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Orin S. Kerr,조기영(Cho, Gi Yeong) 전북대학교 법학연구소 2016 法學硏究 Vol.49 No.-
이 글은 미국 조지워싱턴대학교 로스쿨의 Orin S. Kerr 교수의 논문인 『디지털 세계에서의 압수수색』을 번역한 것이다. Kerr 교수의 위 논문은 디지털 증거의 압수수색과 관련한 형사소송법적 쟁점을 포괄적으로 검토한 미국내 최초의 논문으로 평가할 수 있다. 이 논문을 통해 디지털 증거의 맥락에서 압수수색의 의미 및 압수수색의 합리성에 관한 미국 판례 및 학설의 현황을 종합적으로 이해하는 것도 우리 형사소송법의 운용에도 기여하는 바가 있을 것이라는 판단이 위 논문을 번역하게 된 이유이다. Orin S. Kerr 교수는 미국내 저명한 형사소송법 학자이며 컴퓨터 형법 전문가이다. 2001년 조지워싱턴대학교 로스쿨에 근무한 이후 Kerr 교수가 발표한 논문은 다른 논문에서는 2,000번 이상, 법원의 판결에서는 200번 이상 인용된 바 있다. Kerr 교수는 미국 법무부에서 컴퓨터 범죄와 재산권 부문 공판 변호사로 근무하였으며, 미국 연방대법원 대법관 Anthony M. Kennedy의 로클럭으로 근무하기도 하였다. Kerr 교수는 50편 이상의 논문을 저술하였으며, 우리나라에도 잘 알려져 있는 형사소송법 연구서(LaFave, Wayne, et al., Criminal Procedure. 4th ed. St. Paul, MN: West, 2015, 제3판은 2009년 출간됨)와 케이스 북(Kamisar, Yale, et. al., Modern Criminal Procedure: Cases, Comments, and Questions. 14th ed. St. Paul, MN: West Academic Pub., 2015)의 최근 공저자이기도 하다. 이 논문에서 Kerr 교수는 컴퓨터라는 새로운 환경에 미국수정헌법 제4조가 어떻게 적용될 수 있는지를 검토하고 있다. Kerr 교수는 먼저 전통적인 주거 수색과 컴퓨터 수색의 4가지 차이점을 상세하게 분석한 후 디지털 증거에 대한 압수수색의 단계를 디지털 증거의 수집과 분석 2단계로 나누어 종래 미국의 판례와 학설들을 검토하며 자신의 논지를 전개하고 있다. Kerr 교수는 디지털 증거의 수집 단계에서 컴퓨터의 정보에 접근하는 것은 프라이버시에 대한 합리적 기대를 침해하는 것으로서 미국수정헌법 제4조의 수색에 해당하며, 수색이 일어나는 시기는 정보 또는 데이터가 경찰관에 노출되는 시점(노출기준설)을 기준으로 하여야 한다고 주장한다. 따라서 컴퓨터에서 정보를 검색하기 위해서는 영장을 발부받거나 영장주의의 예외가 인정될 수 있어야 한다는 것이다. 동 교수는 또한 수사기관에 의한 비트스트림 복제는 소유자의 재산권을 침해한다는 점에서 압수수색으로 보아야 하며, 복제본에 대한 수색은 원본에 대한 수색과 마찬가지로 취급하여야 한다고 주장한다. 디지털 증거 분석 단계에서는, 미국 판례가 상당히 넓게 인정하고 있는 ‘명백한 발견의 예외’는 일반영장 또는 탐색적 영장에 의한 압수수색을 저지하기 위해서 디지털 증거의 압수수색에는 적용을 제한하거나 배제해야 한다는 것이 이 논문의 주요 주장이다. This paper is a translation of the above mentioned article of Professor Orin. S. Kerr of George Washington University, School of Law. I think that Kerr’s article has offered a comprehensive look at the meaning of searches, seizures, and reasonableness in the context of digital evidence for the first time in the academic world of the USA, and that is the reason why I translated this article into Korean. I think that this article will be a useful academic source for the comparative study of the USA to the issue of digital evidence. Orin S. Kerr is a nationally recognized scholar of criminal procedure and computer crime law. Since he joined the faculty in 2001, his publications have been cited in over 2,000 articles and more than 200 judicial opinions. Professor Kerr is a former trial attorney in the Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section at the U.S. Department of Justice. He clerked for Justice Anthony M. Kennedy of the United States Supreme Court. Professor Kerr has argued cases in the United States Supreme Court and three federal circuits. He has testified six times before Congressional committees. In 2013, Chief Justice Roberts appointed Professor Kerr to serve on the Advisory Committee for the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Chief Justice Roberts appointed Professor Kerr again in 2015 to serve on the Judicial Conference’s committee to review the Criminal Justice Act. Professor Kerr has written more than 50 articles, he has authored and co-authored popular casebook (with Kamisar, Yale, et. al., Modern Criminal Procedure: Cases, Comments, and Questions. 14th ed. St. Paul, MN: West Academic Pub., 2015) and co-authored the leading criminal procedure treatise (with LaFave, Wayne, et al., Criminal Procedure. 