TEXT OF STATEM ENT BY CHANG KEY-YOUNG, VICECHAIRMAN OF SEOUL SIDE, SOUTH-NORTH COORDINATING COMMITEE, AT FOURTH VICE-CHAIRMEN’S MEETING

Chang Key-young 한국학술연구원 1974 Korea Observer Vol.6 No.1

退溪先生 胎生風水 硏究 : 朱子 高祖母墓와 比較分析을 通하여

김기선 慶北大學校 退溪硏究所 2003 退溪學과 韓國文化 Vol.- No.32

우리들은 흔히 '人傑는 地靈'이라는 말을 들어왔다. 오랜 세월 風水地理 工夫를 하면서 필자는 有名人士의 先祖 山所에는 반드시 明堂이 있었음을 확인한 바가 있다. 따라서 筆者는 '東方의 朱子'라고 불리고 있는 退溪 李滉先生(1501-1570)처럼 大儒學者의 경우에도 마찬가지일 것이라고 생각했다. 그러나 風水界에 잘 알려져 있는 眞城李氏 始祖산소, 퇴계선생 胎室, 그 옆의 祖父母와 父母山所 등을 보았으나 마음에 흡족하지는 못하였다. 그래서 나머지 祖上 산소인 鳴洞의 2세 松安君(자좌 병오파) 내외산소와 佳邱洞 가매기 3세(高祖父) 云候(자좌 병오파) 산소, 道律洞 3세비 安東權氏 산소(자좌) 와 鵲山先生의 증조부모 李禎墓와 安東金氏墓(임좌)들을 찾았다. 새로 방문한 산소들 모두가 비교적 좋은 편이었으나 그 중에서도 高祖父 산소가 正穴에 入葬되고 朝山도 秀麗하여 상당히 좋았지만 主山이 높지 못하고 明堂局勢가 狹小하여 鵲山先生의 曾祖父母 산소에는 미치지 못하였다. 曾祖父母 산소를 찾은 순간, '바로 이 山所였구나!' 하는 생각이 들 정도로 만족하였다. 主山이 文筆峯이요, 사방에 온통 一字文星이 둘렀으니 큰 學者가 나오지 않을 수가 없다는 생각이 들었다. 더구나 그 유명한 鶴駕山을 太祖山으로 하고 있으니, 퇴계선생과 같은 大儒學者 겸 高官이 나오는 자리가 될 것이 아닌가? 退溪先生과 같은 큰 선비나 大儒學者를 배출하는 데에는 鶴駕山과 같은 名山의 힘을 받은 文筆峰이나 一字文星이 主山이나 案山으로 짜낸 調和로운 明堂局이 필요하다고 본다. 風水工夫를 깊이 하려면 中國의 古代典籍들을 보지 않을 수가 없다. 그중에서도 明나라 徐善繼·徐善述 형제가 지은 『人子須知資孝地理心學統宗』이란 책에 朱子(1130-1200)는 高祖母 程氏夫人墓가 좋아서 태어났다고 했다. 그래서 두 묘를 한번 비교해 보면 재미있겠다는 생각이 들었다. 程氏夫人墓는 일찍이 宋의 국사인 吳景鸞이 點穴하면서 課記에 "오랜 세월이 흐른 후 孔子와 같은 聖人이 나오리라(當出一賢人聰明如孔子)"고 예언을 하고 事實로 판명된 묘로도 유명하다. 穴場은 산의 높은 곳에 위치하는 데다 물은 멀리 떨어져 있으니 初代에는 不利하므로 擴中을 파서 마무리할 때에 큰 바위로 눌러서 덮어야한다고 하였는데 후에 과연 不利하여 이장하려고 하였으나 바위 바위 때문에 그쳤다고 한다. 1,059년 그 곳에 朱子의 高祖母 程氏夫人墓를 쓰고 그 후인 1,130년에 朱子가 태어나 이처럼 課記에 符合하니, 徐善繼·徐善述 형제의 말처럼, 누가 風水地理를 否定할 수 있겠는가? 이제 퇴계선생의 曾祖父母墓(李禎墓)와 程氏夫人墓를 비교해 보도록 하자. 첫째, 大儒學者(文章·科第·顯貴·名譽)를 상징하는 커다란 文筆峰이 李禎墓에는 主山이 되었으나 程氏墓에서는 案山(鵝子峰)과 朝山(信州鴉山)이 되었다. 일반적으로 풍수에서 穴이 氣運을 받음에 있어 位置上으로는 主山이 더 좋지만 穴 자리의 性格을 端的으로 나타내는 案山과 朝山도 穴 자리가 힘이 있으면 무방하다. 李禎墓의 主山 文筆峰이 좀 弱한듯 하나 太祖山인 鶴駕山과 龍虎 및 案山의 一字文星이 補完해 주고 있다. 둘째, 坐向은 兩墓 共히 壬坐丙向이다. 셋째, 兩墓 共히 龍虎는 一字文星이다. 넷째, 兩墓 共히 重重包裏하여 調和로운 明堂局을 만들었다. 다섯째, 兩墓 共히 물이 九曲으로 흘러나간다.(程氏墓 처음은 元辰水) 여섯째, 兩墓 共히 穴 뒤쪽의 頭腦部位가 豊富하다. 以上에서 共通點을 추출해 보았으나 兩墓의 相異點을 對比해보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 李禎墓는 낮은 곳에 위치하나 程氏墓는 높은 곳에 있다. 둘째, 李禎墓는 直龍結穴이나 程氏墓는 橫龍結穴이다. 셋째, 李禎墓는 來龍이 弱하나 程氏墓는 强하다. 넷째, 李禎墓는 乳穴이나 程氏墓는 窩穴이다. 다섯째, 李禎墓는 仙人讀書形(신선이 책을 읽고 있는 모양)이나 程氏墓는 金斗穴梁上形(손잡이가 달린 다리미형)이다. 여섯째, 李禎墓는 內明堂局이 相對的으로 작지만 程氏墓는 外明堂局이 크다. 退溪先生의 曾祖父母 李禎內外墓와 朱子의 高祖母 程氏墓와 比較해볼 때, 主山 또는 朝案의 文筆峰과 龍虎案의 一字文星, 豊富한 頭腦部分과 彎環屈曲의 九曲水, 重重包裏 속에서의 調和로운 明堂局이 작용하고 있다는 共通點을 찾을 수 있었다. 우리들은 일일이 모르고 있지만, 실제로 朱子나 退溪先生의 例에서 보듯이, 偉大한 人物의 背後에는 合當한 明堂이 있었음을 確認하였다는 事實은 커다란 意義가 있다고 본다. 積善을 많이 베풀어서, 明堂에 살거나 先祖를 明堂에 모시면, 心身도 健康하고 運命을 改善할 수 있다. 그리고 偉大한 後孫을 배출하면 道義昻場과 文化暢達을 통하여 國家社會의 發展과 繁榮에도 寄與할 수 있다. From ancient times, Korean and Chinese felt they shared a fate with the earth. They saw a magical link between man and the landscape. So they used feng shui(風水) as a way of linking man's destiny with that of nature by placing graves and residences at auspicious spots, to tap the earth's chi(地氣), where the chi flows smoothly and yin and yang(陰陽) are in harmony, making a productive cycle of the five elements(五行). Nature imitates life. Life imitates nature. Feng shui, as a language of symbols, is the key to