IBNSlicing: Intent-Based Network Slicing Framework for 5G Networks using Deep Learning

Khizar Abbas,Muhammad Afaq,Talha Ahmed Khan,Asif Mehmood,Wang-Cheol Song 한국통신학회 2020 한국통신학회 APNOMS Vol.2020 No.09

Network slicing is an important pillar of 5G networks that empowers the network operators to provide the different quality of services (QoS) to the users. It enables network operators to split the physical network into multiple logical networks to meet different QoS requirements. In this research paper, we have designed an intent-based network slicing framework that can slice and manage the core network and radio access network (RAN) resources efficiently. It is an automated system, where users just needs to provide higher-level information in the form of intents/contracts for a network slice, and in return our system deploys and configures the requested resources. Moreover, a deep learning model Generative Adversarial Neural Network (GAN) has been used for the management of network resources. Several tests have been performed by creating three slices with our system, which shows better performance in terms of bandwidth and latency.

Intent-Based Network Slice Life Cycle Management

Khizar Abbas,Talha Ahmed Khan,Afaq Muhammad,Wang-Cheol Song 한국통신학회 2021 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.2

5G networks have to accommodate a diverse set of services with different performance, latency, bandwidth, and reliability requirements. It is not possible to handle multi-services needs with legacy cellular networks due to the same physical infrastructure. The programmable and virtualized nature of the 5G network makes it possible to manage these multi-services by providing different resources to each service. Network slicing is a promising solution to support the multi-services environment where the same physical network is partitioned into isolated multiple logical networks. This research paper has proposed an end-to-end (e2e) network slicing through an intent-based network (IBN) approach. Our system can manage the life cycle of the network slice in an automated fashion. It can also monitor, update, and manage the slices by using deep learning.

Red organic light-emitting diodes with high efficiency, low driving voltage and saturated red color realized via two step energy transfer based on ADN and Alq3 co-host system

Khizar-ul Haq,Liu Shan-peng,M.A. Khan,X.Y. Jiang,Z.L. Zhang,Jin Cao,W.Q. Zhu 한국물리학회 2009 Current Applied Physics Vol.9 No.1

We demonstrated efficient red organic light-emitting diodes based on a wide band gap material 9,10-bis(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN) doped with 4-(dicyano-methylene)-2-t-butyle-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-julolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB) as a red dopant and 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,1,7,7,-tetramethyl-1H,5H,11H-10(2-benzothiazolyl)quinolizine-[9,9a,1gh]coumarin (C545T) as an assistant dopant. The typical device structure was glass substrate/ITO/4,4',4''-tris(N-3-methylphenyl-N-phenyl-amino)triphenylamine (m-MTDATA)/ N,N'-bis(naphthalene-1-yl)-N,N0-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB)/[ADN:Alq3]:DCJTB:C545T/Alq3/LiF/Al. It was found that C545T dopant did not by itself emit but did assist the energy transfer from the host (ADN) to the red emitting dopant via cascade energy transfer mechanism. The OLEDs realized by this approach significantly improved the EL efficiency. We achieved a significant improvement regarding saturated red color when a polar co-host emitter (Alq3) was incorporated in the matrix of [ADN:Alq3]. Since ADN possesses a considerable high electron mobility of 3.1 × 10-4 ㎠ V-1 s-1, co-host devices with high concentration of ADN (>70%) exhibited low driving voltage and high current efficiency as compared to the devices without ADN. We obtained a device with a current efficiency of 3.6 cd/A, Commission International d’Eclairage coordinates of [0.618, 0.373] and peak λmax = 620 nm at a current density of 20 mA/㎠. This is a promising way of utilizing wide band gap material as the host to make red OLEDs, which will be useful in improving the electroluminescent performance of devices and simplifying the process of fabricating full color OLEDs. We demonstrated efficient red organic light-emitting diodes based on a wide band gap material 9,10-bis(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN) doped with 4-(dicyano-methylene)-2-t-butyle-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-julolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB) as a red dopant and 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,1,7,7,-tetramethyl-1H,5H,11H-10(2-benzothiazolyl)quinolizine-[9,9a,1gh]coumarin (C545T) as an assistant dopant. The typical device structure was glass substrate/ITO/4,4',4''-tris(N-3-methylphenyl-N-phenyl-amino)triphenylamine (m-MTDATA)/ N,N'-bis(naphthalene-1-yl)-N,N0-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB)/[ADN:Alq3]:DCJTB:C545T/Alq3/LiF/Al. It was found that C545T dopant did not by itself emit but did assist the energy transfer from the host (ADN) to the red emitting dopant via cascade energy transfer mechanism. The OLEDs realized by this approach significantly improved the EL efficiency. We achieved a significant improvement regarding saturated red color when a polar co-host emitter (Alq3) was incorporated in the matrix of [ADN:Alq3]. Since ADN possesses a considerable high electron mobility of 3.1 × 10-4 ㎠ V-1 s-1, co-host devices with high concentration of ADN (>70%) exhibited low driving voltage and high current efficiency as compared to the devices without ADN. We obtained a device with a current efficiency of 3.6 cd/A, Commission International d’Eclairage coordinates of [0.618, 0.373] and peak λmax = 620 nm at a current density of 20 mA/㎠. This is a promising way of utilizing wide band gap material as the host to make red OLEDs, which will be useful in improving the electroluminescent performance of devices and simplifying the process of fabricating full color OLEDs.

