Report of the CCQM-K97: measurement of arsenobetaine standard solution and arsenobetaine content in fish tissue (tunafish)

Ma, L D,Wang, J,WEI, C,Kuroiwa, T,Narukawa, T,Ito, N,HIOKI, A,CHIBA, K,Yim, Y H,Lee, K S,Lim, Y R,Turk, G C,Davis, C W,Mester, Z,Yang, L,McCooeye, M,Maxwell, P,Cankur, O,Tokman, N,Coskun, F G BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES 2017 METROLOGIA -BERLIN- Vol.54 No.-

<P></P> <P>The CCQM-K97 key comparison was organized by the inorganic analysis working group (IAWG) of CCQM as a follow-up to completed pilot study CCQM-P96 and P96.1 to test the abilities of the national metrology institutes to accurately quantitate the mass fraction of arsenobetaine (AsB) in standard solution and in fish tissue. A pilot study CCQM-P133 was parallelized with this key comparison. National Institute of Metrology (NIM), China and National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) acted as the coordinating laboratories.</P> <P>Six NMIs participated in CCQM-K97 and two institutes participated in CCQM-P133, and all of them submitted the results. Some NMIs submitted more than one results by different methods. The results were in excellent agreement with each other, and obviously better than those of previous P96 and P96.1. Therefore the calibrant which each NMI used was comparable. It shows that the capabilities of some of the participants have been improved after the previous pilot studies.</P> <H2>Main text</H2> <P> To reach the main text of this paper, click on <A HREF='http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/final_reports/QM/K97/CCQM-K97.pdf'>Final Report</A>. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database <A HREF='http://kcdb.bipm.org/'>kcdb.bipm.org/</A>.</P> <P>The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).</P>

Growth and Nutrient Utilization in Buffalo Calves Fed Urea-ammoniated Wheat Straw and Hydrochloric Acid plus Urea Treated Wheat Straw

Nair, P.V.,Verma, A.K.,Dass, R.S.,Mehra, U.R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.5

Ten growing male buffalo calves (aged 6-8 months, average body weight $88.2{\pm}0.57$ kg were divided randomly into two groups. Animals in group I were fed on concentrate mixture A (CP 20.2%, TDN 77.4%) and urea- ammoniated wheat straw (UAWS) while the animals in group II were fed on concentrate mixture B (CP 17.9%, TDN 77.6%) and HCl plus urea treated wheat straw (HCl UAWS) to meet their nutrient requirement for 500 g gain/d as per Kearl (1982). This feeding practice lasted for 120 days, during which fortnightly body weight were recorded to assess their growth rate. A metabolism trial was conducted after 90 days of experimental feeding to compare the digestibility of nutrients, their balance, plane of nutrition and relative cost of feeding in two groups of animals. Results revealed a significant increase in the CP content of ammoniated wheat straw due to addition of HCl viz 12.1% from 7.5%. There was a decrease in the intake of DM (p<0.05), OM (p<0.05), EE (p<0.05), NDF (p<0.01), ADF (p<0.01), cellulose (p<0.01) and hemicellulose (p<0.01) in group II as compared to group I. The digestibility (%) of DM, OM and CP was significantly (p<0.01) more in group II, whereas the digestibility (%) was significantly more for NDF (p<0.05) and hemicellulose (p<0.01) in group I than group II. There was no significant difference in the N, Ca and P balance in two groups. Intake of total DM (g/d) or (g/kg $W^{0.75}$) was significantly (p<0.01) more in group I as compared to group II, whereas the intake of DCP and TDN (g/d or g/kg $W^{0.75}$) was alike in two groups. The total body weight gain (kg), average daily gain (g/d) and feed conversion efficiency were significantly (p<0.01) more in UAWS fed group as compared to HCl UAWS fed group. Feeding cost (Rs./kg. weight gain) was significantly (p<0.05) more in group II as compared to group I. It is concluded that HCl UAWS is not suitable for the feeding of growing buffalo calves as it reduced the growth rate in comparison to UAWS fed buffalo calves.

