The relationship between childhood polyvictimization and subsequent mental health and substance misuse outcomes for incarcerated women

Kennedy, Stephanie Cameron The Florida State University 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Over the past four decades, the rate of incarcerated for US women has increased more than 700%. Although the rate of incarceration for US men has also increased dramatically, incarcerated women differ from their male counterparts in several key ways. Incarcerated women are more likely than incarcerated men to have less than a high school diploma (or equivalent), to be under- or unemployed, to have experienced homelessness, to be living in poverty at the time of their arrest, to have custody of minor children, and to come to prison with untreated physical and mental health issues (Bloom et al., 2004; DeHart, 2008). The largest disparities are reported on measures of drug use and drug crimes and experiences of interpersonal victimization (Belknap, 2007). The Gendered Pathways Perspective (GPP) identifies victimization as an important pathway to criminal behavior for women and girls, as approximately half of incarcerated women report being first arrested as juveniles, many of whom were running away to escape abuse. Incarcerated women and girls also indicate that they use drugs and alcohol, in some measure, to cope with their experience of violence (DeHart, 2009; Fuentes, 2014; Messina & Grella, 2006). Incarcerated women report much higher rates of victimization than women in the community, with estimates suggesting that more than two-thirds of incarcerated women have experienced either physical or sexual abuse in childhood (e.g., Kennedy, Tripodi, et al., 2015). However, there is evidence that experiences of victimization are rarely mutually exclusive, but rather that victimization tends to cluster for some individuals and in some environments (Finkelhor et al., 2007b). Although robust relationships between childhood polyvictimization (defined as multiple, cumulative forms of direct and indirect interpersonal violence) and a variety of criminal offending, re-victimization, mental health, and substance misuse outcomes are reported using samples of youth (e.g., Cyr et al., 2012; Ford et al., 2010), our understanding of how polyvictimization relates to these outcomes for incarcerated adult women is less clear. The current project examined polyvictimization and five interpersonal and behavioral health outcomes among a probability sample of 39 incarcerated women held in a state prison in Florida. The outcomes of interest were intimate partner violence victimization (IPVV), current incidence of dissociation, psychosis, and posttraumatic stress, and substance misuse in the year prior to incarceration. These outcomes were chosen because they are associated with women's crime, increase the risk for suicide attempts and interpersonal conflict during custody, and have been linked to recidivism after release (DeHart, 2008, 2009; Dowden & Brown, 2002; Lord, 2008; Salisbury & Van Voorhis, 2009; Wright et al., 2007; Zust, 2009). A cross-sectional survey design was used and all data was gathered via self-report during face-to-face interviews. For women in the sample, an increase in the number of cumulative victimization domains experienced in childhood was statistically significantly associated with increased dissociation and meeting criteria for a substance use disorder in the year prior to incarceration. Further, sexual assault statistically significantly moderated the relationship between polyvictimization and both dissociation and substance misuse for women in the sample. A positive effect was noted when looking at IPVV, psychosis, and posttraumatic stress, although the relationships in the current sample were statistically non-significant. Although the data did not permit precise estimates of the effect, the confidence intervals suggested moderate to strong effects that indicated concern about the relationship between polyvictimization and subsequent challenges. Understanding experiences of polyvictimization for incarcerated women, and how polyvictimization relates to subsequent IPVV, dissociation, psychosis, posttraumatic stress, and substance misuse, is of particular importance to the social work profession, as social workers provide the majority of behavioral health services in the US (Proctor, 2004). Social work is well positioned to lead community-based prevention efforts which address how experiences of violence and victimization can influence a woman's sense of herself in relationships and can serve to alienate her from family, school, and employment. If drugs and alcohol are used to cope with experiences of violence, social work prevention and intervention can highlight how substance misuse perpetuates experiences of victimization for at-risk women and girls, increasing risk for arrest and incarceration. Further, over the past decade, comprehensive mental health services have become increasingly available in women's prisons across the country (e.g., Daroowalla et al., 2005; Teplin et al., 1997; Wright et al., 2007). Social work professionals are well equipped to take a leadership role in therapeutic service delivery. More research is needed to examine polyvictimization among incarcerated adult women and evaluate the predictive utility of polyvictimization on negative outcomes among this population.