Network Data Analytics Function for Network Slice Lifecycle Management: a closed-loop approach

Khizar Abbas,Talha Ahmed Khan,Muhammad Afaq,Wang-Cheol Song 한국통신학회 2021 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.6

Networks slicing in 5G network enables the network operators to accommodate the different quality of service (QoS) to their customers. The orchestration and management of the end-to-end (e2e) network slicing is a critical task. So, for that, we have designed a closed-loop Intent-based Networking (IBN) platform, which ensures the commissioning, activation, run-time monitoring, and decommissioning of the network slices automatically. Moreover, we have integrated the newly proposed 3GPP network data analytics function (NWDAF) with the IBN platform for efficient e2e network slice lifecycle management. By implemented different Machine Learning (ML) models in the NWDAF function, we can predict the slice load, user mobility, traffic forecasts, and anomaly detection from the network slices.

Multi-Domain Network Slicing using Intent-Based Networking

Khizar Abbas,Talha Ahmed Khan,Muhammad Afaq,Wang-Cheol Song 한국통신학회 2020 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2020 No.8

An investigation of boat-tail helmet to reduce drag

Pathan, Khizar A.,Khan, Sher A.,Shaikh, Aadil N.,Pathan, Arsalan A.,Khan, Shahnawaz A. Techno-Press 2021 Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science Vol.8 No.3

A helmet is a kind of shielding equipment used to shield the head from fatal injuries. The helmet experiences drag while moving at a certain velocity. The total drag on the helmet increases with an increase in velocity. The drag force at high velocity has a significant effect on the rider's neck and may result in cervical spondylosis. Now a day's neck pain, neck sprain, spondylosis have become significant issues related to the human body. The reduction of drag on the helmet will be a boon for society, which will reduce the force on the neck. The decrease in drag is an essential field of study. The drag force can be reduced by various methods like coating on the surface, modifying the helmet's shape, etc. The study's purpose is to decrease drag on the helmet by improving the helmet's shape. The CFD analysis is carried out to find the best profile of the helmet and fineness ratio of the boat-tailed helmet to minimize drag. The CFD results are validated with the wind tunnel laboratory outcomes. Based on the findings, a considerable reduction in the drag is accomplished at the velocity of 32.5 m/s.