4th ed. St. Paul, MN: West, 2015, Third edition published in 2009). In this article Professor Kerr try to develop a normative framework for applying the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution to searches of computer hard drives and other electronic storage devices. In advance he explores four basic differences between the dynamics of traditional home searches and the new computer searches that trigger a need to rethink how the Fourth Amendment applies. In the data acquisition stage of computer searches, according to Professor Kerr, a Fourth Amendment “search” occurs whenever data is exposed to human observation, such as through a computer monitor. Under this standard, retrieving evidence from a computer ordinarily should require a warrant or an applicable exception to the warrant requirement. He also argue that court should regulate generating a bitstream copy as a search or seizure based on its interference with the owner’s property right and apply the same rules that regulate searches of originals to searches of copies. In the data acquisition stage of computer searches, Professor Kerr’s main theme is that it needs to tighten or even eliminate the plain view exception for digital evidence to limit the invasiveness of searches to avoid creating the digital equivalent of general searches.
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Professionalization of Coaches to Reduce Emotionally Harmful Coaching Practices
Gretchen A. Kerr,Ashley E. Stirling 한국코칭능력개발원 2015 International Journal of Coaching Science Vol.9 No.1
While sport participation has been associated with numerous developmental benefits, the sport environment can also be harmful for many young athletes. Previous researchers have reported that harmful, emotionally abusive, coaching practices are experienced by many athletes and that these practices tend to be normalized by coaches, parents, and athletes alike (Kerr & Stirling, 2012; Stirling, 2013). Interestingly, the normalization of emotionally abusive coaching practices shares much in common with the historical acceptance of corporal punishment in schools (Gradinger, 2005). We propose that the process of abolition of corporal punishment from most Westernized schools may inform methods of eradicating emotionally abusive coaching practices from youth sport. Given the advancements made in education through the professionalization of teaching, it may be that the professionalization of coaching would stimulate similar benefits with respect to the quality of sport experiences for young people.
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AN ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY OF DAIRY FARMS IN FIJI
Kerr, D.V.,Fell, R.F.,Murray, A.J.,Chaseling, J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1995 Animal Bioscience Vol.8 No.5
A survey of physical inputs was conducted on the total population of dairy farms supplying milk to the Rewa cooperative dairy company in Fiji. The critical inputs associated with total farm milk production were determined using multiple regression, with analyses being conducted for each of the three identified supplier groups, bulk milk, canned milk and cream. Mean annual milk production per cow averaged 1460 (s.d. = 319), 889 (s.d. = 321) and 800 (s.d. = 451) litres for the bulk milk, canned milk and cream suppliers respectively. Stocking rate averaged 1.37 (s.d. = 1.18) cows per hectare over all farms. Inputs to pasture were universally low and Navua sedge (Cyperus aromaticus) was identified as a major weed. The average amount of supplement fed annually on a grain equivalent basis was 700 (s.d. = 984) kg per cow for bulk milk, 84 (s.d. = 198) kg per cow for canned milk and 146 (s.d. = 542) kg per cow for cream suppliers. The analysis of data from a small group of farms using nitrogen fertiliser indicated that their production levels were higher than the general population. This suggests that there is potential for the Fijian dairy industry to increase milk production through the use of higher inputs to cows and pastures. The regression models relating annual milk production from farms to the two key inputs of number of cows milked and the amount of supplement fed were all significant (p < 0.001). The coefficients of determination for these models ranged from 56.9 to 89.4 percent.