understanding the silent dialogue between man and nature. The environment takes on a metaphorical quality. They believed that unless the deceased were properly buried, the descendants would suffer. The offspring of an ancestor with an exceptionally good grave on the basis of accumulated virtuous deeds(積善) for generations, it is believed, will be rewarded with wealth, health, lots of sons, longevity, and even a high position. Besides its offspring, even the fate of a nation depends, it is said, on the correct location of the ruler's residence and the correct burial of his ancestors. According to The Form School(形勢學派), the mountain shapes & configurations(山形) can influence the deceased's descendants, while The Compass School(理氣學派) focuses on the orientation(方位). Man is thus affected by yin and yang dwellings(陰陽宅) - the houses of the dead and the places of the living. I assumed, it would he much more truthful especially when it comes to the case of distinguished scholar like Toegye. Therefore, this article is to examine the feng shui on the residency where Toegye(退溪), known as a Korean Chu Hsi(東方朱子), was born and the tomb sites of his ancestors to reveal which one of those influenced him most strongly to be born a great scholar, in comparison with the case of Chu Hsi(朱熹), a respected neo-Confucian Chinese scholar. The writer visited to find Toegye's great-grand parent's graves(曾祖父母墓), buried on the correct spots where one can find no geomagnetic disturbance phenomena(地磁氣 攪亂 現象), backed by mountain shaped like a calligraphy brush(文筆峰) as the high black tortoise mountain(玄武, 主山) and flanked by & facing many surrounding mountains, in many folds, shaped like the horizontal line(一字文星) impling a successful scholar, making a big round bright yard(大明堂) in the center with views of a front pond and a zigzagged, meandering flow of water, which, I am sure, spurred him scholarly success. In case of Chu Hsi, his great-great-grand mother's grave(高祖母墓) surrounded by various mountains in many folds, especially faced two high mountains shaped like a big calligraphy brush(大文筆峰) soared high in the sky as the lower & higher vermilion birds(朱雀, 朝案) making a bigger wide outer bright yard, which, it is said, actualized him to become a famous neo-Confucian scholar. Finally, we analyzed that very distinguished scholars like Toegye & Chu Hsi were born due to the exceptionally good graves of their ancestors, buried correctly on the most comfortable spots where one can find geomagnetic homogenization effect(地磁氣 均一化 效果), backed or faced by the mountains shaped like a big calligraphy brush comprising a successful scholar in terms of feng shui. Feng shui tells us that locating the correct & auspicious spot, through the accumulation of virtuous deeds, plays a decisive role in casting the destiny of the occupants(residences), its descendants(graves) and even a nation(residence of the ruler & graves of his ancestors, city's shapes & public planning). Let's improve and harmonize the environment for one's better life, a prosperous nation and a peaceful world!

