코로나 경제상황에서 고용조건 및 고용보장에 관한 소고

김봉수 ( Kim¸ Bongsu ) 제주대학교 법과정책연구원 2020 국제법무 Vol.12 No.2

코로나 경제상황으로 말미암아 기업환경과 노동시장에도 큰 변화가 있었고, 이로 인해 노동관계에서도 여러 문제들이 나타났으며, 그러한 문제들은 개별적 노동관계와 집단적 노동관계 분야에 걸쳐 다양하게 나타나고 있다. 본 연구에서는 현재의 코로나 경제상황에 따른 노동관계의 문제를 해결하고, 향후 경제상황에 대응하기 위해 근로조건 중 임금·근로시간·휴가에 대한 문제들을 살펴보기로 한다. 첫째, 코로나19로 인해 휴업의 경우 사용자의 귀책사유가 인정되는지, 그래서 근로자에게 휴업수당을 지급해야 하는지가 문제되다. 이 문제는 사안을 유형별로 나누어 검토할 필요가 있다. ① 코로나19 확산 등의 영향으로 경영악화 내지 사업부진에 따라 휴업을 하게 된 경우는 원칙적으로 사용자에게 귀책사유를 인정할 수 없으며, ② 코로나19의 전염을 막기 위해 예방적으로 휴업을 한 경우는 장래 발생할지 모르는 사태를 사전적인 휴업으로 대응한 경우는 사용자의 귀책사유 있는 휴업에 해당하고, ③ 사업장 내에 코로나19 확진자 등이 발생하여 휴업을 한 경우는 확진자 발생에 대한 사용자의 주의의무를 고려하여 귀책사유를 판단하여야 한다. 둘째, 코로나19로 인해 재택근무가 널리 활용되고 있는데, 관련하여 재택근무의 근거 및 근로자의 동의, 출결상황, 연장근로, 가산임금, 복무관리 등과 관련한 문제들이 발생한다. 이러한 문제에 대해서는 근로계약·취업규칙·단체협약·근로기준법, 사용자의 지시권, 근로자의 사생활보호 및 개인정보보호 등을 고려하여 합리적으로 해결해야 한다. 셋째, 사용자는 코로나19로 인한 근로자 개인의 건강상의 위험, 사업장의 전염병의 확산 등을 이유로 근로자로 하여금 특정일에 강제로 휴가를 사용하도록 하는 것은 근로기준법을 위반한 것이다. 넷째, 개별 근로자의 코로나19의 감염 및 확산으로 인한 해고가 정당화되기 위해서는 사회통념상 고용계약을 계속시킬 수 없을 정도로 근로자에게 책임 있는 사유가 있어야 한다. 특히 코로나19와 관련한 사용자의 지시나 지침의 정당성과 징계사유와 관련한 근로자의 귀책사유를 비롯한 제반사정이 충분히 고려되어야 한다. 다섯째, 재난상황에서 근로자의 고용을 보장하기 위해 재난 시에 적용될 수 있는 경영상의 이유에 기한 해고의 특례를 규정하거나 재난시기의 해고금지 등에 대한 규정을 두는 것을 고려해볼 수 있다. Corona 19 has led to major changes in the business environment and labor market. As a result, various problems emerged in labor relations as well. In this study, to solve the problem of labor relations according to the current corona economic situation and to respond to the future economic situation, we will look at the problems related to working conditions. First, the question is whether the closure of business due to corona is due to the user’s fault. This problem should be looked at in different types. ① Corona 19 spreads and business deteriorates, and it is not due to reasons attributable to the user that the company was closed. On the other hand, ② the precautionary closure to prevent the spread of Corona 19 was due to the user’s negligence. And ③ If the company is closed due to the occurrence of a corona 19 confirmed person, the conclusion will vary depending on whether there is any negligence of the user in each case. Second, due to Corona 19, working from home is widely used. In this regard, problems arise related to the basis of working from home, consent of workers, attendance status, overtime work, additional wages, and service management. These issues should be resolved reasonably in consideration of labor contracts, employment rules, collective agreements, the Labor Standards Act, the employer’s right to instruct, and protect workers’ privacy and personal information. Third, it is a violation of the Labor Standards Act for an employer to force an employee to take a vacation on a specific day due to Corona 19. Fourth, in order to dismiss a worker due to the infection and transmission of Corona 19, the worker must be at fault to the extent that the employment contract cannot be continued. Fifth, in order to protect the employment of workers in a disaster situation such as Corona 19, it is necessary to consider the ban on dismissal in a disaster situation.

