The roles of dendritic spine shapes in Purkinje cells

Lee, Kea Joo,Kim, Hyun,Rhyu, Im Joo TAYLOR AND FRANCIS 2005 CEREBELLUM -BRUXELLES- Vol.4 No.2

<P>Shapes of dendritic spines are changed by various physiological or pathological states. The high degree of spine shape heterogeneity suggests that they would be the morphological basis for synaptic plasticity. An increasing number of proteins and signal transduction pathways have recently been shown to be associated with structural modifications of spines. Here, we review the possible functional roles of spine shapes in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Several studies have suggested that spine shapes in Purkinje cells are regulated by both intrinsic and environmental factors, and different spine shapes could have significantly different consequences for brain function. Clearly constricted necks observed in thin, mushroom-shaped, and branched spines serve for compartmentalization of calcium and other second messenger molecules, influencing different signaling mechanisms and synaptic plasticity. Mushroom-shaped spines frequently have perforated postsynaptic density and the area of the spine head is much larger than simple spines, implying that membrane dynamics and receptor turnover are occurring. Branched spines might form additional synapses with afferent inputs resulting in the modification of neuronal circuits. Taken together, all these studies suggest that each spine shape is likely to have a distinct role in Purkinje cell function.</P>

琵琶記의 女人像 : 明代戱曲의 女人類型 基二 - 賢婦 Types of Woman Pictured in Dramas of the Ming Era Expeciallay about the Type of "Xian Fu(賢婦)" a Lady Sage

李桂柱 淑明女子大學校 亞細亞女性問題硏究所 1976 아시아여성연구 Vol.15 No.-

In this article I attempted to derive and describe the type of $quot;Xian Fu$quot; a Lady Sage in the Chinese traditional society through the image of woman appeared. in $quot;Pi Pa Ji$quot;, a masterpiece in $quot;Ming Chuan Qi$quot; (明傳奇). This article also made a sequel. to the previous article of mine, $quot;Types of $quot;Jia Ren$quot; (佳人), a Beauty, and it was to analyze the aspects of woman continued from the previous article of mine among the three kinds of women's living aspects $quot;Xiao ,Jie$quot;(小姐), a Beauty, $quot;Fu$quot;(婦), a Lady, and $quot;Mu Xing$quot;(母性), Maternity. Especially as the Chinese ancient dramas had created $quot;Jia Ren$quot; a Beauty uniquely, so we could see here how a Lady Sage was formed, and it tried to derive a woman that was created literarily rather than as a woman really existed historically. In order to do so it first tried to define the conception of a Lady Sage by refering to $quot;Lie Nu¨ Zhuan$quot; (烈女傳) of $quot;Liu Xiang$quot; (劉向) of $quot;Qian Han$quot; (前漢). In the second chapter I attempted to introduce a brief outline of $quot;Pi Pa Ji$quot; -that is, the historical background in which $quot;.Pi Pa Ji$quot; was brought about, the cultural and spiritual background, the life of $quot;Gao Ming$quot; (高明), the author of $quot;Pi Pa Ji$quot;, the motive of writing this drama., the explanation of the origin of this work, and the difference and similarity between the origin of this work and this work, and also the meaning of them all. I tried to determine the position of $quot;Pi Pa Ji$quot; in the history of the Chinese dramas. In the third chapter I looked into the general concepts of piety (孝), what the substance of piety is, as it has been the practical moral in Chinese traditional society, making the foundation of Confucian thought, so that we can understand piety and chastity(孝貞), the consistent subject throughout $quot;Pi Pa Ji$quot;. In the fourth chapter I looked into how a Lady Sage in $quot;Pi Pa Ji$quot; was formed concretely, and the contrasting points in the background of social position of these two heroines, $quot;Niu Shi$quot; (牛民) and $quot;Zhao Wu Niang$quot; (趙五娘) in $quot;1'i Pa ji$quot; and analyzed the appearings of each background of social position of a Lady Sage Type. In contrast to this, as the result of my research on the attitude of $quot;Cai Yong$quot; (蔡邕), the hero of this drama, 1 could find out the man's moral in Ming Era can't be helped to be considered. quite low compared with the self-sacrificed high morality of women of those days. In conclusion, I could derive the fact that a woman in $quot;Pi Pa ji$quot;-a Lady Sage is also a sort of woman who can only be seen in the Chinese traditional society, literarily creased, being the image of woman so different from any other woman in the world literature. Therefore, when we look at it from our modern point of view, it is certainly a type of woman which should be overcome, however, this drama ends with happy ending, and, of course, we can say both of $quot;Zhao$quot; (趙) and $quot;Niu$quot; (牛) happy, yet I rather see the tragic nature of woman in Ming Era on the point that no other than this type of happiness coming around to those women.