Spatiotemporal downscaling approaches for monitoring 8-day 30m actual evapotranspiration

Ke, Y.,Im, J.,Park, S.,Gong, H. Elsevier 2017 ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing Vol.126 No.-

Continuous monitoring of actual evapotranspiration (ET) is critical for water resources management at both regional and local scales. Although the MODIS ET product (MOD16A2) provides viable sources for ET monitoring at 8-day intervals, the spatial resolution (1km) is too coarse for local scale applications. In this study, we propose a machine learning and spatial temporal fusion (STF)-integrated approach in order to generate 8-day 30m ET based on both MOD16A2 and Landsat 8 data with three schemes. Random forest machine learning was used to downscale MODIS 1km ET to 30m resolution based on nine Landsat-derived indicators including vegetation indices (VIs) and land surface temperature (LST). STF-based models including Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model and Spatio-Temporal Image Fusion Model were used to derive synthetic Landsat surface reflectance (scheme 1)/VIs (scheme 2)/ET (scheme 3) on Landsat-unavailable dates. The approach was tested over two study sites in the United States. The results showed that fusion of Landsat VIs produced the best accuracy of predicted ET (R<SUP>2</SUP>=0.52-0.97, RMSE=0.47-3.0mm/8days and rRMSE=6.4-37%). High density of cloud-clear Landsat image acquisitions and low spatial heterogeneity of Landsat VIs benefit the ET prediction. The downscaled 30m ET had good agreement with MODIS ET (RMSE=0.42-3.4mm/8days, rRMSE=3.2-26%). Comparison with the in situ ET measurements showed that the downscaled ET had higher accuracy than MODIS ET.

土地所有權의 公法的 制限에 관한 小考

李起羽 湖南大學校 1983 호남대학교 학술논문집 Vol.3 No.-

We have the limited land with the charateristics of the unproductivity and the fixed location in space. However, as the population increases and industrialization progresses, we need more land for residential, industrial, agricultural and other uses. To meet our increaing needs of land the use of land should be controlled to the best of advantages of the community. Landownership is the wholesurfacely incluive management toward lard and at the same time is the natural right so we can survive freely as Human Beings. However, it is not that landownership means the unlimited right. In order to make the effective else of land, various public laws wi th following the 1imit of private landownership have been acted and they will be enforced for the future. There are the ubiquitious arguements between the absoluteness and the 1imitation by public law, of landownership. The devices for solving these problems are as follows : 1. The limit of landownership by Public law should be realized in the way of putting the national life uppermost with the special emphasis upon the usely gains for, life. 2. The rearrangement of the consistent antral systematic land law system should be needed throughout the investigation of the nationwide use of land. 3. The problems existing in the legal system like the public recapture of windfall profits, etch should be supplemented.

