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물리학 선량법을 이용한 갑상선암의 개인별 최대안전용량 I-131 치료법 개발과 유용성 평가
김정철,윤정한,범희승,제갈영종,송호천,민정준,정환정,김성민,허영준,이명호,박영규,정준기 대한핵의학회 2003 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.37 No.2
목적 : 분화갑상선암 환자에 대한 방사성옥소(I-131) 치료는 재발율과 사망률을 감소시키는 효과적인 치료법이지만, 치료용량을 증가시킴으로써 치료율을 향상시킬 수 있는지에 대해서는 아직 논란이 있다. 본 연구에서는 최대허용선량 치료법의 효용성을 검증하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 임상적 병기가 제3, 4병기이고, 6개월 이후에 I-131 전신스캔(이하 IWBS)과 혈중 thyroglobulin (이하 Tg), anti-thyroglobulin antibody (이하 ATA), 초음파검사 (이하 US) 및 F-18 FDG PET 등을 통해 치료여부를 확인할 수 있었던 58명(남:여=9:49, 평균연령 50±11세)의 유두상갑상선암 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 이중 11명은 제4병기, 47명은 제3병기였으며, 43명(남:여=4:39), 평균연령 50±11세)은 7.4 GBq 이하의 고식적인 저용량치료법으로 치료하였고, 9.25 GBq 이상의 고용량 치료를 받은 환자는 15명(남:여=5:10, 평균연령 50±12세)으로 고용량군에서 남자가 더 많았으나 연령의 차이는 없었다. 고용량군 환자 모두에서 추적용량의 방사성옥소(평균 77±3 MBq)를 경구 투여한 후 혈중 방사능소실곡선을 통해 최대허용선량(maximum permissible dose, 이하 MPD)을 계산하였으며, 7명에서는 말초혈액림프구의 중기염색체분석법에 의해 생물학적으로 MPD를 계산하였다. 14명에서는 치료용량의 방사성옥소를 투여한 후 혈중 방사능소실곡선을 통해 MPD를 계사하였다. 완전치유(complete response, 이하 CR)는 IWBS에서 병소가 없어지고, 혈중 Tg치가 1 ng/mL 이하로 감소한 경우로 정의하였으며, 부분치유(partial response, 이하 PR)는 IWBS에서 병소가 없어졌더라도 혈중 Tg, ATA치가 높거나, US 또는 PET 검사에서 병소가 남아있는 경우로 정의하였다. 치료후 IWBS에서 병소가 오히려 증가하거나 변함없는 경우는 없었다. 방사성옥소 치료에 의한 부작용은 입원기간 중 타액선이 현저하게 붓고 통증이 있거나, 구토를 심하게 하는 경우, 그리고 퇴원후 1개월째 백혈구수가 20% 이상 감소한 경우로 정의하였다. 결과 : 양 군간에 연속적인 수치변화를 비교하는 경우는 paired t-test를 이용하였으며, 대상군간 치료효과와 부작용의 비교는 chi-square test를 이용하였다. p값 0.05 미만을 통계적으로 유의한 차이로 인정하였다. 고용량군 환자 모두에서 추적용량과 치료용량의 방사성옥소 투여 후 혈액의 피폭선량은 각각 0.012±0.3 Gy, 1.66±25 Gy였으며, 방사성옥소 투여 후 혈액에 전달되는 피폭선량은 추적용량보다 치료용량에서 더 많았고 (1.21: 166 rad, p<0.001), 방사성옥소 1 mCi당 혈액에 전달되는 피폭선량은 차이가 없었다(0.58±0.1 vs. 0.56±0.1 rad/37 MBq, p=0.34). 추적용량 방사성옥소 투여 후 구한 MPD는 평균 13.3±1.9 GBq (9.7 ~ 16 GBq) 이였고, 치료용량 방사성옥소 투여 후 구한 MPD는 평균 13.8±2.1 GBq (10.4 ~ 16.3 GBq)로 유의한 차이가 없었으며 (p=0.20), 두 수치간에는 유의한 상관 관계가 있었다(r=0.8, p<0.0001). 7명의 환자에서 말초혈액림프구 중기염색체 분석법으로 MPD를 측정하였는데 혈액의 피폭선량은 1.78±0.03 G였으며, 같은 환자에서 혈중 방사능소실곡선으로부터 구한 피폭선량은 1.54±0.03 G로 유의하게 낮았으나 (p=0.01), 두 측정치 간에는 유의한 상관관계(r=0.86, p=0.01)가 있었다. 저용량 치료군 43명 중 22명(51.2%)에서 완전치유를 보였고 21명(48.8%)에서는 부분치유를 보인 반면 고용량 치료군 15명 중 12명(80%)에서 완전치유를 보였고 3명(20%)에서만 부분치유를 보여 고용량 치료군에서 유의하게 높은 완전치유를 얻을 수 있었다(p=0.05). 한편 부작용 발생빈도는 저용량 치료군 43명 중 13(30.2%), 고용량 치료군 15명 중 6명(40%)로 양군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.46). 임상적인 병기, 연령 및 성별에 따라서는 치유의 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 결론 : 혈중소실곡선으로부터 MPD를 결정하고 이를 토대로 환자 개개인별로 적절한 선량을 선택하여 치료하는 방법은 부작용을 최소화하면서도 치료효과를 높일 수 있는 매우 유용한 치료법이며, 고위험군 분화갑상선 암 환자에게 가장 적절한 치료법이라고 사료되었다. Purpose: Radioiodine (1-131) therapy is an effective modality to reduce both recurrence and mortality rates in differentiated thyroid cancer. Whether higher doses shows higher therapeutic responses was still debatable. The purpose of this study was to validate curve-fitting (CF) method measuring maximum permissible dose (MPD) by a biological dosimetry using metaphase analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Materials and Methods: Therapeutic effects of MPD was evaluated in 58 patients (49 females and 9 males, mean age 50±11 years) of papillary thyroid cancer. Among them 43 patients were treated with ≤7.4 