SANITARY LANDFILL SITES DEVELOPMENT TO INTEGRATED DISPOSAL SITES FACING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND RESTORATION REQUIREMENTS

( P. S. Kollias ),( V. P. Kollias ),( S. P. Kollias ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.1

The considerable solid wastes increase during the last decades, created disposal problems and many difficulties to find suitable areas, according to designed criteria, including environmental and functional parameters, to secure sanitary landfill operation. Mathematical investigations covering population increase, recycling and others, pursue to achieve disposal area minimization. Landfill site organization and exploitation are presented, as also the indicated methods of treatment for environmental protection, from leachate and biogas. Further social aspects are investigated, and information programs are presented, that pursue the public consensus. At the end of the operation a final management of the site is done, looking to restoration purposes and creation of a use. A case study is presented.

환경영향과 복원요구에 따른 종합최종처분장으로의 위생매립지 개발

( P. S. Kollias ),( V. P. Kollias ),( S. P. Kollias ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.2

지난 수십년동안 폐기물 발생량의 증가로 인하여 최종처분 문제가 발생되었으며, 위생매립지를 운영하기 위해 필요한 환경적 기능적 요소를 포함하는 설계기준에 적합한 지역을 찾는데 많은 어려움이 야기되고 있다. 매립이용부지를 최소화하기 위하여 인구증가, 재활용 등에 관한 수학적 조사를 행하였다. 매립지 건설 및 개발과 더불어 침출수와 매립가스로부터 환경을 보호하기 위한 방법을 제시하였다. 또한 사회적인 관점을 조사하고, 정보프로그램을 나타내어 여론에 부합되도록 하였다. 매립종료 후 복원 및 활용이 기대된다. 사례연구를 나타내었다. The considerable solid wastes increase during the last decades, created disposal problems and many difficulties to find suitable areas, according to designed criteria, including environmental and functional parameters, to secure sanitary landfill operation. Mathematical investigations covering population increase, recycling and others, pursue to achieve disposal area minimization. Landfill site organization and exploitation are presented, as also the indicated methods of treatment for environmental protection, from leachate and biogas. Further social aspects are investigated, and information programs are presented, that pursue the public consensus. At the end of the operation a final management of the site is done, looking to restoration purposes and creation of a use. A case study is presented.

A Global-Local Approach for Estimating the Internet's Threat Level

Kollias, Spyridon,Vlachos, Vasileios,Papanikolaou, Alexandros,Chatzimisios, Periklis,Ilioudis, Christos,Metaxiotis, Kostas The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2014 Journal of communications and networks Vol.16 No.4

The Internet is a highly distributed and complex system consisting of billion devices and has become the field of various kinds of conflicts during the last two decades. As a matter of fact, various actors utilise the Internet for illicit purposes, such as for performing distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS) and for spreading various types of aggressive malware. Despite the fact that numerous services provide information regarding the threat level of the Internet, they are mostly based on information acquired by their sensors or on offline statistical sampling of various security applications (antivirus software, intrusion detection systems, etc.). This paper introduces proactive threat observatory system (PROTOS), an open-source early warning system that does not require a commercial license and is capable of estimating the threat level across the Internet. The proposed system utilises both a global and a local approach, and is thus able to determine whether a specific host is under an imminent threat, as well as to provide an estimation of the malicious activity across the Internet. Apart from these obvious advantages, PROTOS supports a large-scale installation and can be extended even further to improve the effectiveness by incorporating prediction and forecasting techniques.

A Global--Local Approach for Estimating the Internet's Threat Level

Spyridon Kollias,Vasileios Vlachos,Alexandros Papanikolaou,Periklis Chatzimisios,Christos Ilioudis,Kostas Metaxiotis 한국통신학회 2014 Journal of communications and networks Vol.16 No.4

The Internet is a highly distributed and complex systemconsisting of billion devices and has become the field of variouskinds of conflicts during the last two decades. As a matter offact, various actors utilise the Internet for illicit purposes, such asfor performing distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS) and forspreading various types of aggressive malware. Despite the fact thatnumerous services provide information regarding the threat levelof the Internet, they are mostly based on information acquired bytheir sensors or on offline statistical sampling of various securityapplications (antivirus software, intrusion detection systems, etc.). This paper introduces proactive threat observatory system (PROTOS),an open-source early warning system that does not requirea commercial license and is capable of estimating the threat levelacross the Internet. The proposed system utilises both a global anda local approach, and is thus able to determine whether a specifichost is under an imminent threat, as well as to provide an estimationof the malicious activity across the Internet. Apart from theseobvious advantages, PROTOS supports a large-scale installationand can be extended even further to improve the effectiveness byincorporating prediction and forecasting techniques.

