정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

예압과 냉각방식에 따른 고속주축의 온도분포 및 열변형 해석

김수태,김재실,최대봉,김진한,정동수 국립7개대학공동논문집간행위원회 2005 공업기술연구 Vol.5 No.-

The use of high speed motor spindle is increasing for high speed machine tools recently. The important problem in the high speed spindles is to reduce and minimize the thermal effect by the motor and ball bearings. Thermal characteristics according to the bearing preload, hollow shaft and oil jacket cooling are studied for the spindle with the oil mist lubrication and high frequency motor. In this study, temperature distribution and thermal deformation are analyzed by using the numerical method This results show that temperature distribution and thermal deformation of the high speed spindle system can be estimated reasonably by using the three dimensional model through the finite element method and support thermal optimization and more effective cooling method.

예이츠 시의 원형 『어쉰의 방랑』

김재봉 동아대학교 2000 동아영어영문학 Vol.16 No.-

Yeats in his youth strived to reinstate the idealism of Celtic oral traditions in the national consciousness. "The Wanderings of Oisin" was the result of this effort to idealize literarily the original Celtic spirit he admired in his early poetic career. He treated and transformed Irish myth and legend in a characteristic way and made the long narrative of an ancient Fenian hero Oisin revealed in various work into a starting point of his own literature. "The Wanderings of Oisin" is an epic narrative of the title hero traveling with his fairy wife Niamb through the Otherworld or the Land of the Young: the Island of Living, the Island of Victories and the Island of Forgetfulness. The three islands they experience for three hundred years also represent vain gaiety, vain battle and vain repose. This poem of quest reveals a predominantly antithetical thematic structure: Oisin and Patrick, pagan and Christian, warrior and saint, this world and the next, the past and the present, mortals and Immortals. The poem also dramatizes tensions that were to preoccupy Yeats for the rest of his life: dreams and responsibilities, youth and age, innocence and knowledge, sensuousness and asceticism, the infinitude of desire and its constantly changing objects. Mary subjects and images begun in this poem are repeated throughout his later works. A movement into a kind of paradise or fabulous region, thoughts on age and death and cyclical way of life, imagination transcending time and this world, as well as the use of bird and tree imagery are all seen in the epic. Also, the repeated appearance of spirits in each beginning of the journey every one hundred years is reminding us of the various inner desire of human beings such as everlasting youth and triumph over hardships of life. There phantoms reappear and play similar roles in Yeats's later poems and dramas.

2-[(4-Cyanophenyl)amino]-3-chloro-1,4-naphthalenedione (NQ-Y15)의 돌연변이원성

김봉희,정기화,유충규,창동신,이기선,전선덕,소동수,채상호,문창규 德成女子大學校 藥學硏究所 2001 藥學論文誌 Vol.12 No.1

2-[(4-Cyanophenyl)amino]-3-chloro-1, 4-naphthalenedione (NQ-Y15) was asssayed for its genotoxic potential by using Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay and in vitro chromosome aberration test on Chinese hamster lung cells. In the Ames test, NQ-Y15 induced his+revertants of Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 1537, reaching levels twice the negative control values. But, NQ-Y15 induced only his+revertants of Salmonella typhimurium TA 1537 more than twice the control values under the condition with metabolic activation system. In the cytogenetic test on chinese hamster lung cells. NQ-Y15 showed significant chromosomal aberrations, but the incidence was significantly reduced in the presence of metabolic activation.