Enlarge duct length optimization for suddenly expanded flows

Pathan, Khizar A.,Dabeer, Prakash S.,Khan, Sher A. Techno-Press 2020 Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science Vol.7 No.3

In many applications like the aircraft or the rockets/missiles, the flow from a nozzle needs to be expanded suddenly in an enlarged duct of larger diameter. The enlarged duct is provided after the nozzle to maximize the thrust created by the flow from the nozzle. When the fluid is suddenly expanded in an enlarged duct, the base pressure is generally lower than the atmospheric pressure, which results in base drag. The objective of this research work is to optimize the length to diameter (L/D) ratio of the enlarged duct using the CFD analysis in the flow field from the supersonic nozzle. The flow from the nozzle drained in an enlarged duct, the thrust, and the base pressure are studied. The Mach numbers for the study were 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5. The nozzle pressure ratios (NPR) of the study were 2, 5 and 8. The L/D ratios of the study were 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Based on the results, it is concluded that the L/D ratio should be increased to an optimum value to reattach the flow to an enlarged duct and to increase the thrust. The supersonic suddenly expanded flow field is wave dominant, and the results cannot be generalized. The optimized L/D ratios for various combinations of flow and geometrical parameters are given in the conclusion section.

An investigation of boat-tail helmet to reduce drag

Pathan, Khizar A.,Khan, Sher A.,Shaikh, Aadil N.,Pathan, Arsalan A.,Khan, Shahnawaz A. Techno-Press 2021 Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science Vol.8 No.3

A helmet is a kind of shielding equipment used to shield the head from fatal injuries. The helmet experiences drag while moving at a certain velocity. The total drag on the helmet increases with an increase in velocity. The drag force at high velocity has a significant effect on the rider's neck and may result in cervical spondylosis. Now a day's neck pain, neck sprain, spondylosis have become significant issues related to the human body. The reduction of drag on the helmet will be a boon for society, which will reduce the force on the neck. The decrease in drag is an essential field of study. The drag force can be reduced by various methods like coating on the surface, modifying the helmet's shape, etc. The study's purpose is to decrease drag on the helmet by improving the helmet's shape. The CFD analysis is carried out to find the best profile of the helmet and fineness ratio of the boat-tailed helmet to minimize drag. The CFD results are validated with the wind tunnel laboratory outcomes. Based on the findings, a considerable reduction in the drag is accomplished at the velocity of 32.5 m/s.

Generic Intent-based Networking Platform for E2E Network Slice Orchestration & Lifecycle Management

Talha Ahmed Khan,Khizar Abbass,Adeel Rafique,Afaq Muhammad,Wang-Cheol Song 한국통신학회 2020 한국통신학회 APNOMS Vol.2020 No.09

5G claims the service provisioning for a variety of new applications increasing orchestration complexity. Additionally, many different orchestrators and platforms have been developed over recent years to handle and control the network infrastructures. However, each of the orchestration platforms requires different expertise for handling them. The diversity and dynamicity in terms of requirements made it very complex for the operators to handle runtime operations. As with the increasing number of devices, the amount of traffic streamed over network deviates drastically making it impossible for network operators to handle the network operations manually. Hence automated platforms are a dire need, this work proposed a generic intent-based system that can automatically orchestrate and manage network lifecycle over multiple domains, sites and orchestrators. This system will include the orchestration over multiple domains access, transport and core and it also includes the use of Machine Learning for prediction of resource status for proactive decision making to manage the slice lifecycle automatically.

A Machine-Learning-Driven Multi-Objective Optimization for IBN-Based Orchestration

Khan Talha Ahmed,Khizar Abbas,Afaq Muhammad,Wang-Cheol Song 한국통신학회 2022 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.2

Modern networks are aimed at offering state-of-the-art services for their users. However, each impending service requires a distinct KPI (Key Performance Indicators) and is distributed over an extensive infrastructure. Thus, requiring a complex service orchestration procedure having explicit policies throughout the low-level network infrastructure. However, the achievement of such policies at the low level over globally distributed, multi-vendor infrastructure has multi-dimensional complexity. Also, it is very challenging to perform dynamic assessment and update procedure at low-level infrastructure using traditional approaches. Hence, this manuscript, on one end, considers resolving multi-dimensional KPI achievement through Machine-Learning assisted multi-objective optimization. On the other hand, it uses the IBN approach that enables high-level service definition, and it automates the policy deployment on the low-level infrastructure.