Factors Predictive of Treatment by Australian Breast Surgeons of Invasive Female Breast Cancer by Mastectomy rather than Breast Conserving Surgery

Roder, David,Zorbas, Helen,Kollias, James,Pyke, Chris,Walters, David,Campbell, Ian,Taylor, Corey,Webster, Fleur Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.1

Background: The National Breast Cancer Audit Database of the Society of Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand is used by surgeons to monitor treatment quality and for research. About 60% of early invasive female breast cancers in Australia are recorded. The objectives of this study are: (1) to investigate associations of socio-demographic, health-system and clinical characteristics with treatment of invasive female breast cancer by mastectomy compared with breast conserving surgery; and (2) to consider service delivery implications. Materials and Methods: Bi-variable and multivariable analyses of associations of characteristics with surgery type for cancers diagnosed in 1998-2010. Results: Of 30,299 invasive cases analysed, 11,729 (39%) were treated by mastectomy as opposed to breast conserving surgery. This proportion did not vary by diagnostic year (p>0.200). With major city residence as the reference category, the relative rate (95% confidence limits) of mastectomy was 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) for women from inner regional areas and 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) for those from more remote areas. Low annual surgeon case load (${\leq}10$) was predictive of mastectomy, with a relative rate of 1.08 (1.03, 1.14) when compared with higher case loads. Tumour size was also predictive, with a relative rate of 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) for large cancers (40+ mm) compared with smaller cancers (<30 mm). These associations were confirmed in multiple logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: Results confirm previous studies showing higher mastectomy rates for residents of more remote areas, those treated by surgeons with low case loads, and those with large cancers. Reasons require further study, including possible effects of surgeon and woman's choice and access to radiotherapy services.

Risk Factors for Poorer Breast Cancer Outcomes in Residents of Remote Areas of Australia

Roder, David,Zorbas, Helen,Kollias, James,Pyke, Chris,Walters, David,Campbell, Ian,Taylor, Corey,Webster, Fleur Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.1

To investigate patient, cancer and treatment characteristics in females with breast cancer from more remote areas of Australia, to better understand reasons for their poorer outcomes, bi-variable and multivariable analyses were undertaken using the National Breast Cancer Audit database of the Society of Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand. Results indicated that patients from more remote areas were more likely to be of lower socio-economic status and be treated in earlier diagnostic epochs and at inner regional and remote rather than major city centres. They were also more likely to be treated by low case load surgeons, although this finding was only of marginal statistical significance in multivariable analysis (p=0.074). Patients from more remote areas were less likely than those from major cities to be treated by breast conserving surgery, as opposed to mastectomy, and less likely to have adjuvant radiotherapy when having breast conserving surgery. They had a higher rate of adjuvant chemotherapy. Further monitoring will be important to determine whether breast conserving surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy utilization increase in rural patients following the introduction of regional cancer centres recently funded to improve service access in these areas.

“Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome” or “Subthreshold Prodromal State”?

Vassilis Kontaxakis,Beata Havaki-Kontaxaki,Konstantinos Kollias,Panagiotis Ferentinos,George Papadimitriou 대한신경정신의학회 2013 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.10 No.2

Survival From Synchronous Bilateral Breast Cancer: The Experience of Surgeons Participating in the Breast Audit of the Society of Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand

Roder, David,Silva, Primali de,Zorbas, Helen,Kollias, James,Malycha, Peter,Pyke, Chris,Campbell, Ian,Webster, Fleur Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.4

Background: Previous studies generally indicate that synchronous bilateral breast cancers (SBBC) have an equivalent or moderately poorer survival compared with unilateral cases. The prognostic characteristics of SBBC would be relevant when planning adjuvant therapies and follow-up medical surveillance. The frequency of SBBC among early breast cancers in clinical settings in Australia and New Zealand was investigated, plus their prognostic significance, using the Breast Cancer Audit Database of the Society of Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand, which covered an estimated 60% of early invasive lesions in those countries. Design: Rate ratios (95% confidence limits) of SBBC were investigated among 35,370 female breast cancer cases by age of woman, histology type, grade, tumour diameter, nodal status, lymphatic/vascular invasion and oestrogen receptor status. Univariate and multivariable disease-specific survival analyses were undertaken. Results: 2.3% of cases were found to be SBBC (i.e., diagnoses occurring within 3 months). The figure increased from 1.4% in women less than 40 years to 4.1% in those aged 80 years or more. Disease-specific survivals did not vary by SBBC status (p=0.206). After adjusting for age, histology type, diameter, grade, nodal status, lymphatic/vascular invasion, and oestrogen receptor status, the relative risk of breast cancer death for SBBC was 1.17 (95% CL: 0.91, 1.51). After adjusting for favourable prognostic factors more common in SBBC cases (i.e., histology type, grade, lymphatic/vascular invasion, and oestrogen receptor status), the relative risk of breast cancer death for SBBC was 1.42 (95% CL: 1.10, 1.82). After adjusting for unfavourable prognostic factors more common in SBBC cases (i.e., older age and large tumour diameter), the relative risk of breast cancer death for SBBC was 0.98 (95% CL: 0.76, 1.26). Conclusions: Results confirm previous findings of an equivalent or moderately poorer survival for SBBC but indicate that SBBC status is likely to be an important prognostic indicator for some cases.