제7차 국어과 교육과정의 교수-학습 방법

김재봉 한국초등국어교육학회 2000 한국초등국어교육 Vol.16 No.-

이 글은 제7차 수준별 교육과정을 단위 시간에 효율적으로 운영하기 위한 교수-학습 방법의 모색에 그 목적이 있다. 계7차는 1) 수준별 운영에 따른 심화·보충 학습의 운영, 2) 수준별 과제 제시를 통한 자기주도적 학습, 3) 직접 교수법을 비롯한 문제해결 학습법, 가치탐구 학습법, 반응중심 학습법, 역할놀이 학습법, 전문가 학습법, 창의성 개발 학습법 등과 같은 다양한 학습방법의 활용, 4) 지식과 실제적인 국어사용의 연관성, 5) 학습 자료를 보는 관점의 변화, 6) 국어사용 양상의 총체적 이해, 7) 학습자의 다양한 반응의 적극적인 수용, 8) 재량활동의 적극적인 활용, 9) 다양한 정보와 자료의 활용 들을 강조하기 때문에, '기본, 평가, 심화·보충 학습'에서는 이런 점이 충분히 고려되어야 한다 기본 학습에서는 각 학년 단계에서 모든 학습자가 반드시 공통적인 내용을 학습해야 하며, 평가학습에서는 진단평가와 형성평가를 모두 고려하되, 다음 과정인 보충·심화 학습을 위한 학생들의 선택권을 존중해 주는 학습이 되어야 하며, 심화 보충 학습에서는 학습 과제와 학습 목표의 성격, 운영하는 시기에 따라 '능력형, 선택형, 통합형'의 설정 취지에 타당하게 지도하되, 협동학습, 자기조도적 학습. 학습자의 흥미와 관심을 고려하여 다양한 과제를 제시한 학습이 이뤄져야 한다. The aims of this article is that we investigates I he Leaching-learning methods of the seventh Korean language curriculum. The feat Lire of the 7th curriculum is level curriculum. For this, we must inquiry "direct instruction methods, response-centered culture methods, role-playing methods, value research methods, expert teaching methods, problem-solving methods, creanvity development methods". We can apply this methods to increase primary learning, assessment learning, and deeping·supplement learning.

Yeats의 Annunciation 시편에 나타난 Bird Imagery

김재봉 동아대학교 인문과학대학 영어영문학과 1994 동아영어영문학 Vol.10 No.-

In Yeats's poetry, many birds of various kinds appear and usually play significant roles of creating imagery characteristic of earch work. Some birds have mythological and religious background, or form a connection with visionary imagination. The three poems, "Leda and the Swan", "The Mother of God", and "The Second Coming", show such relations of bird and historical cycle, though the birds and the cycles of the poems are rooted in different sources and thus interpreted from different angles, as swan with the Greek or classical civilization, dove with t]he Christianity and falcon or desert bird with the coming antithetical era. The one true historical measurement for Yeats was the Great Year(Magnus Annus), a continuity of historical cycles. Each of these historical cycle is made up of two sub-cycles or major cultural periods of approximately 2,000 years each and sometimes symbolized by the double gyres. As a cycle approaches its end, there is an annunciation, in other words, a divine revelation or the manifestation of a new godhead under the imagery of a bird. In Yeat's system, the first annunciation was made to Leda through the swan which was Zeus. 'The feathered glory' and' the brute blood of the air' are two expressions revealing the bird's savage as well as divine attribute. By the medium of the swan, whose 'sudden blow' and 'white rush' impregnated her, Leda gave birth to two eggs and from one of them, Helen and Clytemnestra, love and murder, arose and become the starting point of the decline of Trojan world and the formation of Greek civilization. The bird imagery in this poem is not only strong, brutal and sexual but also pure and supernatural. Then, there is the Christian annunciation. Virgin Mary's preternatural conception through the Holy Dove, the transformation of the Holy Spirit, means the end of the Hellenic world and the beginning of a new dispensation. The image of dove, with such poetic dictions as 'fallen star', 'Heavens' and' love', makes us feel the sacred and transcendental sphere above the earth. By imagining the presence of the Holy Spirit through the dove's beating wing. we can read the purity of the immaculate conception of Virg in Mary. 'The Second Loming" contains the disintegration of the present age and envisions the birth of the next deity who will inaugurate the antithetical disflerlsation. The falcon represents the violent, uncontrollable chaos, signs of down fall, destruction and disruption, through the spiral flight from the falconer. The desert birds guide the sphinx-like shape who rises from the 'stony sleep' lasting two thous and years. The reeling shadows of those indignant 'bird-daemons', hungry for the decaying meat of the dead civilization, deepen the imagery of the apocalyptic revelation, sinister but inevitable. Yeats created a vast imaginary domain, which other poets cannot imitate, applying his characteristic view of history based on A Vision to his poems. And the bird imagery makes his creativity more specific and gives his poem the poem the particular poetic beauty. It is thought that the quest for the imagery should be enlarged and continued.