GBq, while 15 patients with ≥9.25 GBq. The former was defined as low-dose group, and the latter high-dose group. Therapeutic response was defined as complete response when complete disappearance of lesions on follow-up 1-131 scan and undetectable serum thyroglobulin levels were found. Statistical comparison between groups were done using chi-square test. P value less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: MPD measured by CF method using tracer and therapeutic doses were 13.3±1.9 and 13.8±2.1 GBq, respectively (p=0.20). They showed a significant correlation (r=0.8, p<0.0001). Exposed doses to blood measured by CF and biological methods were 1.54±0.03 and 1.78±0.03 Gy (p=0.01). They also showed a significant correlation (r=0.86, p=0.01). High-does group showed a significantly higher rate of complete response (12/15, 80%) as compared to the low-dose group (22/43, 51.2%) (p=0.05). While occurrence of side effects was not different between two groups (40% vs. 30.2%, p=0.46). Conclusion: Measurement of MPD using CF method is reliable, and the high-dose 1-131 therapy using MPD gains significantly higher therapeutic effects as compared with low-dose therapy.
박영진가 개성부기 장부의 분석과 특징: 제1기 거래를 중심으로
정기숙 ( Key-sook Jung ),노병탁 ( Byung T. Ro ),김영화 ( Young-hwa Kim ),임상종 ( Sang-jong Lim ) 한국회계학회 2023 회계저널 Vol.32 No.3
박영진가의 개성부기 장부는 24년 8개월간(1887. 8.15. ~1912. 4.15.)의 상거래 활동을 기록한 회계장부이며 일기장, 장책, 주회계 및 각인회계장부 등이 현존하고 있다. 이 장부는 박영진의 4대조부터 개성에서 사업을 경영한 개성상인의 장부라는 것이 확인되었다. 일기장의 기입원리는 복식부기의 기본원리인 거래의 이중성과 대차평균원리를 따르고 있다. 상거래 분개는 현금 중심으로 기입되어 있고, 분개 방식은 현대의 은행부기의 기입 방법과 유사하며, 일기장은 현금출납장의 기능을 가지고 있다. 자산과 비용의 증가는 입(入)을, 감소는 거(去)를 사용하고, 부채 및 자본과 수익의 증가도 입(入), 감소는 거(去)를 사용한다. 현대 복식부기에 비해 미흡한 점은 이자수익에 대한 회계처리이다. 대여시점에 이자수익을 미리 계산하지만 일기장에 기입하지 않고 장책에 미수이자, 즉 채권으로 기입하고 있다. 따라서 장책에 의해 시산을 하면 대차평균원리가 지켜지지 않는다. 이자수익에 대한 용어와 인식시점도 도중(또는 차인)과 여타 거래처와 다르다. 도중의 경우는 대거라는 용어를 사용하고, 여타 거래처는 채급이라는 용어를 사용한다. 미수이자에 대한 기입도 대거의 경우는 결산 시에 기입하고, 채급의 경우는 대여와 동시에 기입한다. 박영진가의 결산 시기는 매년 9월 15일이며 결산 시에 장부마감 절차를 취하지 않고 계속 기입하고 있다. 1916년에 발간된 현병주의 개성부기 책에 있는 예시에서는 결산기에 장부마감 절차가 있고, 장책의 경우 새 장부를 사용하지 않고 계속 기록할 때는 권점(○)을 표시하여 구분을 하고 있다는 점에서 차이가 있다. 그리고 질(계정)간에 대체거래가 있는 경우 일기장을 거치지 않고 장책에서만 이록과 이래라는 용어를 사용하여 이체된 기록임을 나타낸다. 요약하면 이자수익에 대한 회계처리와 결산마감 절차가 지켜지지 않는 것이 박영진가 장부의 단점이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 박영진가의 개성부기장부는 앞에서 지적한 미비점을 제외하고는 개성부기, 즉 복식부기의 원리에 따라 정리되어 있다. It is well known that the ancestry of Park Young-jin's family was one of the Kaeseong merchants in the area of Goryeo (AD 918-1392) and the descendants of the family still keep an almost complete set of the original books of Kaeseong bookkeeping. Collectively, these books cover a vast volume of records on the business transactions of the family over a period of 24 years and eight months(AD 1887. 8.15. ~ 1912. 