 남조류 군집 내 종 조성의 변화는 6월과 12월에 나타났으며, 식물플랑크톤 밀도 증가는 유입부하량이 많았던 7월과 11월에 관찰되었다. 남조류는 5월에 Oscillatoria spp.와 Aphanizomenon sp.의 우점 이후 Oscillatoria spp.가 우점하였으며, 12월 이후에는 Oscillatoria spp.와 Aphanizomenon sp.의 밀도가 증가하였다. 남조류 군집 중 Microcystis spp.가 우점한 6월부터 12월가지 수체 내 TN/TP비는 13~46의 범위 (평균 27±5)였다. 동물플랑크톤 군집 중 Keratella cochlearis, Keratella valga, Polyarthra spp., Conochilus unicornis, Pompholyx complanata와 같을 윤충류의 점유율이 평균 67.8%로 높았다. 동물플랑크톤의 최대 밀도는 Pompholyx cornplanata (12,388 ind L^(-1))가 우점한 6월에 관찰되었다. 최대 생물량은 Conochilus unicornis (1,0484±28 ㎍C L^(-1))가 우점한 5월에 관찰되었고 투명도가 현저히 증가하였다(Z_(eu)/Z_m =1.1). 본 연구 결과는 수심이 얕은 부영양 저수지에서 식물플랑크톤 군집 변화가 수온, 광도 그리고 영양염 농도치 복합적인 영향으로 이해될 필요가 있고, 윤충류가 식물플랑크톤의 생물차질 조절자로서 중요한 역할을 수행할 수 있음을 제시한다. This study was conducted to understand seasonal dynamics of phyto- and zoo-plankton co㎜unities in a shallow eutrophic reservoir (Shingu reservoir) from November 2002 to February 2004. Cyanophyceae dominated throughout the year, except for spring (March~May) when Bacillariophyceae (Melosira varians) and Chlorophyceae (Dictyosphaerium puchellum) were dominant. The change of dominant species in Cyanophytes occurred in June and December 2003, and the increase of phytoplankton cell density in July and November was observed when the P loading through two inflows was high. In May, Oscillatoria spp. and Aphanizomenon sp. were dominant, but replaced by Microcystis spp. in the end of May. Dominant Microcystis spp. sustained until December and shifted to Oscillatoria spp. and Aphanizomenon sp. TN/TP ratio ranged from 13 to 46 (Avg. 27 ± 6) from June to December when cyanobacteria (Microcystis spp.) dominated. Rotifers such as Keratella cochlearis, Keratella valga, Polyarthra spp., Conochilus unicornis, Pompholyx complanata dominated in average 67.8% of the zooplankton community. Abundance of zooplankton was the highest in June 2003, when Pompholyx cornplanata (12,388 ind L^(-1)) was dominant. In May, the significant increase of Conochilus unicornis biomass (1,048± 28 ㎍ C L^(-1)) was observed with distinct improvement of transparency (Z_(e)/Z_m = 1.1). These results suggest that the seasonal variation of phytoplankton co㎜unities in this reservoir are to be understood as results of multi-interactive factors such as temperature, light condition and nutrients, and small- sized rotifers as important predator.

중국 향촌기업 소유권과 주식합작제

김호범,공종우 釜山 大學校 經營 經濟 硏究所 2000 經營 經濟 硏究 Vol.19 No.1

1978년 개혁ㆍ개방 이후 중국경제는 급속한 경제성장을 이루었다. 이러한 급속한 경제성장에 가장 큰 기여를 한 부분이 중국의 농촌에 그 근간을 두고 있는 향촌기업이라는 데는 異論이 없다. 중국의 향촌기업은 국유기업이나 도시의 대집체기업과는 달리 국가의 경제계획 밖에서 활동하며, 시장 신호에 따라 행동하면서 손실과 이익을 스스로 책임지고 있기 때문에 시장경제의 범주에 속한다. 이러한 향촌기업은 집체기업으로서 향정부가 설립하여 운영하는 향판기업과 촌민위원회에서 설립, 운영하는 촌판기업으로 구성되어 있다. 구체적으로, 향촌기업의 소유권은 명목상으로는 향촌지역주민에게 있지만, 통제권은 지방정부가 행사해왔다. 또한 수익의 분배에 있어서도 복잡한 관계를 유지하고 있다. 즉, 수익의 분배는 지방정부와 지역주민에 의해 공유되고 있다. 이러한 소유권과 경영성과 배분상의 문제점에도 불구하고 급격한 성장을 유지해 왔다. 그러나 최근 시장개방의 확대와 경쟁의 증가로 인하여 과거에 비해 성장률이 급격히 떨어지고 있다. 따라서 이러한 소유권의 모호성 때문에 초래되는 비효휼성을 극복하기 위하여 최근에는 주식합작제가 도입되고 있다. 주식합작제는 중국식 자회주의 시장경제 체제에 부합되는 사회주의적인 합작제와 주식제를 결합시킨 것이다. 현재 주식합작제를 채택하고 있는 기업의 수와 규모는 적지만 정책적 지원에 힘입어 점차 증가하는 추세에 있다. 향촌기업의 소유권을 주식합작제로의 전환은 중국식 경제개혁의 주요한 특징인 '점진적인 변화'의 추구를 담고 있다 할 수 있다. 그러나 주식합작제로 전환하는 과정에서 많은 문제점이 등장하고 있는데 이를 보완하기 위한 제도적 정비가 시급한 과제로 등장하고 있다. 본고는 이러한 중국경제의 성장에 크게 기여한 향촌기업의 소유권과 주식합작제 문제를 다룸으로써 완전한 주식제로의 과도기에 있는 중국경제의 근간에 대한 이해에 접근해보고자 한 것이다.