Yeats의 Golden Bird

김재봉 동아대학교 인문과학대학 영어영문학과 1993 동아영어영문학 Vol.9 No.-

예이츠의 집단 애도시

김재봉 신한영미어문학회 1997 새한영어영문학 Vol.36 No.-

It is a fact beyond all question that human beings cannot go through their own death in person. The conception of death results only from indirect experiences gained by observing others' mortality in a community or society. So, in a strict sense, there is not a thorough understanding or prophecy of one's final departure from this world, but just a variety of assumptions of absence by analogy. Nevertheless, the theme of death is a universal one which almost becomes raison ?? of modem poetry. Though his emotional attitude in poetic works is similar to the pathos of late Romanticists, William Butler Yeats defied part of traditional convention of elegiac poetry when he first composed poems in this genre. Yeats characteristically lamented a small group of people, while most poets elegized one individual death with deep sorrow and eulogy. Futhermore, his elegies are remarkably frank in the attitude towards the dead. This outspoken and unreserved way of presentation is achieved through the flexibility of group form of Yeatsian elegies. And the poet is bold and direct, not equivocal or roundabout, in his selection of poetic dictions in these verses as well. The group elegies describe one main feature or action of the late lamented and exclude his ordinary and collateral elements, so that the description will serve as a synecdoche for the particular poetic persona. Therefore, the lemented person's characteristic action captured in a certain place and time, and described in a few compressed lines can represent his whole personality. In other words, a person's entire life and character are translated into a few condensed lines of the elegies. Yeats shows relentless determination in choosing the scene. As the poetic expression will remain a permanent documentaion of the dead person's actual life, he portrays the absent's merits and faults without embellishment. Nevertheless, the mourning and evaluation of the dead are, regardless of positive or negative perspective, symbolized expressions of inward sense of respect towards human dignity. Yeats reveals through these group elegies not only his own appraisal of human beings and discerment of history and culture, but his national identity and view of the world unconsciously Poetic personas in the poems discussed in this article are all heroic figures who made their era luminous. Poet himself is enhanced to the heroic status as he versifies those national celebrities in the elegies and so makes them live forever in the artistic expression. The messages he intended to deliver to the readers through these works are the limitation of human fate and poet's own death perceived in advance. Yeat's group elegies are reflections on the existential significance of life in this world caused by other souls' final voyage.

