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Breast Cancer in India: Where Do We Stand and Where Do We Go?
Khokhar, Anita Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.10
This is a review article which looks into details what the actual scenario of the problem of breast cancer in our country is. As the problem is on the rise, what is the level of the preparedness at our end to tackle the problem. The articles reviews the epidemiology of breast, high risk factors, detection, diagnosis and treatment facilities also along with that screening facilities and their ground reality, awareness of the women from different walks regarding various issues of breast cancer and what intervention can be made to combat the disease.
View Point: How to Make Women Familiar with their Breasts?
Khokhar, Anita Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.9
There is a consensus among researchers about the fact that women should be familiar with their breasts but there is a lot of argument as to how to make them aware of what is normal for them. For over decades breast self examination (BSE) was advocated for the same but as an outcome of work conducted by researchers in various countires a controversy has been raised in the West. In a country like India, where breast cancer screening is not popular and limited resources are available we should question what would be the best strategy to make women familiar with their breasts to facilitate best use of BSE.
Khokhar, Anita Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.12
A cross-sectional study was conducted among nursing staff of a missionary hospital of Delhi in June 2009. All the nurses were invited to participate in the training programme on breast cancer and techniques of breast self examination (BSE). A questionnaire was administered to all 259 participants seeking information on their level of awareness regarding breast cancer and relevant screening guidelines. With the help of 5 training workshops all the nurses were imparted training regarding the most appropriate technique of doing breast self exams. The mean age of the participants was 35.8 years. Out of a total of 259 nursing staff members 77.2% correctly answered all the 10 questions regarding high risk factors for breast cancer and after the training programme this increased to 100% (p<0.05). Only 65.2% of the participants gave correct responses to all the 8 questions regarding correct technique of performing a BSE, which after the training programme increased to 99.3% (p<0.05). At the baseline only 56.8% knew all the three screening methods correctly and after the intervention 98.7% could correctly mark the responses regarding screening (p<0.05). The actual practice of following the screening guidelines amongst the nursing staff was poor. Only 26 (10.03%) had ever done a BSE, none performed it monthly, 58 (22.4%) had ever gone themselves for a CBE and 18 (6. 94%) had ever undergone mammography.
A Review on p-Type Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCon) Solar Cell
Muhammad Quddamah Khokhar,Hasnain Yousuf,정성진,김성헌,Xinyi Fan,김영국,Suresh Kumar Dhungel,이준신 한국전기전자재료학회 2023 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.24 No.3
The primary objectives of solar cell technology are high efficiency, long durability, mass manufacturing, cost effectiveness, and the use of environmentally benign components. Among high-efficiency crystalline silicon (c-Si)-based solar cell types, tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells have attracted particular attention because of a multitude of advantages. These include easy processing, high efficiency potential, and availability of raw materials. Due to cheaper wafer pricing, easily compatible with advanced and long-tested PERC solar cell manufacturing process, fabrication of TOPCon solar cells starting with p-type c-Si wafers are significantly more demanding from the standpoint of mass production of solar module. If cutting-edge high-efficiency technologies were used in industrial production, the quality of the p-type wafer may eventually become a bottleneck. Recent production lines elsewhere have developed p-type TOPCon solar cells with 25.19% conversion efficiency using monocrystalline Czochralski (CZ) c-Si wafers. This effectively proves the outstanding viability of p-type TOPCon solar cells for an industrial scale. This review article comprehensively discusses the history of high-efficiency p-type TOPCon solar cells, advancement in various areas to increase effective cell performance, state of commercialization, as well as potential future research opportunities and challenges.
Current Status of High-efficiency a-Si/c-Si Heterojunction Solar Cells: A Review
Muhammad Quddamah Khokhar,Shahzada Qamar Hussain,김상호,이선화,Duy Phong Pham,박진주,조은철,이준신 한국신·재생에너지학회 2019 신재생에너지 Vol.15 No.1
Heterojunction with intrinsic thin film (HIT) is a stable and efficient device because it blends the strength of crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon. The cells can be produced at low temperatures, usually below 200°C, which decreases the thermal budget and allows the use of thinner wafers, resulting in a decrease in production cost. Heterojunction silicon solar cells use silicon substrates for both absorption and transport, and a microcrystalline or amorphous thin layer of silicon for the purpose of junction and passivation formation. The top electrode is composed of a metal grid and transparent conductive oxide (TCO). Heterojunction solar cells have attracted considerable attention because they achieve efficiencies up to 26.3, which is close to the theoretical efficiency. The low-temperature process allows the handling of silicon substrates less than 100 μm in thickness with a high yield. The main characteristic is the use of metal contacts in this technology, which are extremely recombination active in conventional diffused junctions, and can be distinguished from the absorber through the introduction of a layer with a wide band gap. A high open circuit voltage is generally achieved with heterojunction devices without the need for valuable patterning technology.
Muhammad Quddamah Khokhar,Sanchari Chowdhury,Duy Phong Pham,Shahzada Qamar Hussain,Eun-Chel Cho,Junsin Yi 한국신재생에너지학회 2021 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.7
High conversion efficiency can achieve by superior surface passivation and material quality. In this study, a novel passivation contact structure based on nanocrystalline silicon oxide (nc-SiOx) films was investigated. Traditionally, poly silicon junctions in tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells possess exceptional junction characteristics, but current losses are noted due to their optical absorption if they are applied in solar cell devices. In this study, we replaced the poly-Si layer in TOPCon solar cells with nc-SiOx to enhance transparency. By employing the cn-SiOx layer, effective surface passivation, carrier selectivity, electrical properties and optical transmission can be used to improve, all are vitally important in devise operation. We optimized the deposited nc-SiOx layer on an ultra-thin (~1.5 nm) silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>) tunnel oxide layer to improve recombination current density and carrier lifetime. The passivation characteristics were improved by varying the annealing temperature and thickness of the nc-SiOx layer. The 50 nm thick nc-SiOx layer was capable of yielding a high implied open-circuit voltage (i-Voc) of 739 mV and low contact resistivity (ρ) of 14.2 (mΩ/cm<sup>2</sup>) in addition to a low depleted recombination current density (Jo) of 1.1 fA/cm<sup>2</sup> with a post-deposition annealing temperature up to 950℃. Improved passivation characteristics are the result of a more prominent annealing temperature.