상용차용 Urea-SCR 시스템의 인젝터 냉각방식에 관한 연구

권봉수(Bongsu Kwon),김종훈(Jonghun Kim),김덕진(Deokjin Kim),이천환(Chunhwan Lee),오광철(Kwangchul Oh),이춘범(Chunbeom Lee),김재경(Jaekyeong Kim),김경남(Kyeongnam Kim) 한국자동차공학회 2010 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2010 No.11

Urea-SCR system is a high-effective NOx reduction technology in diesel vehicles. Urea injectors typically are installed on the vehicle’s exhaust pipe. While the operating temperature of solenoid-type injector is 50℃, the exhaust gas temperature is higher than the temperature of the injector, and it will cause the overheating problem in the injector. Thus, in order to solve the problem, the cooling jacket (cooling system) is required to maintain the operating temperature of solenoid-type injector. In the paper, it was studied about the cooling performance of injector used in the heavy-duty commercial vehicles. First, the cooling performance by air was evaluated through the engine testing, and ESC and ETC mode are used for engine testing. Second, the cooling performance by water was evaluated through the CFD analysis. Therefore, through this study, we should select a more effective cooling system of the solenoid-type injector

A High Power Supply Rejection and Fast-transient LDO with Feed-forward Compensation using Current Sensing Technique

Bongsu Kim,Seung-Myeong Yu,Jongchan An,Gwangmyeong An,Junyoung Song 대한전자공학회 2024 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.24 No.1

This paper presents a high power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) and a method to achieve stability for low-dropout (LDO) regulators, an essential system-on-chip (SoC) component. The feedforward method improves the PSRR in the LDO regulator by adjusting the output voltage with a compensation signal which is proportional to the power supply noise. Also, the proposed current sensing is incorporated into the LDO regulator's design to ensure stability. The proposed LDO regulates the output at 1 V from a 1.2 V supply and has been implemented based on a 28 nm CMOS process. Compared with a conventional LDO, the simulated PSRR has a -38 dB enhancement at 100 kHz and shows low overshoot and undershoot.

A Polar Titanium–Organic Chain with a Very Large Second-Harmonic-Generation Response

Kim, Bongsu,Oh, Seung-Jin,Jo, Hongil,Ok, Kang Min American Chemical Society 2016 Inorganic Chemistry Vol.55 No.22

<P>A noncentrosymmetric (NCS) titanium-organic compound, [H2N(CH3)(2)] TiO{[NC5H3(CO2)(2)] [NC5H4(CO2)]} (CAUMOF-18), has been synthesized by a solvothermal reaction. The aligned unidimensional polar chain structure of CAUMOF-18 consisting of corner-shared distorted TiO5N2 pentagonal bipyramids is attributed to strong hydrogen-bonding and pi-pi interactions. CAUMOF-18 reveals a very strong second harmonic -generation efficiency of 400 times that of alpha-SiO2 and is phase-matchable (type I). Water-molecule driven reversible centricity conversion and topotactic transformation to TiO2 microrods for CAUMOF-18 are also presented.</P>

Corn yield and soil conservation by application of legume cover crops on in no-till corn cultivation

Bongsu Choi(최봉수),Yong-Hwan Lee(이용환),Chung-Guk Kim(김충국),Min-Tae Kim(김민태),Weon-Tai Jeon(전원태),Hana Song(송하나) 한국토양비료학회 2011 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2011 No.10