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Kerr, Clarr 연세대학교 교육연구소 1990 연세 교육연구 Vol.3 No.3
허친스는 대학총장이 지녀야 할 자질로써 네 가지를 들었는데 나는 그것들과는 약간 다른 세 가지의 자질을 들어보려고 한다. 그것은 판단ㆍ용기ㆍ인내이다. 이 세 가지 중에서도 가장 중요한 것은 인내이다 왜냐하면 인내에는 판단이나 욕기에는 거의 내포되어 있지 않은 관용이 들어있기 때문이다. 조정자는 정치적인 분규에서나, 산업체 내의 분쟁이나, 노사관계의 경우에서나, 혹은 가정에서의 다툼에 있어서까지도 반드시 비난을 받기 마련이다. 승리다운 승리를 거둔다는 것은 좀처럼 있을 수 없는 일이다. 그들은 최선을 얻는 것보다는 최악을 피하려고 노력해야 할 것이다. 그리하여 조직 내의 각 부문에다 평등하게 불만의 씨를 분배해 주는데 만족하지 않으면 안 될 것이다. 조정자는 자신의 성공적인 업적은 묵살되어 버리고, 실패를 불명예로 요란스럽게 지적당한다는 준엄한 사실을 감수해야만 한다. 다기능 종합대학교의 총장은 대학 내의 모든 구성요소들을 어느 정도 여유 있게 장악하고, 역사상 유례를 찾아 볼 수 없을 정도로 느릿느릿한 경쟁 속에서 전체를 일보라도 전진시킨다는 데에서 만족을 느껴야 할 것이다.
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FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCTIVITY ON DAIRY FARMS IN TROPICAL AND SUB-TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS
Kerr, D.V.,Davison, T.M.,Cowan, R.T.,Chaseling, J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1995 Animal Bioscience Vol.8 No.5
The major factors affecting productivity on daily farms in Queensland, Australia, were determined using the stepwise linear regression approach. The data were obtained from a survey conducted on the total population of daily farms in Queensland in 1987. These data were divided into six major dailying regions. The technique was applied using 12 independent variables believed by a panel of experienced research and extension personnel to exert the most influence on milk production. The regression equations were all significant (p < 0.001) with the percentage coefficients of determination ranging from 62 to 76% for equations developed using' total farm milk: production as the dependent variable. Three of the variables affecting total farm milk: production were found to be common to all six regions. These were; the amount of supplementary energy fed, the area set aside to irrigate winter feed and the size of the area used for dailying. Higher production farms appeared to be more efficient in that they consistently produced milk production levels higher than those estimated from the regression equation for their region. Other methods of analysis including robust regression and non linear regression techniques were unsuccessful in overcoming this problem and allowing development of a model appropriate for farms at all levels of production.
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Exploring the Use of Exercise as Punishment in Sport
Gretchen Kerr,Ashley Stirling,Ellen MacPherson,Jenessa Banwell,Ahad Bandealy,Cassidy Preston 한국코칭능력개발원 2016 International Journal of Coaching Science Vol.10 No.2
This exploratory study sought to examine the use of exercise as punishment in sport. Despite the existence of numerous policies that condone the use of exercise as punishment in sport and physical education settings, anecdotal evidence suggests it continues to be used as a coaching and teaching practice. To-date, very few studies have studied this phenomenon empirically. The purpose of this exploratory study therefore was to examine athletes’ experiences of the use of exercise as punishment, with a focus on the occurrence, types, precipitants, and perceived consequences of this practice. In the first phase of the study, 12 university-level football players were interviewed about their experiences of exercise as punishment. The findings from phase one, along with existing literature, were used to inform phase two of the study which involved the development and administration of a survey to undergraduate students in a kinesiology/physical education program (n=335) who had experiences in competitive sport. Taken together, the findings indicated that experiences of exercise as punishment are common, are typically administered by the head coach in public training settings as a result of poor athletic performance and behavioural infractions, and are reportedly associated with negative consequences for the athletes. The findings are interpreted to suggest that the coaching practice of administering exercise as punishment is a commonly accepted method of addressing undesirable performances and behaviours. As this study is exploratory in nature, numerous questions for future research remain including further study of coaches’ and athletes’ perspectives on the use of exercise as punishment, and contextual influences that enable the use of these practices. Implications for practice include education for coaches regarding alternative disciplinary strategies.
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