4.15.). They consist of Ilgee Jang, Jangchaek, Ju Hoegye, and Kagin Hoegye, among others. All these books are the genuine and original books of Kaeseong bookkeeping. The records in Ilgee Jang are prepared according to the double entry principle or, more generally, the duality of business transactions and the balancing feature of debits and credits. The journal entries are made largely in line with the cash basis of accounting and the principles of bank accounting today. As such, Ilgee Jang is more like a ledger for cash transactions. The increase (decrease) in assets and expenses is recorded and indicated by the letter 去(入). And the increase (decrease) in liabilities, equity, and revenues is recorded and indicated by the letter 入(去). One thing of particular interest, which may be a potential limitation of the Park family books, is that the entry to record interest revenue on loans is not made clear. That is, the interest revenue on loans is computed in advance as the loan is made yet the record thereof is not found in Ilgee Jang but found in Jangchaek later. Because of this, a period-end general trial balance, if prepared, does balance the debits and credits. Another ambiguity is that the entry of interest revenue is not made consistently between Dojung (or Chain) versus other business customers. In the case of the Dojung Hoegye, for example, the term Chaegeup is used to indicate the interest revenue on loans, while another term Daegeo is used in other cases. And In the case of Chaegeup, the entry of the interest revenue is recorded at the time when the loan is made. In the case of Daegeo, however, the interest revenue is recorded when the loan is paid off at the end of the accounting period. The accounting period of the Park Young-jin family business typically ends September 15 each year. However, the books are not closed at each period-end but still left open for the next period. This is somewhat confusing or contrasting to the book (1916) of Hyeon Byeoing-ju on Kaeseong bookkeeping. In his book, Hyeon shows how to close the books at year-end. For example, he shows that the Janchaek of each year is closed and a new Jangchaek is used for the next year. In cases where the same Jangchaek continues to be used in the next period, the individual accounts are marked with the symbol O called Kwonjeom. And if there is any transfer transaction between individual accounts, it is recorded only in Jangchaek, indicated by the word Eerok or Eerae. In summary, the recording of interest revenue on loans in books and the lack of the year-end closing procedures for books in general are the most notable limitation of the Park family books. Other than this, the Park family books are the most complete set of accounting books on Kaeseong bookkeeping in existence, prepared largely according to the double entry principle we use today.
김영기,구소희 한국수학교육학회 1998 初等 數學敎育 Vol.2 No.1
본 연구는 한국 유치원의 수학 교육의 문제점을 분석하고, 유치원 교육의 문제에 대한 해결 방안을 찾는데 그 목적이 있다. 특히, 유아 수학 교육에서 사용되는 敎具에 대한 효과와 보유 현황에 대한 조사에서 현재 유치원 현장에서 근무하는 교사들의 가장 큰 애로점을 알 수 있었다. 교구의 효과가 다른 어느 때보다 절대적으로 영향을 미치는 유아의 시기에 풍부한 교구의 활용은 수학교육 뿐만 아니라 여러 방면에서 필요로 하고 있다. 그러나, 현실적으로 많은 부족함을 느끼며 얼마 안 되는 교구도 교사가 직접 제작해야하는 실정으로 되어 있어 교사들의 어려움을 더해주고 있다. The purpose of this research is to analyze the problem of mathematic education of Korean Kindergarten, to search for the solution of the problem in korean Kindergarten. In particular, materials are mostly made and used by the teachers themselves, consuming too much time. Mathematics education materials available in Kindergartens were found to be insufficient. The reasons were the lack of effort by teachers to develop new materials as well as the lack of marketed materials.