Eigenmodes of a quartz tuning fork and their application to photoinduced force microscopy

Kim, Bongsu,Jahng, Junghoon,Khan, Ryan Muhammad,Park, Sung,Potma, Eric O. American Physical Society 2017 Physical Review B Vol.95 No.7

<P>We examine the mechanical eigenmodes of a quartz tuning fork (QTF) for the purpose of facilitating its use as a probe for multifrequency atomic force microscopy (AFM). We perform simulations based on the three-dimensional finite element method and compare the observed motions of the beams with experimentally measured resonance frequencies of two QTF systems. The comparison enabled us to assign the first seven asymmetric eigenmodes of the QTF. We also find that a modified version of single beam theory can be used to guide the assignment of mechanical eigenmodes of QTFs. The usefulness of the QTF for multifrequency AFM measurements is demonstrated through photoinduced force microscopy measurements. By using the QTF in different configurations, we show that the vectorial components of the photoinduced force can be independently assessed and that lateral forces can be probed in true noncontact mode.</P>

Experiment and analysis for a small-sized flywheel energy storage system with a high-temperature superconductor bearing

Kim, Bongsu,Ko, Junseok,Jeong, Sangkwon,Lee, Seung S IOP Publishing Ltd 2006 Superconductor science & technology Vol.19 No.2

<P>This paper presents a small-sized flywheel energy storage system that uses a high-temperature superconductor (HTS) bearing characterized by a non-contacting bearing with no active control. The small-sized flywheel is made up several magnets for a motor/generator as well as an HTS bearing, and they are fitted into a 34 mm diameter, 3 mm thick aluminium disc. For simplicity and miniaturization of the whole system, the small-sized flywheel takes torque directly from a planar stator, which consists of an axial flux-type brushless DC motor/generator.</P><P> The small-sized flywheel successfully rotated up to 38 000 rpm in a vacuum while levitated above the stator with a gap of about 1 mm. However, there are some eddy current losses in the stator and non-axisymmetry in the magnetic field causing large drag torque. In order to solve these problems, an improved magnet array in the flywheel, including magnetic screening, is proposed and 3D electromagnetic simulations have been conducted. </P>

Efficacy and phytotoxicity assessment of low-temperature treatment on citrus to control Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata

Bongsu Kim,Young-ju Park,Young-mi Moon,Jeong-oh Yang 한국응용곤충학회 2018 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.04

Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, is one of the most important quarantine pest worldwide. Fruit flies cause serious damage on orchard, and also can cause quarantine problem to fruit exportation. Recently, because of global warming, there is threats of fruit fly invasion to Korea, especially to Jeju island. So there should be a anticipative research about fruit fly control. Many physical quarantine treatment methods, like heat treatment and low-temperature treatment, are developed to control quarantine pests. Recent researches indicate that low-temperature treatment shows good efficacy on several quarantine pests without phytotoxicity. In this trial, we’ve applied the low-temperature treatment on citrus at laboratory and pilot scale containers to validate efficacy and phytotoxicity. Egg and larvae stage of C. capitata was completely controlled after 5 days and 8 days low-temperature treatment at 0℃ respectively, and there was no phytotoxicity on citrus. These results indicate that the low-temperature treatment can be applied to control fruit fly on citrus fruit.

Sequential microwave roasting and magnetic separation for removal of Fe and Ti impurities in low-grade pyrophyllite ore from Wando mine, South Korea

