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Kedao TONG 동국대학교 불교학술원 2023 International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Cultur Vol.33 No.1
Ethical concern for animals and the aspiration to make karmic merit have for centuries inspired Chinese Buddhists to release animals into nature and save them from the butcher’s knife. When performed as a routine communal event sponsored by lay-initiated Buddhist societies, animal release was a costly enterprise that required careful financial planning. Shifting our focus from the doctrinal, social, and ecological aspects of animal release to the less studied economic dimensions, this article explores the financing of communal animal release organized by specialized Buddhist societies. Using documentary sources that shed more light on the actual practice than the rhetoric, this article directs attention to a recurring concern among organizers of communal animal release about building financial security and securing long-term funding. Through an examination of fundraising proposals, accounting reports, and donation records preserved in epigraphical sources as well as modern Buddhist periodicals and newspapers, this article demonstrates that animal-release societies employed a wide range of methods to raise funds. While the use of some age-old fundraising methods attests to continuities in the economy of devotional Buddhist societies, the introduction of specialized endowment funds in the early twentieth century shows how organizers of communal animal release adapted their fundraising mechanism to the changing social, economic, and institutional circumstances in the modern era.
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( Yuying Wang ),( Xue Yan ),( Weiwei Zhang ),( Yuanyuan Liu ),( Deping Han ),( Kedao Teng ),( Yunfei Ma ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2019 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.29 No.6
Farm animals such as piglets are often affected by environmental stress, which can disturb the gut ecosystem. Antibiotics were commonly used to prevent diarrhea in weaned piglets, but this was banned by the European Union due to the development of antibiotic resistance. However, the use of probiotics instead of antibiotics may reduce the risk posed by pathogenic microorganisms and reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal diseases. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus casei Zhang on the mechanical barrier and immune function of early-weaned piglets infected using Escherichia coli K88 based on histomorphology and immunology. Fourteen-day-old weaned piglets were divided into a control group and experimental groups that were fed L. casei Zhang and infected with E. coli K88 with or without prefeeding and/or postfeeding of L. casei Zhang. The L. casei Zhang dose used was 107 CFU/g diet. Jejunum segments were obtained before histological, immunohistochemical, and western blot analyses were performed. In addition, the relative mRNA expression of toll receptors and cytokines was measured. Piglets fed L. casei Zhang showed significantly increased jejunum villus height, villus height-crypt depth ratio, muscle thickness, and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin. The use of L. casei Zhang effectively reduced intestinal inflammation after infection. We found that L. casei Zhang feeding prevented the jejunum damage induced by E. coli K88, suggesting that it may be a potential alternative to antibiotics for preventing diarrhea in early-weaned piglets.
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