김영기;유지현;임세현 명지대학교 자연과학연구소 2004 자연과학논문집 Vol.23 No.-
We introduce the notion of an enveloped subgroup of T. We find some characterization of the enveloped subgroup of T and the relation with the kernel of the character. 본 논문은 T의 포락된 부분군의 개념을 소개하였고, T의 포락된 부분군의 몇 가지 특성화와 지표(character)의 핵(kernel)과의 관계를 연구하였다.
한약이 임신중 태아에 미치는 영향(III) : 한약 및 한약 처방이 돌연변이원성과 염색체이상에 미치는 효과
김동현,이영경,김남재,장존복,송병기 경희대학교 동서의학연구소 2000 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2000 No.-
Oriental herbal medicines were examined for mutagenicity in the reverse mutation test on Salmonella typimurium TA98/00 and chromosomal aberration test on cultured mammalina cells (Chinese hamster cell lines). The reverse mutation test was performed by a plate incorporation method with or without a metabolic activation system (S9 mix). Antaeeum, Aurantii Fructus and Kyoaekungkuetang significantly increased revertivle colonies on Salmonella typimurium TA 98 under the condition without S9 mix. Bojungikkitang significantly increased revertible colonies on Salmonella typimurium TA 100 under the condition with S9 mix than under the condition without S9 mix. The other tested herbal medicines did not significantly increased revertible colonies on any of the test strains under the condition with or without S9 mix. In the chromosomal aberration test. most tested herbal medicines did not significantly increased the number of aberrant cells under the conditions with S9 mix at concentrations of 1mg/ml, compared with the vehicle control. However, Gelatinum, Artemisiae Asiaticae Herba and Antaegumchultang, Kungsosan slightly increased revertivle colonies on any of the test strains under the conditions with S9 mix than under condition without S9 mix. These results indicate that most herbal medicines might be carefully used in obstetrics and gynecology, although they do not have the potent mutagenic potential under the present test conditions.
金泳起 全北大學校 敎育大學院 1984 敎育論叢 Vol.4 No.-
The most fundamental methodological problems of social scientist are those; what objectivity is and how social scientist can attain objectivity in the process of fact finding and investigating the casual relationships between facts. No social scientist denies the importance of the search for objective truth. Max Weber asserted that social science should and could be value free in order to get the objective truth in social study. Value free sociology is very pervasive among scientists. Many, however, hold this belief dogmatically without having examined the grounds and clear ideas about it. It became an ideology and a myth in social science. The value free myth has contributed not only to maintaining the autonomy of social scientists in social research, but also to providing reasons for escaping from the responsibility of advacating social planning and development studies. The domain of social science has been expended. Fact finding research is not enough today. Social science includes even policy making and evaluation research. Every study of a social problem, moreover, is and must be determined by valuations. No social research can pretend to be neutral or objective in a traditional sense. Social research is always and by logical necessity based on moral and political valuation. Myrdal's solution to this problem is that the value premises that guide research and are reflected in the sociological concept should be made explicit. The stated value premise should be relevant and significant. By making the value premise explicit, social scientist can avoid bias and be objective in social research. Social research will became more effective in evaluating and improving our society.
양극성 정동장애와 혈청 Inositol-1-phosphatase 활성도 변화
조현주,김영철,우행원,연규월,조기승 대한생물치료정신의학회 1998 생물치료정신의학 Vol.4 No.2
Objects : Several lines of possibilites have been oroposed about the etiology of bipolar attective disorder in biological, genetic and psychosocial aspect. The purpose of this study is to inspect the etiology of bipolar affective disorder in biological aspect by measuring the changes of serum inositol-1-phosphatase activity and investing a causal relationship between clinical symptoms and serum inositol-1-phosphatase activities in patients with bipolar affective disorder. Methods : The subjects were 18 inpatients who met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for bipolar I affective disorder, manic episode and 15 normal controls. Inositol-1-phosphatase activities were measured in serum by using spectrophotometer. Clinical symptoms of patients were assessed by YMRS at admission day and after 2 weeks lithium treatment. Results : 1) Inositol-1-phosphatase activities of the patients were increased to about 2 times as compared with those of normal controls. And the activity levels were decreased gradually to the normal at 14 days. 2) Young's Mania Rating Scale(YMRS) scores were decreased significantly by lithium treatment. 3) Statistical significance could not be found between the change of YMRS scores and the levels of inositol-1-phosphatase activity. Conclusion : In this study, statistical significance could not be found between clinical improvement and inositol-1-phosphatase activities, but the fact that lithium treatment improve the clinical manifestation shown by YMRS score changes, and reverse the increased inositol-1-phosphatase activities suggests the strong association between pathophysiology of bipolar affective disorders and inositide metabolism.