Poster Session : Neurobiology: From Synapse to Memory ; Protein kinase C (PKC) increase the microtubule dynamics on axonal transport in hippocampal neurons

( Yeon Joo Jung ),( Kang Sik Seo ),( Kyoung Sub Song ),( Jong Seok Kim ),( Ji Hoon Park ),( Eun Jin Yun ),( Hoon Kim ),( Jun Young Heo ),( Kea Vin Jing ),( Jong Il Park ),( Gi Ryang Kweon ),( Wan Hee 한국생화학분자생물학회 (구 한국생화학회) 2007 생화학분자생물학회 춘계학술발표논문집 Vol.2007 No.-

Bax-dependent and -independent death of motoneurons after facial nerve injury in adult mice

Park, Ok-hee,Lee, Kea Joo,Rhyu, Im Joo,Geum, Dongho,Kim, Hyun,Buss, Robert,Oppenheim, Ronald W.,Sun, Woong Published on behalf of the European Neuroscience A 2007 The European journal of neuroscience Vol.26 No.6

<P>Abstract</P><P>Nerve injury-induced neuronal death may occur after accidental trauma or nerve inflammation. Although the response to facial root avulsion has been examined in rodent models, there are conflicting results as to whether motoneuron (MN) death is mediated by apoptosis or necrosis. We examined the response of MNs and proximal nerves after facial nerve avulsion in adult mice. Following facial nerve avulsion in 4–5-week-old mice, we observed a progressive reduction of MNs such that by 4 weeks less than 10% of avulsed MNs remained compared with the control side. The profile of MN degeneration was distinct from axotomy-induced responses. For example, the onset of MN death was more rapid, and the extent of MN loss was greater compared with axotomy. Furthermore, the degeneration of oligodendrocytes and the activation of microglia were increased in the proximal nerve after avulsion. Ultrastructural observations suggested that root avulsion mainly induces non-apoptotic neuronal death, although a small subset of neurons appeared to die via apoptosis. To evaluate the contribution of apoptotic death, we evaluated MN responses in Bax-knockout (KO) mice in which neurons are rescued from apoptotic death. Surprisingly, although the majority of Bax-KO mice exhibited only a moderate MN loss after avulsion, a subset of Bax-KO mice (25%) exhibited extensive MN death and injury-induced changes in the nerve that were indistinguishable from events in wild-type littermates. These results suggest that both Bax-dependent and -independent forms of cell death are evoked by root avulsion, and that programmed cell death may be involved in triggering a robust necrotic response.</P>

Macroscopic Plasticity in the Cerebellum of Basketball Players with MRI volumetry

In-Sung Park,Kea-Joo Lee,Soon-Wook Kwon,Won-Teak Lee,Kyung-Ah Park,Im-Joo Rhyu 대한체질인류학회 2006 대한체질인류학회 학술대회 연제 초록 Vol.49 No.-

Differential regulation of Purkinje cell dendritic spines in rolling mouse Nagoya (tg^rol/tg^rol), P/O type calcium channel (α1_A/Ca_v2.1) mutant

Sen-Ich Oda,Kea Joo Lee,Tatsuo Arii,Keiji Imoto,Byung-Hwa Hyun,In Sung Park,Hyun Kim,Im Joo Rhyu 대한해부학회 2010 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.43 No.3

Voltage dependent calcium channels (VDCC) participate in regulation of neuronal Ca²⁺. The Rolling mouse Nagoya (Cacna1a^tg-rol) is a spontaneous P/Q type VDCC mutant, which has been suggested as an animal model for some human neurological diseases such as autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (SCA6), familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia type-2. Morphology of Purkinje cell (PC) dendritic spine is suggested to be regulated by signal molecules such as Ca²⁺ and by interactions with afferent inputs. The amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic current was decreased in parallel fiber (PF) to PC synapses, whereas apparently increased in climbing fiber (CF) to PC synapses in rolling mice Nagoya. We have studied synaptic morphology changes in cerebella of this mutant strain. We previously found altered synapses between PF varicosity and PC dendritic spines. To study dendritic spine plasticity of PC in the condition of insufficient P/Q type VDCC function, we used high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM). We measured the density and length of PC dendritic spines at tertiary braches. We observed statistically a significant decrease in spine density as well as shorter spine length in rolling mice compared to wild type mice at tertiary dendritic braches. In proximal PC dendrites, however, there were more numerous dendritic spines in rolling mice Nagoya. The differential regulation of rolling PC spines at tertiary and proximal dendrites in rolling mice Nagoya suggests that two major excitatory afferent systems may be regulated reciprocally in the cerebellum of rolling mouse Nagoya.