말하기·듣기 수업에 나타난 대화연속체의 양상과 그 교육적 활용 방안 : '질문-대답-평가'로 이뤄진 대화연속체를 중심으로

김재봉 한국초등국어교육학회 2005 한국초등국어교육 Vol.29 No.-

The purpose of this study is that we inquire the various aspects of dialogue sequence that the teacher's question is initial utterance in primary school. The Initial utterance is used in listening·teaching. The results is as follows. The typology of dialogue sequence that the teacher's question is initial utterance is elliptic, basic, and expanded dialogue sequence. The elliptic dialogue sequence has questions. But answer or evaluation has not existence apparently. The basic dialogue sequence has teacher's question-student's answer-teacher's evaluation. The expanded dialogue sequence has repeated basic dialogue sequence and the contents and forms are details in question and answer. The key of the elliptic dialogue sequence is composed of the construction of question. Because the answer does not existence apparently. So we uses the question techniques as follows: understanding about question's role and statement, the elaboration of questions, the construction of questions, the reflection of situation, the elaboration of question order. And at the same time, the method of elliptic dialogue sequence are used basic, and expanded dialogue sequence. The key of basic dialogue sequence is affirmative evaluation. Because by affirmative evaluation teacher progress dialogue smoothly. The key of expanded dialogue sequence is the elaboration of question contents and quality. The methods of question elaboration is achieved as follows: formally the use of question that the structure is made of inserted statements, contently the use of question that is dependent upon reason and argument, logically the use of question that is reflected the process of logical thinking. 이 연구의 목적은 초등학교 저학년 말하기·듣기 수업에서 교사의 질문을 개시발화로 하여 이뤄지는 대화연속체의 양상이 어떻게 구현되는지를 분석하고, 이를 수업에 활용하는 방안을 마련하는 것이다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 질문을 개시발화로 하여 이뤄지는 대화연속체는 '생략형 대화연속체, 기본형 대화연속체, 확장형 대화연속체'로 유형화할 수 있다. 생략형은 질문은 있지만 대답이나 평가가 표면적으로 드러나지 않는 대화연속체를 말하고, 기본형은 '교사의 질문-학생의 대답-교사의 평가'로 이뤄진 대화연속체를 말하며, 확장형은 질문자가 기본형 대화연속체를 두 번 이상 반복하면서 질문과 대답 내용을 상세화하는 대화연속체를 말한다. 생략형 대화연속체는 질문을 했을 때 대답을 못하는 경우가 일반적이기 때문에 이 과정에서 질문자가 어떻게 질문을 하느냐가 핵심이다. 이 때 질문은 '질문의 역할과 진술에 대한 이해, 질문 내용의 명료화, 질문의 재구성, 상황의 반영, 질문 순서의 명료화' 등에 초점을 맞춰 이뤄져야 한다. 또한 생략형에서 논의된 질문의 활용 방안은 기본형과 확장형에도 동일하게 적용된다. 기본형 대화연속체도 앞의 생략형 대화연속체에서 언급한 질문의 활용 방안이 바탕이 되지만, 질문자인 교사가 학생의 대답을 평가하여 마무리를 짓고 다른 대화로 나가야 하기 때문에 이 과정에서 교사의 긍정적 평가가 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 교사가 긍정적으로 대화를 마무리해야 그 이후의 대화가 원활하게 진행될 수 있기 때문이다. 확장형 대화연속체도 기본형 대화연속체에서 언급한 질문의 활용 방안이 바탕이 되지만 이 대화 유형에서 더 중요한 것은 질문 내용과 대답의 상세화이다. 질문의 상세화는 '형식의 측면에서 각종 진술이 삽입된 진술삽입구조의 활용, 내용의 측면에서 사실 확인을 바탕으로 한 '이유와 근거'를 말할 수 있게 하는 질문의 활용, 논리의 측면에서 논리적 사고 과정(특히 귀납적 추론과정)이 반영되는 질문의 활용'을 통해서 이뤄질 수 있다.

2-[(4-Cyanophenyl)amino]-3-chloro-1,4-naphthalenedione(NQ-Y15)의 돌연변이원성

김봉희,정기화,유충규,창동신,이기선,전선덕,소동수,채상호,문창규 한국환경독성학회 2000 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.15 No.4

2-[(4-Cyanophenyl)amino]-3-chloro-1, 4-naphthalenedione (NQ-Y15) was asssayed for its genotoxic potential by using Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay and in vitro chromosome aberration test on Chinese hamster lung cells. In the Ames test, NQ-Y 15 induced his+ revertants of Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA1537, reaching levels twice the negative control values. But, NQ-Y15 induced only his^(+) revertants of Salmonella typhimurium TA1537 more than twice the control values under the condition with metabolic activation system. In the cytogenetic test on chinese hamster lung cells, NQ-Y15 showed significant chromosomal aberrations, but the incidence was significantly reduced in the presence of metabolic activation.