이성기,김종삼,송영일,김현중 조선대학교 환경공해연구소 2004 環境公害硏究 Vol.18 No.-
The raw water quality is being more polluted recently and other minute organic pollutants are inceasing. so that, good quality water supply is getting more difficult. This study shows organic pollutants removal efficiencies of 2 types pilot plants of Cl process and Bio process in Mongtan water tretment plant. Results in this study can be summarized as follows ; The NH_(3)-N removal efficiency of Cl process was very good, 97% but, that of Bio process was very poor, 10% The THM removal efficiency of GAC process was 95%, and The THMFP removal efficiency of BAC process was 80%. Thus, It is found activated carbon was very effective for the removal of the non-polar organic matter, such as Chloroethylene, Benzene, Toluene, THM et al. The highest THM produced by chlorition are 0.17㎎/ℓ in the winter. therefore, It is found that GAC process is necessary for treatment to THM
서병기,김광두,안영희,최광율 中央大學校 遺傳工學硏究所 1999 遺傳工學硏究論集 Vol.12 No.1
본 실험은 조경가치가 높은 자생수생식물들의 효과적인 실생번식방법을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 각 종자들은 15, 30, 45일간 냉장고(4℃)에서 저온처리를 하여 25℃로 고정된 plant growth chamber와 Incubator에서 실험한 결과 세모고랭이, 큰고랭이, 부들은 대조구에서는 전혀 발아가 되지 않았으나, 세모고랭이의 경우 30일간의 저온처리구에서 45%, 큰고랭이와 달뿌리는 45일간의 저온처리구에서 36.7%, 96.6%, 부들은 15일간의 저온처리구에서 65%가 발아하여 저온처리가 발아촉진에 우수한 효과를 나타내었으며 또한, 光 조건에서 발아가 촉진되는 경향을 나타내었다. In this study, we studied efficiently sexual propagation method of landscaping native aquatic plants. The results of study,-each seeds treated on cold chamber(4℃) during 15, 30, 45 days, and then growth in the plant growth chamber and incubator fixed 25℃- Scirpus triqueter, S. tabernaemontani, Typha orientalis did not germinated in control, but in cold treated for 30 days with Scirpus triqueter is germinated 45℃, cold treated for 45 days with S. tabernaemontani, Phragmites japonica is germinated 36.7%, 96.6%, and cold treated for 15 days with Typha orientalis is germinated 65%. So, cold treatment as showed high efficiency for germination, and activated of germination in light control.
이성기,박성순,송영일,김현중 조선대학교 환경공해연구소 2004 環境公害硏究 Vol.18 No.-
This study evaluated a incinerator's operating conditions that was considered by incinerating properties at Rotary Kiln one. The objectives of this study is not only the efficiency increased of incinerator but also decreased of hazardous gas. To find the optimal operation conditions of Secondary Combustion Gas processing equipment attached incineration facilities, we were strongly focus on (1) input value and property analysis of various waste (2) the caloric value analysis of main waste (3) determination of incinerator's operation condition which is affected by the kinds of waste (4) the effective operation condition of Secondary Combustion Gas process equipment. Input waste was contained Specified waste(73.8%), and Non-Specified waste(26.2%) respectively, In appointed waste, waste oil was the most portion as approximate 41%, the second one was 15% waste plastic, the last one was 7% waste oil solvents. Waste solvents of halogen group included even if its portion is very small as 0.03%. Volatile compounds was comparatively high and showed high caloric value. The effective method for reducing the Clinker at furnace is considered to analysis the Clinker's components occurred. upper method were studied along with the recycling of waste. Fe was detected by main component in the equipment which analyzed the Clinker's components. Fe concentration is 395.81ppm when its mesh size is below 200mesh(75㎛) The optimal decomposition efficiency between HCl and SOx using Ca(OH)_(2) was obtained the best results when its equivalent value was 3