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Worldsheet analysis of gauge/gravity dualities
Azeyanagi, Tatsuo,Hanada, Masanori,Kawai, Hikaru,Matsuo, Yoshinori Elsevier 2009 Nuclear Physics, Section B Vol. No.
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Gauge/gravity dualities are investigated from the worldsheet point of view. In [H. Kawai, T. Suyama, AdS/CFT correspondence as a consequence of scale invariance, Nucl. Phys. B 789 (2008) 209, arXiv:0706.1163 [hep-th]; H. Kawai, T. Suyama, Some implications of perturbative approach to AdS/CFT correspondence, Nucl. Phys. B 794 (2008) 1, arXiv:0708.2463 [hep-th]], a duality between 4d SYM and supergravity on <SUB>AdS5</SUB>×<SUP>S5</SUP> has been partly explained by using an anisotropic scale invariance of worldsheet theory. In this paper, we refine the argument and generalize it to lower dimensional cases. We show the correspondence between the Wilson loops in (p+1)-d SYM and the minimal surface in the black <I>p</I>-brane background. Although the scale invariance does not exist in these cases, the generalized scale transformation can be utilized. We also find that the energy density of open strings can be related to the ADM mass of the <I>p</I>-brane without relying on this symmetry.</P>
Probing the Charge-Transfer Dynamics in DNA at the Single-Molecule Level
Kawai, Kiyohiko,Matsutani, Eri,Maruyama, Atsushi,Majima, Tetsuro American Chemical Society 2011 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.133 No.39
<P>Photoinduced charge-transfer fluorescence quenching of a fluorescent dye produces the nonemissive charge-separated state, and subsequent charge recombination makes the reaction reversible. While the information available from the photoinduced charge-transfer process provides the basis for monitoring the microenvironment around the fluorescent dyes and such monitoring is particularly important in live-cell imaging and DNA diagnosis, the information obtainable from the charge recombination process is usually overlooked. When looking at fluorescence emitted from each single fluorescent dye, photoinduced charge-transfer, charge-migration, and charge recombination cause a “blinking” of the fluorescence, in which the charge-recombination rate or the lifetime of the charge-separated state (τ) is supposed to be reflected in the duration of the off time during the single-molecule-level fluorescence measurement. Herein, based on our recently developed method for the direct observation of charge migration in DNA, we utilized DNA as a platform for spectroscopic investigations of charge-recombination dynamics for several fluorescent dyes: TAMRA, ATTO 655, and Alexa 532, which are used in single-molecule fluorescence measurements. Charge recombination dynamics were observed by transient absorption measurements, demonstrating that these fluorescent dyes can be used to monitor the charge-separation and charge-recombination events. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) of ATTO 655 modified DNA allowed the successful measurement of the charge-recombination dynamics in DNA at the single-molecule level. Utilizing the injected charge just like a pulse of sound, such as a “ping” in active sonar systems, information about the DNA sequence surrounding the fluorescent dye was read out by measuring the time it takes for the charge to return.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2011/jacsat.2011.133.issue-39/ja206325m/production/images/medium/ja-2011-06325m_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja206325m'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Hole Transfer in LNA and 5-Me-2′-deoxyzebularine-Modified DNA
Kawai, Kiyohiko,Hayashi, Mitsuo,Majima, Tetsuro American Chemical Society 2012 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.134 No.22
<P>We report the measurement of hole-transfer rate constants (<I>k</I><SUB>ht</SUB>) in locked nucleic acid (LNA) and 5-Me-2′-deoxyzebularine (<B>B</B>)-modified DNA. LNA modification, which makes DNA more rigid, caused a decrease of more than 2 orders of magnitude in <I>k</I><SUB>ht</SUB>, whereas <B>B</B> modification, which increases DNA flexibility, increased <I>k</I><SUB>ht</SUB> by more than 20-fold. The present results clearly showed that hole-transfer efficiency in DNA can be increased by increasing DNA flexibility.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2012/jacsat.2012.134.issue-22/ja302641e/production/images/medium/ja-2012-02641e_0004.gif'></P>
Kawai, Y,Osawa, T,Kobayashi, K,Inoue, R,Yamamoto, Y,Matsumoto, H,Nagao, K,Hara, T,Sakano, S,Nagamori, S,Matsuyama, H Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.14
Background: Factors predictive of survival have been identified in Western patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mCCRCC) treated with sunitinib. Less is known, however, about factors predictive of survival in Japanese patients. This study evaluated factors prognostic of survival in Japanese patients with mCCRCC treated with first-line sunitinib. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated 46 consecutive Japanese mCCRCC patients treated with sunitinib as first line therapy. Clinical and biochemical markers associated with progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed, with prognostic factors selected by uniand multivariate Cox regression analyses. Results: Univariate analysis showed that factors significantly associated with poor PFS included Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center poor risk scores, International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium poor risk and high (>0.5 mg/dl) serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (p<0.001 each). Multivariate analysis showed that high serum CRP was independently associated with poorer PFS (p=0.040). Six month disease control rate (complete response, partial response and stable disease) in response to sunitinib was significantly higher in patients with normal (${\leq}0.5mg/dl$) than elevated baseline CRP (p<0.001). Conclusions: CRP is a significant independent predictor of PFS for Japanese patients with mCCRCC treated with first-line sunitinib. Pretreatment CRP concentration may be a useful biomarker predicting response to sunitinib treatment.
Kawai, Hiroshi,Kamiya, Mitsunobu,Komatsu, Teruhisa,Nakaoka, Masahiro,Yamamoto, Tomoko,Marine Life Research Group of Takeno, Marine Life Research Group of Takeno The Korean Society of Phycology 2007 ALGAE Vol.22 No.1
In order to understand the impact of the heavy-oil pollution by the 1997 Nakhodka oil spill on the intertidal macroalgal vegetation, we have been monitoring succession in the intertidal flora since 1997 at Oh-ura, Takno, and Imago-Ura Cove, Kasumi in Hyogo Prefecture, northwestern coast of Honshu, Japan. We employed two different monitoring methods: 1) The percent cover of macro-algae (seaweeds) in 1 x 1 m quadrats along 450 m intertidal transects parallel to the shoreline were assessed and recorded by photographic imaging until 2002, and for 30-40 m transects of the most heavily polluted areas in 2004 and 2006; 2) The percent cover of macro-algae in 0.5 x 0.5 m quadrats along a transect line perpendicular to the shore were recorded and all macrophytes within the quadrat were completely removed to record the wet weight of each taxon (1997-2006). Based on the monitoring data, we conclude that the high intertidal zone at Imago-ura, where a large part of the stranded oil accumulated, suffered the heaviest damage and experienced the slowest recovery. In addition, although the original status of macroalgal vegetation before the impact was not well-documented, it appeared that recovery from the damage caused by the oil pollution required four to five years.
Reheating of the Universe as holographic thermalization
Kawai, S.,Nakayama, Y. North-Holland Pub. Co 2016 Physics letters. Section B Vol.759 No.-
<P>Assuming gauge/gravity correspondence we study reheating of the Universe using its holographic dual. Inflaton decay and thermalisation of the decay products correspond to collapse of a spherical shell and formation of a blackhole in the dual anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime. The reheating temperature is computed as the Hawking temperature of the developed blackhole probed by a dynamical boundary, and is determined by the inflaton energy density and the AdS radius, with corrections from the dynamics of the shell collapse. For given initial energy density of the inflaton field the holographic model typically gives lower reheating temperature than the instant reheating scenario, while it is shown to be safely within phenomenological bounds. (C) 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP(3).</P>