Physical disector를 이용한 신경세포 및 신경연접 수의 측정

이계주,유임주,Lee, Kea-Joo,Rhyu, Im-Joo 한국현미경학회 2006 Applied microscopy Vol.36 No.2

신경연접은 다양한 생리적 또는 병적 상태에 반응하여 구조 및 수적 변화를 보이며, 신경연접의 밀도 변화는 신경세포의 활성 조절에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 특정 생리적 또는 병적 상태에서 신경연접의 밀도 변화를 명확히 이해하기 위해서는 정확한 정량방법을 이용한 밀도 측정이 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 physical disector법을 이용하여 흰쥐 뇌의 치아이랑에 위치하는 과립신경세포의 신경연접 수를 측정하였으며, 이를 통해 physical disector의 방법적 정확성을 확인하고자 하였다. 성체 흰쥐를 관류고정한 후 치아이랑의 연속 절편을 얻어 통상적인 전자현미경 시료제작법을 통해 Epon 혼합용액에 포매하였다. Physical disector법을 이용한 밀도 분석 시 연속절편의 정렬, 비교 및 disector frame이 필요하므로 Reconstruct 프로그램을 사용하였다. 동물 당 40장의 $1{\mu}m$ 연속절편을 제작하여 과립신경세포체의 밀도를 측정하였으며, 15장의 80nm연속절편으로부터 bidirectional disector법을 이용하여 과립신경세포와 내측 관통로(medial perforant path) 간 신경 연접의 밀도를 분석하였다. 과립신경세포의 세포체와 신경연접은 각각 과립층과 분자층에 위치하기 때문에 하나의 신경세포가 가지는 신경연접의 수를 측정하기 위해서는 각 층의 부피를 고려하는 것이 요구된다. 따라서 과립층에 대한 분자층의 부피비율을 측정하였다. 실험결과, 흰쥐 치아이랑에 위치하는 하나의 과립세포당 약 6,500개의 신경연접의 존재한다는 사실을 확인하였으며, 이는 다른 연구자들의 결과와 유사하였다. 본 연구로부터 physical disector법은 특정 생리적 또는 병적 조건에서 나타나는 신경세포 및 신경연접의 수적 변화를 정확히 측정할 수 있는 유용한 정량방법임을 알 수 있었다. 향후 physical disector법을 이용하여 다양한 실험동물모델의 신경연접 변화를 분석하는 것은 신경연접의 형태적 가소성을 이해하는데 이바지할 것으로 생각된다. The number and structure of synapses are dynamically changed in response to diverse physiological and pathological conditions. Since strength of synaptic transmission is closely related to the synaptic density on a neuron, both synaptogenesis and synapse loss may play important roles in controlling neuronal activity. Thus it is essential to estimate the number of synapses using an accurate quantitative method for better understanding of the numerical alteration of synapses under terrain experimental conditions. We applied physical disector principle to estimating the number of synapses per neuron in the dentate gyrus of adult mice. First, we measured the numerical density of granule cells using the physical disector principle. Second, the density of medial perforant path to granule cell synapses was estimated using the bidirectional physical disector. Then, the volume ratio of molecular layer to granule cell layer was measured. With these numerial values, we successfully calculated the number of synapses per neuron. Individual granule cells have approximately 6500 synapses in the dentate gyrus of adult mice $(6,545{\pm}330)$, which are comparable to those of other researchers. Our results showed that the estimation of synapse numbers per neuron using the physical disector principle would provide accurate and precise information on the numerical alteration of synapses in diverse physiological and pathological conditions. Following analyses of synapse numbers using this method will contribute to the better understanding of structural synaptic plasticity in a variety of experimental animal models.