Three Essays on Job Creation and Destruction in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Firm Age, Size, Ownership and Regulatory Environment

Ochieng, Haggai Kennedy Otieno Kyung Hee University, Department of International 2018 국내박사

Essay 1: The Effects of Firm Age, Size and Ownership on Job Creation and Destruction in Developing Countries Unemployment is one of the most important challenges for developing countries. Yet as argued in most literature, small firms are believed to play a crucial role in job creation and industrial reorganization. This has been the basis for supporting small and medium firms in developed as well as developing countries. However, there is no sufficient evidence from developing countries to corroborate these assumptions. Most previous studies provide little insights as they omit age and ownership which are important variables in the analysis. Using enterprise survey data, this research investigates the role of firm age, size and ownership in job creation and destruction in developing countries. Based on OLS, the paper finds an inverse relationship between age and job creation. This result is consistent with the theory of market selection, which predicts that young firms are likely to create more jobs as they gradually acquire market knowledge. However, the relationship between size and net job creation even though positive, is statistically insignificant. Taken together, the results for age and size imply that age of the firm is the most important factor as young firms play a more crucial role especially with regard to net job creation. This implies that improving regulatory environment to enhance easy entry of firms in the economy can benefit developing countries and improve job creation. The results further show that foreign and state owned firms have higher net effect on job creation once interaction terms are allowed in the estimation model. On the other hand, the paper finds a significant and inverse relationship between size and gross job creation and gross job destruction. The implication is that small firms in these countries are more dynamic. As a result they can facilitate structural changes which requires firm flexibility. Essay 2: Job Creation and Destruction in Developing countries: Does Economic Transition and Resource rich Effects Matter? This paper investigates how firm age, size and ownership are related with job creation and destruction, and how these patterns differ across transition and non-transition economies, and resource rich and non-resource rich countries. Countries are identified by economic origin and resource richness because these factors can determine how various firms contribute to job creation and destruction. Regarding transition and non-transition samples, the analysis finds that age is inversely related with job creation in the two samples. This finding is consistent with the theory of the learning effect, which underscores the significance of young firms in job creation. The paper further finds an inverse relationship between size and gross job creation in the two groups of countries. However, there is divergence between the two samples; in non-transition economies, large firms have higher net job creation rate. On the contrary, in transition economies small firms exhibit higher net job creation rate. This implies that the role of firm size in job creation is moderated by transition effect. It could further imply that in transition economies, the market is not yet saturated. As a result, small firms find profitable market niches to expand. It can be hypothesized that once these economies get saturated these patterns might change to mimic those in non-transition economies. Another intriguing finding is that state owned firms do not underperform domestic private ones. The implication of this result is that these countries might be using soft budget constraint which allows state owned firms to overstaff. Finally, crowding out of small firms by large foreign owned firms is not evident in transition economies. With regard to resource richness categories, the paper finds evidence that young firms have higher job creation rate. These results are robust irrespective of country endowments. The analysis further finds a positive but insignificant association between size and net job creation in the two samples. Overall, these results confirm that the role of firm size in job creation is restrained by country characteristics. In contrast, age is a dependable predictor of job creation irrespective of country grouping. Furthermore, in resource rich countries state owned firms appear to be more stable, exhibiting lower rates of gross job creation, gross job destruction and net job creation. This suggests that these firms might be more concerned with preserving employment. Another important finding is that small firms in resource rich countries are less dynamic, implying they have do not have higher gross job creation and destruction rates relative to large firms. Even the higher gross job creation by small firms in this group is sensitive to the inclusion of age and ownership in the model. This low dynamism could be as a result of higher regulatory costs, bankruptcy and employment protection laws which reduce the flexibility of small firms by raising barriers to entry and exit. This is contrasts non-transition sample where small firms are quite dynamic. Lastly, crowding out of small domestic firms by large foreign owned firms is more pronounced in resource rich economies, a fact that may be partly attributed to resource richness in this group of countries.   Essay 3: The Effects of Regulatory Environment on Net Job Creation in Transition and Non-transition Developing Countries Academic researchers disagree on the most critical determinants of job creation. While some emphasize firm level characteristics and firm strategy, others argue that country characteristics such as regulations matter most. Most importantly, the development of regulatory systems vary between transition and non-transition economies. This suggests they provide different incentives for entrepreneurial development and could affect job creation differently at firm level. While most studies prove that economic regulations affect overall economic performance, no exhaustive evidence exist at micro-level. Using comprehensive data for institutional quality, labor market flexibility and financial market development, this research analyses their effect on net job creation at firm level. The results for transition sample show that the three variables are individually statically significant and positively related with net job creation. The results remain constant when a joint test of significance is performed on the variables simultaneously. When individual variables are run on the non-transition sample, institutional quality and labor market flexibility are statistically significant and positive. Nevertheless, financial market development shows a significant and negative coefficient when entered alone in the model. A joint test of significance for the non-transition sample shows that all the three variables have a positive and significant correlation with net job creation. The results also reveal that even after controlling for the intensity of regulatory environment, firm level variables are still important predictors of job creation in the two samples. The key finding is that despite differences in the evolution of regulatory systems between the two samples, both of their regulatory systems complement job creation at firm level. This contradicts theories which argue that transition economies have costly regulations that constrain firms more than those in non-transition economies. The overall implication is that less rigid regulations and coherent policies that are enforced with impartiality provide positive incentives for firms to expand.