콘택트렌즈 보존 용기 유래 Acanthamoeba lugdunensis KA/L5주의 내공생세균

정동일,공현희,김태호,황미열,유학선,윤호철,설성용 경북대학교 의학연구소 1999 경북대학교병원의학연구소논문집 Vol.3 No.1

콘택트렌즈 보존 용기 유래 가시아메바 KA/L5주의 세포질 내에 존재하는 bacterial endosymbiont(내공생세균)를 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하여 확인하였다. 숙주인 가시아메바 KA/L5주는 형태학적으로 제2군에 속하였고, rDNA PCR-RFLP 결과 A. lugdunensis로 동정되었다. 미토콘드리아 DNA RFLP와 동위효소 분석상 이 충주는 국내 콘택트렌즈 보존용기에서 가장흔히 분리되는 type인 KA/Ll주, 국내 임상 분리주 중 하나인 KA/E2주, 내공생세균을 가지는 것으로 보고된 병원 냉각수 유래 KA/W4주 및 L3a주와 동일하거나 매우 유사한 성적을 보였다. 내공생세균은 약 1.38× 0.507㎛의 크기였고, 아메바 세포질 내에 불규칙하게 분포하고 있었으며. 그 표면에 아메바의 ribosome이 부착되어 있었다. 내공생세균을 둘러싼 lacunae나 막과 같은 구조는 관찰되지 않았다. Legionella 특이 primer를 이용한 효소중합반응(PCR)에서 내공생세균의 염색체 DNA는 증폭되지 않았다. A. lugdunensis의 우리말 이름을 담수가시아메바로 제안한다. Transmission electron microscopy of an Acanthamieba isolate (KA/L5) from a contact lens case revealed bacterial endosymbionts within cytoplasm of the amoebae, The Acanthamoeba isolate belonged to the morphological group II. Based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - restriction fragment length Polymorphism (RFLP) of 18S ribosomal RNA coding DNA (rDNA), the Isolate was identified as A. lugdunensis. Strain typing by isoenzyme analysis using isoelectric focusing (IEF) and mitochondrial (Mt) DNA RFLP revealed that the isolate was closely related with KA/Ll , the most predominant type of isolates from contact lens storage cases, KA/E2, a clinical isolate, KA/W4, preciously reported to host endosymbionts, and L3a strains of A. lugdunensis. The endosymbionts were similar to those of KA/W4 In aspects that they were randomly distributed in both trophozoites and cysts, and were rod-shaped bacteria measuring approximately 1.38x 0.50㎛. But the number of endosymbionts per amoeba was significantly lower than that of KA/W4. They were neither limited by phagosomal membranes nor included In lacunae- like structure.

鮟鱇網 漁具 漁法의 改良에 관한 硏究(Ⅱ) : 展開帆을 이용한 改良漁具 試驗(豫報)

李吉來,宋之浩,朴鍾洙,徐萬錫,趙鳳坤,朴正鎬,洪聖根,鄭公炘,裵錫悌,鄭與基,金鎭乾 군산대학교 1980 群山水産專門大學 硏究報告 Vol.14 No.1

Ordinarily stow net fisheries was used by floater beam and sinker beam for the purpose of spreading the mouth of net. But it was not only iuconvenient and dangerous but much defective. In this thesis, we have studied fundermental experiment of the improved stow net fishing gear using head rope, ground rope and otter sail instead of floater beam and sinker beam. From the result of this experiment, it has been succeeded for fishing work to achieve basically without any difficulty. The results obtained in this study were as follows. 1) The resistance of fishing gear was estimated R≒7V2 as possible as it is taken greatly. (R: Resistance V: the rate of current) 2) The interval of otter sail was spreaded smoothly. Being in normal condition, it was maintamed the width 37-38m. It was heared comparison with net mouth of ordinary gear, and the shearing force was enough. 3) The height of mouth was lower than we have anticipated to and seemed to have the supplement of buoyancy. But according to increasing the rate of current, the lowness of mouth height was little affected. 4) The height of otter sail was decreased at the rate of 30% by the rate of current, on the contrary, the height of wing was not decreased owing to sufficient buoyancy, 5) The adjustment of extention length of hanging wire(connected with fishing boat) and raising wire(with otter sail) was great important problem and it must be dealed with the most moderatly because of a corelation between the spreading of fishing gear and catching ability. 6) On the depth of 30m, it was taken 25 minuits to cast anchor and lines, 20 min cast net, 24 min haul net, 45 min haul lines and heave anchor, respectively. 7) The improved stow net with otter sail was cleared up the defects and difficult problems in ordinary gear using floater beam and sinker beam, and it have more advantages of fishing work than ordinary one. But there were involved in lots of problems in details to solve in the future.