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Individual Contribution in Brain-storming: Does Group Composition Make a Difference?
Wai-Kin Yip,Chun-Ming Chow,Kin-Wai Cheng,Chi-Ping Cheuk,Catherine McBride-Chang 대한사고개발학회 2007 The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Vol.17 No.2
Factors affecting individual performance in group tasks such as social loafing and social facilitation have been widely investigated. Past studies compared groups made up of friends or strangers based on prior acquaintance before the experiment, without directly manipulating the level of group cohesiveness. Based on Karau and William’s (1997) rationale about the effect of group cohesiveness on social facilita- tion and social loafing, we tested two hypotheses: (1) When individual members do brain-storming in high cohesiveness group, they work harder and generate more ideas (social facilitation). (2) When individual members do brain-storming in low cohesiveness group, they work less hard and generate fewer ideas (social loafing). Results supported the second hypothesis, but failed to support the first one.
유리피데스의 『올리스의 이피지니아 Iphigenia at Aulis』에서의 여성 -고통받는 자들
김라옥 ( Kin Ra-ok ) 대한영어영문학회 1998 영어영문학연구 Vol.24 No.3
One of the main themes in Euripides's plays is woman in suffering. It is in his treatment of abused and wronged women that Euripides shows his keenest insights. In the Alcestis, Hippolytus, The Medea, The Trojan Women, his understanding of women and their situations is admirable. He has sympathy for all the victims of society, including womankind. In this point Euripides presents his uniqueness among all the Greek writers. His last and posthumous play Iphigenia in Aulis also shows his sympathy for women as the victim sufferers. The chorus are the women of Chalcis in Euboea who have crossed over to Aulis. The women surprised at the news of war and came to see the Greek ships for Troy and the heroes in the quest of Helen. They are young wives and common people who have the universal viewpoints and desires with which Euripides agrees. The songs they sing are hymns to happy home and modest passion, and prayers for joyful return. It is Clytemnestra who is the most impressive person in this play, not Iphigenia nor Agamemnon. Her anger, pain, and desperation are vividly expressed and have an appeal to the audience. She is a person who has dauntlessness and dignity. She is not a weak woman. But that she can not defend her most precious daughter proves the vulnerable status of the Greek woman. The defeat of Clytemnestra who is a queen and proud woman is more shocking than the death of Iphigenia who seems obedient and docile. Iphigenia is a symbol of an innocent victim. The why she is sacrificed is that the Greek troops want to leave for Troy at any cost. Every society has made its victims from the weak. The demand on a man to murder his brothers and children and kin with the name of love of his country, love of his people, and civilization is the act of uncivilization. Through the sacrifice of Iphigenia Euripides makes us to remind of the suffering of the innocent victims in all ages.
CONDITIONAL VOLATILITY ASYMMETRY OF BUSINESS CYCLES: EVIDENCE FROM FOUR OECD COUNTRIES
KIN-YIP HO,Albert K Tsui,Zhaoyong Zhang 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2013 Journal of Economic Development Vol.38 No.3
Most studies of business cycle exclude the dimension of asymmetric conditional volatility. In this paper, we propose three bivariate asymmetric GARCH models to capture the properties of conditional volatility and time-varying conditional correlations of business cycle indicators in four OECD countries. Our study extends the constant conditional correlation framework proposed by Bollerslev (1990) and the time-varying conditional correlation approach by Tse and Tsui (2002), respectively. Using indices of industrial production as proxies for business cycles indicators, we detect statistically significant evidence of asymmetric conditional volatility in the UK and US. Additionally, we find that the conditional correlations are significantly time-varying, and that the strength of varying correlations may be linked to the degree of economic integration between the countries.