피하 결절들에 대한 초음파 검사의 유용성 연구

조혜진 ( Hye Jin Cho ),이주흥 ( Joo Heung Lee ),양준모 ( Jun Mo Yang ),이일수 ( Eil Soo Lee ),김원석 ( Won Serk Kim ),이가영 ( Ga Young Lee ),김계정 ( Kea Jeung Kim ) 대한피부과학회 2007 大韓皮膚科學會誌 Vol.45 No.6

Background: Ultrasonographic imaging is very useful tool to determine various neoplasms and inflammatory changes of the human body. In addition, thanks to the use of various frequencies in ultrasonography, subcutaneous and some dermal lesions can be evaluated without invasive procedures such as a biopsy. Objective: This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of subcutaneous nodules. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 29 patients with subcutaneous nodules and analyzed the correlation between ultrasonographic findings and final biopsy findings. The HDI-5000 ultrasonography system (Philips, Eindhoven, Netherlands) with variable probes (from 5 to 12 MHz) was used in this study. Results: In 27 patients, ultrasonographic findings were matched with final biopsy findings. One pilomatricoma was misdiagnosed as a cyst and one hemangioma as lipoma. It was very interesting to find that two malignant tumors and one subcutaneous granuloma annulare were detected by ultrasonographic examination in the absence of any clinical clues. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is a very useful, noninvasive, easy to apply, and relatively predictive tool for the evaluation of subcutaneous nodules. Although a skin biopsy is necessary for final diagnosis, ultrasonography would be a good substitute in the diagnosis of subcutaneous nodules when the patient refuses a skin biopsy and the nodule is located in a highly cosmetic area. (Korean J Dermatol 2007;45(6):529∼533)

Clinical Features and Awareness of Hand Eczema in Korea

( Jae Beom Park ),( Seung Ho Lee ),( Kea Jeung Kim ),( Ga-Young Lee ),( Jun-Mo Yang ),( Do Won Kim ),( Seok Jong Lee ),( Cheol Heon Lee ),( Eun Joo Park ),( Kyu Han Kim ),( Hee Chul Eun ),( Sung Eun C 대한피부과학회 2016 Annals of Dermatology Vol.28 No.3

Background: Hand eczema is one of the most common skin disorders and negatively affects quality of life. However, a large-scale multicenter study investigating the clinical features of patients with hand eczema has not yet been conducted in Korea. Objective: To identify the prevalence of various hand diseases, which is defined as all cutaneous disease occurring in hands, and to investigate the clinical features of patients with hand eczema and the awareness about hand eczema in the general population and to compare the prevalence of hand eczema between health care providers and non-health care providers. Methods: To estimate the prevalence of hand diseases, we analyzed the medical records of patients from 24 medical centers. Patients were assessed by online and offline questionnaires. A 1,000 from general population and 913 hand eczema patients answered the questionnaire, for a total of 1,913 subjects. Results: The most common hand disease was irritant contact dermatitis. In an online survey, the lifetime prevalence of hand eczema was 31.2%. Hand eczema was more likely to occur in females (66.0%) and younger (20∼39 years, 53.9%). Health care providers and housewives were the occupations most frequently associated with hand eczema. Winter (33.6%) was the most common season which people experienced aggravation. The 63.0% and 67.0% answered that hand eczema hinders their personal relationship and negatively affects daily living activities, respectively. Conclusion: Hand eczema is a very common disease and hinders the quality of life. The appropriate identification of hand eczema is necessary to implement effective and efficient treatment. (Ann Dermatol 28(3) 335∼343, 2016)

Reconstruction of Neural Circuits Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy

Kim, Gyu Hyun,Lee, Sang-Hoon,Lee, Kea Joo Korean Society of Microscopy 2016 Applied microscopy Vol.46 No.2

Electron microscopy is currently the only available technique with a spatial resolution sufficient to identify fine neuronal processes and synaptic structures in densely packed neuropil. For large-scale volume reconstruction of neuronal connectivity, serial block-face scanning electron microscopy allows us to acquire thousands of serial images in an automated fashion and reconstruct neural circuits faster by reducing the alignment task. Here we introduce the whole reconstruction procedure of synaptic network in the rat hippocampal CA1 area and discuss technical issues to be resolved for improving image quality and segmentation. Compared to the serial section transmission electron microscopy, serial block-face scanning electron microscopy produced much reliable three-dimensional data sets and accelerated reconstruction by reducing the need of alignment and distortion adjustment. This approach will generate invaluable information on organizational features of our connectomes as well as diverse neurological disorders caused by synaptic impairments.