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Katja Berginc,Albin Kristl 한국식품영양과학회 2011 Journal of medicinal food Vol.14 No.1
HepG2 cell monolayers, formed during cell growth on collagen-coated Transwell® (Corning^ⓡ Inc., Corning, NY, USA) inserts, can be used for the evaluation of interactions between food supplements and drugs that are substrates for P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and/or multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP-2). Samples obtained during such permeability studies were relatively free of intracellular proteins or cell debris compared to usually performed uptake experiments with HepG2 cells; therefore no special preparation protocol prior to the analysis was needed. In the presence of aged garlic extract the activities of hepatic efflux transporters (Pgp, MRP-2) changed, which was observed as significant permeability changes of tested human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors. Darunavir efflux significantly increased, whereas that of saquinavir significantly decreased. Because of the observed in vitro interactions between aged garlic extract and HIV protease inhibitors (darunavir, saquinavir), any alterations of in vivo liver transport in the presence of garlic phytochemicals could also significantly influence darunavir/saquinavir hepatocyte intracellular concentrations and hence their bioavailabilities. Therefore this aspect needs further in vivo animal evaluation.
Visual Motion and the Perception of Surface Material
Doerschner, Katja,Fleming, Roland ,W.,Yilmaz, Ozgur,Schrater, Paul ,R.,Hartung, Bruce,Kersten, Daniel Elsevier 2011 Current biology Vol.21 No.23
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>Many critical perceptual judgments, from telling whether fruit is ripe to determining whether the ground is slippery, involve estimating the material properties of surfaces. Very little is known about how the brain recognizes materials, even though the problem is likely as important for survival as navigating or recognizing objects. Though previous research has focused nearly exclusively on the properties of static images [<ce:cross-refs refid='bib1 bib2 bib3 bib4 bib5 bib6 bib7 bib8 bib9 bib10 bib11 bib12 bib13 bib14 bib15 bib16'>1–16</ce:cross-refs>], recent evidence suggests that motion may affect the appearance of surface material [<ce:cross-refs refid='bib17 bib18 bib19'>17–19</ce:cross-refs>]. However, what kind of information motion conveys and how this information may be used by the brain is still unknown. Here, we identify three motion cues that the brain could rely on to distinguish between matte and shiny surfaces. We show that these motion measurements can override static cues, leading to dramatic changes in perceived material depending on the image motion characteristics. A classifier algorithm based on these cues correctly predicts both successes and some striking failures of human material perception. Together these results reveal a previously unknown use for optic flow in the perception of surface material properties.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► Image motion determines surface material appearance ► Optic flow characteristics predict surface material illusions</P>
Nilles, Katja,Theato, Patrick Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 Polymer chemistry Vol.2 No.2
<P>Homopolymers containing sulfonic ester side groups were synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization utilizing benzyl dithiobenzoate, cumyl dithiobenzoate, and 4-cyano-4-((thiobenzoyl)sulfanyl)pentanoic acid as chain transfer agents. Likewise diblock copolymers containing poly(styrene), poly(octylstyrene) and poly(pentafluorostyrene) as the second block were synthesized. Additionally, nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP) was investigated for the synthesis of a homopolymer as well as for a diblock copolymer. Furthermore, the post-polymerization functionalization with various amines to yield the respective sulfonamides was conducted. The conversion was analyzed by <SUP>1</SUP>H NMR spectroscopy, <SUP>19</SUP>F NMR spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy and in many cases a very high conversion (>96%) was observed. In addition the reaction kinetics of the post-polymerization functionalization of poly(pentafluorophenyl 4-vinylbenzene sulfonate) and the corresponding carboxyl ester poly(pentafluorophenyl 4-vinylbenzoate) were compared by analysis of the reactions by time-resolved <SUP>19</SUP>F NMR spectroscopy. It was found that poly(pentafluorophenyl 4-vinylbenzoate) showed a higher stability towards hydrolysis and a significantly higher reactivity, resulting in complete conversions with different amines.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Homopolymers and block copolymers containing sulfonic activated ester side groups were synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and the obtained poly(pentafluorophenyl 4-vinylbenzene sulfonate) was investigated in a post-polymerization functionalization with various amines to yield the respective sulfonamides. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c0py00261e'> </P>