Kim, Bong-Ju,Cho, Kang Hee,Chang, Bongsu,Kim, Hyun-Soo,Lee, Sang-Gil,Park, Cheon-Young,Lee, Soonjae,Choi, Nag-Choul Elsevier 2019 Minerals engineering Vol.140 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The applications and price of pyrophyllite are highly dependent on its Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> and impurity contents. Titanium as well as iron in pyrophyllite are impurities causing colorization of the final product. We investigated a method for removal of Fe and Ti impurities to improve the grade of pyrophyllite ore using sequential microwave roasting and magnetic separation. Pyrophyllite ore from the Wando mine (South Korea) contains Fe impurities, such as pyrite and hematite, and Ti impurities, such as rutile and Ti-oxides. This research demonstrate that the ore can be purified by the proposed sequential separation technique using microwave treatment and magnetic separation. The purification efficiency for the low-grade pyrophyllite ore was evaluated by conducting batch-scale sequential treatment tests. The microwave treatment magnetized Fe minerals in the ore due to mineral phase changes, and thus the magnetic impurities could be successfully separated by the subsequent magnetic separation. Iron and Ti were removed from the pyrophyllite ore with 86.3% and 68.3% efficiency, respectively, by 30 min of microwave irradiation and 2000 gauss of magnetic separation. The high removal efficiency of Ti impurity was resulted from association of rutile with Fe minerals, although weak. The efficiency of impurity removal was improved by lengthening the microwave irradiation time and increasing the magnetic field intensity. By applying a high magnetic intensity (>5000 gauss), it was possible to remove additional paramagnetic Ti impurities. The sequential separation technique using microwave roasting and magnetic separation may be a promising method for enhancing the grade of low-grade pyrophyllite ore.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Low grade pyrophyllite contained impurities, such as pyrite, hematite and rutile. </LI> <LI> Microwave roasting caused Fe impurities gaining magnetic property. </LI> <LI> Magnetized particles were isolated from pyrophyllite ore by magnetic separation. </LI> <LI> Association of Ti mineral with Fe mineral enhanced efficiency of impurity removal. </LI> <LI> Isolated Ti impurities was additionally separated under high magnetic field intensity. </LI> </UL> </P>

Probing nonlinear rheology layer-by-layer in interfacial hydration water

Kim, Bongsu,Kwon, Soyoung,Lee, Manhee,Kim, QHwan,An, Sangmin,Jhe, Wonho National Academy of Sciences 2015 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.112 No.51

<P><B>Significance</B></P><P>The hydration water layer (HWL) is a ubiquitous form of nanoscale water bound to the hydrophilic surfaces and plays a critical role in diverse phenomena in nature. Especially, investigation of its nonlinear fluidic properties is important for better understanding of its rheological contributions at a microscopic level. Using precise control and sensitive detection of HWL, we observe shear thickening at above a critical shear-strain rate of 10<SUP>6</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>, resulting from the interplay between relaxation and elasticity-induced fluctuation correlation. Interestingly, the results indicate the occurrence of elasticity turbulence above a universal shear velocity of ∼ 1 mm/s. This work not only furthers our understanding of nonlinear nanorheology but is a stepping-stone toward controlled experiments on the nonlinear fluid dynamics near the interface.</P><P>Viscoelastic fluids exhibit rheological nonlinearity at a high shear rate. Although typical nonlinear effects, shear thinning and shear thickening, have been usually understood by variation of intrinsic quantities such as viscosity, one still requires a better understanding of the microscopic origins, currently under debate, especially on the shear-thickening mechanism. We present accurate measurements of shear stress in the bound hydration water layer using noncontact dynamic force microscopy. We find shear thickening occurs above ∼ 10<SUP>6</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP> shear rate beyond 0.3-nm layer thickness, which is attributed to the nonviscous, elasticity-associated fluidic instability via fluctuation correlation. Such a nonlinear fluidic transition is observed due to the long relaxation time (∼ 10<SUP>−6</SUP> s) of water available in the nanoconfined hydration layer, which indicates the onset of elastic turbulence at nanoscale, elucidating the interplay between relaxation and shear motion, which also indicates the onset of elastic turbulence at nanoscale above a universal shear velocity of ∼ 1 mm/s. This extensive layer-by-layer control paves the way for fundamental studies of nonlinear nanorheology and nanoscale hydrodynamics, as well as provides novel insights on viscoelastic dynamics of interfacial water.</P>