Understanding genome structure, function, and evolution in the halophilic archaeon Halobacterium NRC-1

Kennedy, Sean P University of Massachusetts Amherst 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

The genome of Halobacterium NRC-1 is 2,571,010 bp and encodes 2,630 proteins. The genome is arranged into 3 replicons, a large chromosome and two smaller mini-chromosomes, pNRC100 and pNRC200. The mini-chromosomes share approximately 145 Kb of sequence similarity and harbor the majority of the 91 IS elements. This large amount of repeated DNA required mapping pNRC200 for final assembly of the genome sequence. The proteome of NRC-1 is extremely acidic, with an average pI of 4.9, and represents the major adaptation to the high internal salt concentration. Homology modeled structures showed the majority of additional charge is at the surface of the protein where it compensates for lower water activity and depressed dielectric constant to maintain solubility at saturating salt concentrations. GC and amino acid compositions reflect the extremely acid proteome. An overrepresentation of codons GAC and GAG, coding for aspartic acid and glutamic acid respectively, are found in the genome. NRC-1 showed extensive evidence of lateral gene transfer (LGT). Although 16S rDNA analysis shows halophiles to be a monophyletic group branching from the methanogens in the Euryarchaeota, several features important to environmental adaptation appear to be acquired laterally from bacteria. The nuo and men genes corresponding to electron transport were identified as laterally transferred, giving evidence of the evolutionary past of this halophile. Further analysis of local databases and the Clusters of Orthologous Genes (COG) databases revealed, among the 2411 non-redundant protein coding genes from NRC-1, 783 proteins with bacterial character by BLAST score. Phylogenetic analysis showed several biosynthetic, transport, and energy systems, including histidine utilization, purine metabolism, and glycerol utilization, were likely acquired by LGT. However, no link between the 91 IS elements and the laterally transferred genes was found. While the structure of the genome, with its three replicons, mini-chromosomes, IS elements, different GC-fractions, and observed plasticity, have been the driving force towards sequencing and subsequent analysis, the ultimate role of these various features remains mostly in the realm of the unknown. I discuss several scenarios to explain the presence of IS elements, duplication of genes, and overall genomic organization.