Breast Cancer Characteristics and Survival Differences between Maori, Pacific and other New Zealand Women Included in the Quality Audit Program of Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand

Campbell, Ian,Scott, Nina,Seneviratne, Sanjeewa,Kollias, James,Walters, David,Taylor, Corey,Roder, David Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.6

Background: The Quality Audit (BQA) program of the Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand (NZ) collects data on early female breast cancer and its treatment. BQA data covered approximately half all early breast cancers diagnosed in NZ during roll-out of the BQA program in 1998-2010. Coverage increased progressively to about 80% by 2008. This is the biggest NZ breast cancer database outside the NZ Cancer Registry and it includes cancer and clinical management data not collected by the Registry. We used these BQA data to compare socio-demographic and cancer characteristics and survivals by ethnicity. Materials and Methods: BQA data for 1998-2010 diagnoses were linked to NZ death records using the National Health Index (NHI) for linking. Live cases were followed up to December $31^{st}$ 2010. Socio-demographic and invasive cancer characteristics and disease-specific survivals were compared by ethnicity. Results: Five-year survivals were 87% for Maori, 84% for Pacific, 91% for other NZ cases and 90% overall. This compared with the 86% survival reported for all female breast cases covered by the NZ Cancer Registry which also included more advanced stages. Patterns of survival by clinical risk factors accorded with patterns expected from the scientific literature. Compared with Other cases, Maori and Pacific women were younger, came from more deprived areas, and had larger cancers with more ductal and fewer lobular histology types. Their cancers were also less likely to have a triple negative phenotype. More of the Pacific women had vascular invasion. Maori women were more likely to reside in areas more remote from regional cancer centres, whereas Pacific women generally lived closer to these centres than Other NZ cases. Conclusions: NZ BQA data indicate previously unreported differences in breast cancer biology by ethnicity. Maori and Pacific women had reduced breast cancer survival compared with Other NZ women, after adjusting for socio-demographic and cancer characteristics. The potential contributions to survival differences of variations in service access, timeliness and quality of care, need to be examined, along with effects of comorbidity and biological factors.

Adherence to Recommended Treatments for Early Invasive Breast Cancer: Decisions of Women Attending Surgeons in the Breast Cancer Audit of Australia and New Zealand

Roder, David M.,Silva, Primali De,Zorbas, Helen N.,Webster, Fleur,Kollias, James,Pyke, Chris M.,Campbell, Ian D. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.4

Aim: The study aim was to determine the frequency with which women decline clinicians' treatment recommendations and variations in this frequency by age, cancer and service descriptors. Design: The study included 36,775 women diagnosed with early invasive breast cancer in 1998-2005 and attending Australian and New Zealand breast surgeons. Rate ratios for declining treatment were examined by descriptor, using bilateral and multiple logistic regression analyses. Proportional hazards regression was used in exploratory analyses of associations with breast cancer death. Results: 3.4% of women declined a recommended treatment of some type, ranging from 2.6% for women under 40 years to 5.8% for those aged 80 years or more, and with parallel increases by age presenting for declining radiotherapy (p<0.001) and axillary surgery (p=0.006). Multiple regression confirmed that common predictors of declining various treatments included low surgeon case load, treatment outside major city centres, and older age. Histological features suggesting a favourable prognosis were often predictive of declining various treatments, although reverse findings also applied with women with positive nodal status being more likely to decline a mastectomy and those with larger tumours more likely to decline chemotherapy. While survival analyses lacked statistical power due to small numbers, higher risks of breast cancer death were suggested, after adjusting for age and conventional clinical risk factors, (1) for women not receiving breast surgery for unstated reasons (RR=2.29; p<0.001); and (2) although not approaching statistical significance $p{\geq}0.200$), for women declining radiotherapy (RR=1.22), a systemic therapy (RR1.11), and more specifically, chemotherapy (RR=1.41). Conclusions: Women have the right to choose their treatments but reasons for declining recommendations require further study to ensure that choices are well informed and clinical outcomes are optimized.