「集合建物의 所有 및 管理에 관한 法律」小考

李起羽 湖南大學校 1985 호남대학교 학술논문집 Vol.5 No.-

The rapid growth of economy caused the industrialization and concentration of population in the cities of Korea. Accordingly, it made urgent the effective utilization of land in the cities. Due to these social phenomena the massive building which utilizes land vertically has made popular various kinds of Buildings of Divided Ownership. It is estimated that Buildings of Divided Ownership will continue to be increased and that the style and structure will be of further variety. In result of this a new pattern of possession, i.e., divided ownership, has become important. On April 10 in 1984, the Act of Ownership and Administration of Buildings of Divided Ownership was passed and proclaimed so that the defects in legislation could be supplemented. the act is to rule a new modus vivendi of divided ownership and common utilization of Buildings of Divided Ownership. the law which will be practised after one year's reservation will contribute to rule the common life of multiply owned buildings and to clarify their rights of possession. In this paper are analyzes the contents and problems of the same act.

附加價値稅 硏究

徐基浚 德成女子大學校 1978 德成女大論文集 Vol.7 No.-

The value added tax is, briefly, a tax levied on businesses on the value they add to their purchases of raw materials and goods and services. The base of the value added tax was originally derived by Thomas S.Adams and Wilhelm Von Siemens from accounts of the individual firm in order to eliminate the individual firm in order to eliminate the mutiple taxation of items intering into cost of sales which characterize the general turn-over tax. The value added tax has been adopted as the major sales tax of the European Economic Community and many other countries have adopted it and want to adopt it. The value added tax is classified in three kinds such as Gross Product Type, Net Income Type, and Consumption Type. The value added can be derived either by subtracting from total sales the amounts paid during the period for produced goods or specified categories of them(subtraction method) or by adding the various payments comprise value added: wages paid, interest paid, net profits, and so on(addition method). The tax rate can be levied on either a tax exclusive base, or a tx inclusive base. On either a tax exclusive or tax inclusive base, there are two methods of calculating the tax, the direct and the indirect. EEC has adopted consumption type which taxes on all goods purchased for business use may be deducted on a current basis, and has chosen the subtrdctive, tax exclusive, indirect method of calculating tax liability. Under such VAT system, the tax is almost forward shifting to consumers. The tax on value added shall be charged on: (a) deliveries of goods and the rendering of services, effected for a consideration within the country by a taxabel person. (b) the import of goods. Exports are free of tax when they cross a border. On entry to another country, as imports, they become liable to the full rate of VAT on similar goods domestically produced in the importing country. This treatment of exports and imports is that of the destination principle. The value added tax offers the great advandage of economic neutrality. It avoids the advers economic effects of the turn-over tax without concentrating the burden at a single stage. Since the tax applies only to the value added by each firm-not to gross receipts-the organization of production, the degree of integration, and the location of particular functions do not affect the overall tax liability so long as all sectors, including retailing, are covered. Exports can be freed of tax without difficulty while elimination of tax would improve the position of home industries in world market. At the same time, a substantial portion of the tax will be collected at preretail levels and much of this income will be collected at the import stage in the earliest years of development. Thus a government is assured of a large portion of the total revenue. A singnificant advdntage of the value added tax compared with all other tax forms is the buit-in cross-check feature. The tax paid by one firm is reported by firms purchasing from this vender as a credit against their own tax by the first firm is likely to be discovered. Another potential adventage of VAT is the possibly greater ease of excluding producers goods from coverage. Furthermore the value added tax can add to the useful fiscal weapons of government. The major problem of the value added tax is the greater overall complexity compared with the other forms of sales tax. The concept of the tax is much more difficult to make clearly understood and the task of record keeping is somewhat greater, since taxes paid on purchases must be compiled and cumulated in addition to data on sales. And regressiveness of its burden and preferential treatment of capital-intensive industries are another problems. The most trouble-some problem is the probable increase of prices at tehe beginning of its adoption.

