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Composition and diversity of plants in Sibuti mangrove forest, Sarawak, Malaysia
Kaleem Shah,Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal,Zamri Rosli,Khalid Rehman Hakeem,Mohammed Muzammel Hoque 한국산림과학회 2016 Forest Science And Technology Vol.12 No.2
Sarawak is endowed with numerous pristine and estuarine mangroves. However, information pertaining to the species composition and diversity of pristine mangroves of Sarawak is scanty. Hence, this study was carried out to assess the plant composition and diversity of Sibuti mangrove forest, Miri, Sarawak to investigate the current status and diversity of vegetation. Nine mangrove plant species were recorded employing the line transect (100240 m) survey method. Major mangrove species were Rhizophora apiculata, Xylocarpus granatum, and Nypa fruticans. The stand density was recorded as 1938.46 § 482.24 trees ha ¡1, 1722.22 § 254.58 saplings ha ¡1, and 6222.22 § 384.90 seedlings ha ¡1. The mean diameter, height, and basal area for the whole forest stand were 20.83 § 13.79 cm, 13.53 § 5.55 m, and 201.83 § 12.68 m2 ha ¡1, respectively. The mean diameter of the dominant species R. apiculata was 24.10 § 13.90 cm, height 15.18 § 5.09 m, and basal area 176.13 § 12.73 m2 ha ¡1. The importance value index (IVI) of R. apiculata was 202.24 followed by 63.85 for X. granatum. Shannon diversity indices (H0), Margalef richness (D), and Peilou evenness (J0) of the forest stand were 1.18, 1.41, and 0.54, respectively. Similarity of species composition showed two major clusters for the whole forest stand. The findings of this study suggest that Sibuti mangrove forest stand is undisturbed and healthy. This forest could be managed and conserved for multi-sectoral uses such as ecotourism, biodiversity, research, and education rather than solely as a wildlife sanctuary.
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Big Data Security and Privacy: A Taxonomy with Some HPC and Blockchain Perspectives
Alsulbi, Khalil,Khemakhem, Maher,Basuhail, Abdullah,Eassa, Fathy,Jambi, Kamal Mansur,Almarhabi, Khalid International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2021 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.21 No.7
The amount of Big Data generated from multiple sources is continuously increasing. Traditional storage methods lack the capacity for such massive amounts of data. Consequently, most organizations have shifted to the use of cloud storage as an alternative option to store Big Data. Despite the significant developments in cloud storage, it still faces many challenges, such as privacy and security concerns. This paper discusses Big Data, its challenges, and different classifications of security and privacy challenges. Furthermore, it proposes a new classification of Big Data security and privacy challenges and offers some perspectives to provide solutions to these challenges.
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Zumi Mehta,Margaret English,Cecelia Trybus,Valerie Magda,Khalid Kamal 사단법인약침학회 2018 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.11 No.6
Toroski et al in their study, Comparison of the CostUtility Analysis of Electroacupuncture and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs in the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain, identifies a gap in the pharmacoeconomic literature regarding the treatment of chronic low back pain. There is evidence to demonstrate that traditional acupuncture is efficacious in the treatment of chronic low back pain; however, there are no studies comparing the effectiveness of electroacupuncture to other standards of care, such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). 1,2 Although this study aimed to answer a novel and relevant question, there are several limitations that prevent the study results from being generalizable and ultimately applicable to therapeutic decision-making. First, there is no description of the comparator. It is important to explain why NSAIDs were chosen as the comparator and what types and dosing schedules of NSAIDs were studied. Without this information, it is difficult to evaluate the true cost and effectiveness of NSAIDs. Second, the costs presented in the study are not transparent. It is challenging to analyze the specific costs, especially the direct nonmedical costs because they are not specified. Third, the study failed to present the results in the appropriate format; costeutility analyses require results in terms of qualityadjusted life years and incremental costeutility ratios. However, only utilities and average cost-effectiveness ratios were reported in the study. The average cost- effectiveness ratio is the ratio of the cost to benefit of an intervention without any comparisons to alternatives, and incremental costeutility ratio is always utilized when comparing different treatment options. Consequently, the results cannot be properly evaluated, and this study cannot be classified as a true costeutility analysis. Finally, because most pharmacoeconomic studies deal with assumptions and variable data, sensitivity analysis is a must in any pharmacoeconomic analyses. The study did not conduct any sensitivity analysis, thus not allowing for any uncertainty in the estimates of costs and consequences, which were already vague and difficult to decipher. Overall, this study aimed to answer a unique pharmacoeconomic question;however, its numerous limitations prevent its generalizability and overall usefulness in clinical decision-making for the treatment of chronic low back pain.
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