TOWARD A THEORY OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAITURE (PORTRAITURE)

KENNEDY, JOSEPH TERRY University of Georgia 1991 국내박사

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Characterization of a Sphingosine 1-phosphate Receptor Antagonist Prodrug

Kennedy, Perry Courtland University of Virginia 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a phospholipid that binds to a set of G protein-coupled receptors (S1P1 -- S1P5) to initiate an array of signaling cascades that impact cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, and migration. On a larger physiological scale, the effects of S1P on immune cell trafficking, vascular barrier integrity, angiogenesis, and heart rate have also been observed. An impetus for the characterization of S1P-initiated signaling effects came with the discovery that FTY720 (Fingolimod) modulates the immune system by acting as an agonist at S1P1. In the course of structure-activity relationship studies to understand better the functional chemical space around FTY720, we discovered conformationally-constrained FTY720 analogs that behave as S1P receptor (S1PR) type-selective antagonists. Here we present a pharmacological profile of a lead S1P1/3 antagonist prodrug, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-octylphenyl)cyclobutane (VPC03090). VPC03090 is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase 2 to form the competitive antagonist species, 3-(3-octylphenyl)-1-(phosphonooxymethyl)cyclobutane (VPC03090-P) as observed in GTP[gamma-35S] binding assays, with effects on downstream S1PR signaling confirmed by Western blot and calcium mobilization assays. Oral dosing of VPC03090 results in an approximate 1:1 phosphorylated : alcohol species ratio with a half-life of 30 hours in mice. As aberrant S1P signaling has been implicated in carcinogenesis, we applied VPC03090 in an immunocompetent mouse mammary cancer model to assess its anti-neoplastic potential. Treatment with VPC03090 significantly inhibited the growth of 4T1 primary tumors in mice. This result calls to attention the value of 51PR antagonists as not only research tools but also potential therapeutic agents.

(Re)Orchestrating the Musical: Postmodernism and the Electro-Acoustic Sound of Contemporary Broadway

Kennedy, Michael M University of Cincinnati ProQuest Dissertations & 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Orchestral sound has significantly contributed to the legacy of American musical theater, by serving as a fundamental indicator of style, expression, and production. Within the genre's network of collaboration, it is customarily the orchestrator and not the composer who is most responsible for molding a musical's distinct sonic palette realized in its orchestration. While scholarship has begun to address the art and craft of orchestrators in relation to early- and midtwentieth-century Broadway, the field's development since the 1970s has received little attention. During this period, musical theater's orchestral sound has undergone considerable change, amidst vast shifts in the genre's aesthetics and the rise of a late-capitalist economy that has affected Broadway's institutional practices and labor.This dissertation deconstructs notions of "the Broadway sound" and reconfigures it as something that is constantly transforming. A postmodern perspective of such change not only rejects the teleological continuum that devalues Broadway's post-"Golden Age," but also foregrounds various qualities that appear as distinct characteristics within contemporary orchestrations. Among the most prominent of these is the advancement of electronic instruments, particularly keyboards, synthesizers, sampler technology, and sequencers. Musical theater's integration of electro-acoustic ensembles also correlates to other facets of postmodernism, including stylistic hybridity and socio-cultural globalization. This study's interdisciplinary framework assesses three interlocking histories: developments of electronic instruments; the aesthetic and ideological tensions concerning liveness and the integration of electronic instruments in acoustic settings; and the dynamics of orchestral labor, pertaining to Broadway's orchestrators and musicians. Topics include scoring techniques, musico-dramatic interactions, production processes, critical reception, and the profiles and influence of different artistic personnel. Socio-economic studies of Broadway, archival materials, and interviews with various professionals reveal far-reaching implications of business practices and technological developments that have affected Broadway's sonic pluralism.Chapters proceed through different stages of music technology and their various influences on orchestrational techniques. Case studies present work from four of Broadway's leading orchestrators since the 1970s: Jonathan Tunick for Company (1970), Michael Starobin for Sunday in the Park with George (1984), William David Brohn for Miss Saigon (1991), and Alex Lacamoire for Hamilton (2015). Each case study focuses on the selection and application of instrumentation with particular attention given to electronic instruments and their interactions with acoustic ensembles. Interviews with these orchestrators and hermeneutic readings of their scores reveal idiosyncratic approaches to collaboration and orchestration, while also illustrating orchestral music's ability to evoke mood, advance narrative, promote continuity, and construct social meaning. Countering historical narratives that have maligned electronic instruments for devaluing Broadway's integrity, this study contributes to understanding the ways technological advancements have engendered the heterogeneous soundscape of postmodern musical theater.