財務狀態變動表 硏究

徐基浚 德成女子大學校 1982 德成女大論文集 Vol.11 No.-

족관절 골절의 임상적 고찰

김기용,윤준오,이수호,신헌규 울산대학교 의과대학 1992 울산의대학술지 Vol.1 No.1

The ankle joint is a modified complex hinge joint which plays an important role in weight bearing, walking and standing. So, the goals of treatment of ankle fracture are anatomical positioning of the talus in the mortise and regaining a smooth articular surface. The Lauge-Hansen classification of ankle fracture is useful because it characterized the mechanism and sequence of injury and in particular, emphasizes the associated ligamentous injuries. But, it is more complex and all fractures do not conform exactly to one of the described pattern. The Danis-Weber classification of ankle fracture is simpler, emphasized the importance of the lateral side of the ankle, and is usuful in planning surgical treatment. Initially this system did not distinguish the extent of involvement and was too inclusive. The problem has been addressed in the AO classification. The system proposed by Tile is easy to remember and emphasized the importance of assessing and relating stability to the structures that are injured. We analyzed 124 cases of ankle fracture, most of which were treated surgically by AO methods, in the Orthopedic Department, University of Ulsan Medical College, Asan Medical Center from July 1989 to March 1992. The results obtained from this study were as follows : 1. The most common victim was 3rd-5th decade's man. 2. The most common type of Danis-Weber classification was type C(36.3%) and most common type of AO classification was type C1(15.3%), C2(15.3%). According to the classification of Lauge-Hansen, the most common type was pronation-external rotation (42.7%). 3. In Danis-Weber type B and C, satisfactory results were obtained by operative treatment. 4. Danis-Weber's classification and A-O classification were very practical criteria for treatment of the ankle fracture.

敎室機能의 效率化를 위한 敎育工學的 考察

李基種 群山敎育大學 1972 論文集 Vol.5 No.-

The purpose of this thesis is to suggest one way for solving urgent educational problems according to the sudden increase of educational population. The educational fields which will be planned hereafter should be considered the following points so that the various educational plans and teachings established by the teachers might perform fully and the use of various teaching materials as well as the abundant learning activities would be accomplished successfully. 1. Possibility to organize the various groups. 2. Consideration for the self-learning. 3. Effective use of Audiovisual materials. 4. Common use of special classrooms and efficient use of school facilities and equipments. 5. Efficient use of outdoor spaces in the school. 6. Adaptability for the development of learning process 7. Consideration of teachers' positions according to the varieties of learning process. 8. Consideration for the management of school facilities and equipments.

슬관절부 골절에 대한 임상적 고찰

김기용,조우신,빈성일,백승일 울산대학교 의과대학 1992 울산의대학술지 Vol.1 No.1

The knee joint is the largest weight bearing joint. As the fractures of Knee joint in volve the articular surface and the surrounding soft tissues, permanent disabilities such as deformities, joint stiffness, instability and post-traumatic arthritis may ensue following treatment. Many authors have recommended various methods of treatment for these fractures. Recently, however, a trend toward internal fixation has become evident and good results have been reported by several authors. This study is to present 40 cases of knee joint fractures which were treated at Asan Medical Center from May 1989 to April 19992. The results were as follows ; 1. The causes of injury were traffic accident(60%), fall down(12.5%), slip down(12.5%) and sports injury(10%). 2. There were 23cases in 22 males and 17 females in series and average was 46.8 years ranging from 19 years to 82 years. 3. In femoral condylar fractures, the most frequent type was C2(8 cases ; 42.2%) and in tibial condylar fractures, B1(7 vases ; 35.5%) by the A.O. classification. 4. 7 Cases were treated by conservative method 32 cases by operative method and 1 cases by amputation. 5. Satisfactory results were obtained 73.3% in femoral condylar fractures and 88.2% in tibial condylar fractures by operative treatment. We concluded that satisfactory results were obtained from operative treatment with procedures of anatomical reduction, rigid fixation and early joint motion.