The effects of combining cognitive/metacognitive strategy instruction with hypermedia on content literacy, locus of control, and attitudes toward science in adolescents with language-based learning disabilities

Kennedy, Carol Kahan New York University 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This study examined the effects of combining cognitive/metacognitive strategy instruction with an interactive hypermedia program in a science content area on content literacy, locus of control and attitudes toward studying science in adolescents with learning disabilities. This study evaluated whether any relationship exists between students' locus of control scores and their science knowledge acquisition. The hypermedia, program, contained text, audio and visual supports embedded instruction, and a format for students to enter their own paraphrases. The 27 inner city high school students with learning disabilities who participated in the study were randomly divided into treatment or control groups. The RAP Strategy (the Reading and Paraphradng Strategy) was taught to the treatment group only in several classroom sessions. Both treatment and control groups used the hypermedia program in computer labs. All subjects were administered the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory - High School Version (LASSI) as a pretest only to assess their equivalence in metacognitive skills. The treatment and control groups were compared on pre and posttest versions of the three outcome variables: the Nowicki-Strickland Internal External Locus of Control Scale for Children (NSIE), a Science Knowledge test on the selected passages in the hypermedia program, and The Attitudes Toward Studying Science as a Subject in School by Germann. Paraphrases that the subjects wrote in the hypermedia program were collected and analyzed for descriptive data. ANOVA's were conducted. Results indicate that there was no significant difference between pretest and posttest scores on the Science Knowledge Test, the NSIE or the Science Attitudes Test. A Pearson Correlation revealed no significant correlation between the posttest Science Knowledge scores and Science Attitudes scores. Two ANOVAs revealed a significant increase for the treatment group only on the NSIE in internal locus of control and more positive science attitudes from pre to posttest. The treatment group wrote more and higher quality RAPS than the control group, indicating that they grasped the ethical issues, and problem solving more than the treatment group. The results support the conclusion that students with LD can benefit from the combination of strategy instruction and hypermedia program in a content area.

Interpreting the artist's studio memorial: An exhibition strategy of museums of western art

Kennedy, Elizabeth Jayne University of Pennsylvania 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

As part of their interpretive strategy, museums of western art, those dedicated to valorizing western subjects, frequently incorporate an artist's studio memorial into their galleries to evince historical accuracy and, paradoxically, to evoke the creative process. This dissertation explores the role of the artist's studio memorial in altering the discourse on the “authenticity” of western art. Chapter One briefly surveys various nineteenth-century prototypes of American studio memorials and their relationships to other interpretative models in an overview of structures that have been the subject of historic preservation projects; the development of period rooms in art and history museums; and other approaches that link regional history or national ideals to specific buildings. Chapter Two examines the contrasting institutional rationales of two twentieth-century preserved artists' studios: sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens's studio in Cornish, New Hampshire, as a shrine to “genius,” and German émigré sculptor Elisabet Ney's Austin, Texas, studio memorial as a regional art museum. Chapter Three establishes Charles M. Russell's <italic> in situ</italic> log studio memorial in Great Falls, Montana, as the first museum of western art, a new type of American museum that blended aesthetic and documentary value in interpreting art. Installation of the Frederic Remington Studio Collection in the Whitney Gallery of Western Art in Cody, Wyoming, examined in Chapter Four, initiated the phenomenon of integrating studio artifacts into the art gallery, a technique refined over the years in a dialogue with the Gilcrease Museum in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The “western aesthetic” of an artist's studio, original or replicated, and its (re)location into museums of western art validated the art's historical authenticity, while ironically the displayed studio's evocation of artistic creativity and process simultaneously negated the art's “documentary” status. The ubiquitous studio exhibition in museums of western art is instrumental in reconstructing the creative foundations for western art and, thus, in restoring national mythology rather than regional identity as the primary enterprise of the genre of western art.

Functional abnormalities of the default network in autism

Kennedy, Daniel P University of California, San Diego 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

One of the most striking and debilitating features of autism is the profound impairment in social and emotional functioning. In recent years, the emergence of modern cognitive neuroscience techniques has led to a greater understanding of the neural bases of such abilities in healthy control subjects. However, very little is known regarding the neural bases of the impaired social and emotional functioning in individuals with autism. In the present series of studies, the functioning of the default network was examined across various task and non-task conditions. This network is comprised of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), retrosplenial cortex/posterior cingulate cortex (RSC/PCC), precuneus (PrC), and angular gyrus (ANG), among other regions, and typically activates during performance of tasks of a social, emotional, or self-referential introspective nature (e.g., social perception, emotion processing, mentalizing tasks, autobiographical recall, etc.). Furthermore, the default network maintains high levels of metabolic activity at rest, in the absence of any task demands, suggesting that ongoing unconstrained thoughts of a social, emotional, and introspective nature might be the natural, default state of the mind. In Chapter II, the default network activity in autism was examined during a resting condition and an implicit emotion processing condition. In both of these conditions, reduced levels of activity were found in regions of the default network. Furthermore, the degree of resting functional abnormality in the MPFC correlated to a clinical measure of social impairment. In Chapter III, these findings were extended by demonstrating reduced levels of functional connectivity within the default network at rest, with the reduction being particularly pronounced in the MPFC and left ANG. These reductions were not a pervasive feature of the resting brain, as no abnormality was found in a different network (i.e., the dorsal attention network). In Chapter IV, in order to determine whether default network regions are capable of being engaged under particular experimental circumstances, activity was measured during an explicitly-defined and experimentally-constrained self- and other-reflection task. Although subtle task-specific abnormalities in autism were found, the overall level of functional activity across all conditions was remarkably similar between groups. All together, these findings suggest that while the default network often does not engage under typical circumstances in individuals with autism, it is in fact capable of responding, given particular highly-specified experimental constraints. Further investigation of the nature of this engagement deficit might prove instrumental in elucidating the causes of autism, and may help to refine behavioral treatments.

Modulation of transcription elongation via the main channel of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase

Kennedy, Scott Robert The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Conformational changes in RNA polymerase play an important role in the regulation of transcription elongation. Previous work has demonstrated that RNA polymerase can exist in an activated state and an unactivated state which synthesizes RNA fast or slow, respectively. Additionally, the distribution of elongation complexes between these two states has been shown to be regulated by an allosteric; putatively located in the main channel of the enzyme. In this work, I determined that the proposed NTP binding site is located in the main channel of RNA polymerase and modulates elongation by using the i+2 nucleotide. Using site directed mutagenesis, I show that the allosteric site is composed of fork loop 2. Additionally, I show that there are two routes for NTPs to enter the catalytic site and that one of these entry routes is via the main channel. The main channel has been previously proposed; however, up to this point, there has been little experimental evidence supporting this idea. The data from my experiments, combined with structural evidence, I have put forth a model in which the allosteric NTP causes a conformational shift in RNAP that leads to rapid translocation and fast synthesis (ie. activated state). To further bolster the result that shows that fork loop 2 comprises an allosteric site, I also performed experiments on a mutant RNA polymerase in which a totally conserved Walker B motif that is in close proximity to fork loop 2 was removed via mutagenesis. My experimental results indicated that the Walker mutant has a reduced affinity for the allosteric NTP. These results, combined with the previous work on fork loop 2 mutants, strongly indicates that the main channel is heavily utilized in transcription elongation. Further studies will be needed to elucidated the details the role the main channel plays in transcription elongation.