Prevalences of Clonorchiasis and Metagonimiasis along Rivers in Jeonra-Nam-Do, Korea

Soh, C.T.,Lee, K.T.,Cho, K.M.,Ahn, Y.K.,Kim, S.J.,Chung, P.R.,Im, K.I.,Min, D.Y.,Lee, J.H.,Chang, J.K. INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE YONSEI UNIVERSITY 1976 YONSEI REPORTS ON TROPICAL MEDICINE Vol.7 No.1

전라남도 영산강 및 섬진강유역 주민의 간디스토마와 요꼬가와흡충 감염율의 조사 및 이들 패류매개성 기생충의 제1, 제2 중간숙주를 조사한 바 그 성적을 요약하면 다음과 같다(조사기간: 1975년 8,9월, 1976년 7,8월). 영산강 유역 영산강을 상류(YU), 중류(YM), 하류(YD)로 삼분하여 10개 표본지역을 선정, 조사하였다(표 1 참조). 상류는 광산군 송정읍의 상부지역으로 장성군과 담양군이 이에 해당되며 중류는 송정읍과 나주군 영산포읍 사이의 지역으로 광산군 일부와 나주군이 이에 해당되며 하류는 영산포읍이하의 나주군 일부와 함평군이 이에 해당된다. 1. 주민의 감열율 : 상류 3개지역, 중류 1개지역 그리고 하류 2개지역 등 6개지역 주민 359명을 대상으로 조사하였다. 상류지역의 간디스토마 감염율은 29.9%(69/231), 중류 38.5%(20/52), 하류 21.1%(16/76)이었다. 전체적으로는 29.2%(105/359)의 감염율을 나타내었으며 남자는 39.3%(79/201), 여자 15.4%(21/136)로 전자가 2.5배 이상의 감염상을 보였다. 2. 제 1 중간숙주 : 간디스토마의 제 1 중간숙주인 왜우렁(Parafossarulus manchouricus)의 조사는 상류 2개지역, 중류 4개지역, 하류 1개지역등 7개지역에서 채집한 980개를 검사하였으며 그 중 11개(1.1%)에서 간디스토마셀카리아를 검출하였다. 지역별로는 상류 1.8%(6/333), 중류 0.9%(5/553)가 양성이었으나 하류지역의 94개에서는 모두 음성이었다. 요꼬가와흡충의 제 1 중간숙주인 다슬기(Semisulcospira libertina)를 상, 중, 하류의 각 1개지역씩 3개지역에서 모두 179개를 채집하여 검사하였으나. 요꼬가와흡충 또는 페디스토마의 셀카리아는 검출할 수 없었다. 3. 제 2 중간숙주 : 전지역에서 9종의 담수어 263마리를 포획하여 검사한바 간디스토마메타셀카리아의 양성율은 참붕어에서 62.9%(22/35), 피리 5.7%(3/53), 납지리류 21.9%(7/32), 돌고기 17.6%(3/17), 그리고 끄리에서 14.3%(1/7)이었으나 붕어, 모래무지, 버들붕어 및 꺽지 등에서는 검출할 수 없었다. 요꼬가와흡충의 제2중간숙주인 은어는 채집 또는 포획할 수 없었다. 섬진강유역 전라남도 관내의 섬진강을 상, 중, 하류로 구분하여 각 유역별로 2개지역씩 선정, 6개지역에서 조사하였다(표 1 참조). Soh, C.T. et al. 표 1. 영산강 및 섬진강 유역 조사대상 지역 =================================================================================== 영산강 유역 ∥ 섬진강 유역 ------------------------------------------∥--------------------------------------- 지 역 *조사내용 ∥ 지 역 *조사내용 ------------------------------------------∥--------------------------------------- 상류 1. 장성군 황룡면 황룡리 P. 1.2. ∥상류 1. 곡성군 곡성면 동산리 P. 1. 2. 담양군 봉산면 삼지리 P. 1.2. ∥ 2. 곡성군 곡성면 석곡리 P. 1.2. 3. 담양군 금성면 금월리 P. ∥ 중류 1. 나주군 영산포읍 1. ∥중류 1. 구례군 구례읍 신월리 P. 1.2. 2. 나주군 산포면 산제리 1.2. ∥ 2. 곡성군 곡성면 압록리 2. 3. 나주군 남평면 남평리 1.2. ∥ 4. 광산군 동곡면 복용리 P. 1.2. ∥ 하류 1. 함평군 엄다면 학교리 P. 1.2. ∥하류 1. 광양군 다압면 신원리 2. 2. 나주군 다시면 신풍리 P. ∥ 2. 광양군 다압면 고사리 P. 1.2. 3. 나주군 문평면 용문리 2. ∥ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *(주) P: 주민 감염율조사. 1: 제1 중간숙주조사. 2: 제2 중간 숙주조사. 상류는 전라북도와 전라남도의 경계선 이하에서 곡성군 곡성읍 상부와 섬진강의 지류인 보성강유역이 해당되며 중류지역은 섬진강과 보성강이 합류되는 곳에서부터 광양군 다압면의 상류지역으로 곡성군 일부와 구례군이 이에 해당되며 하류는 다압면이하로 광양군이 해당된다. 1. 주민의 감염율 : 상류 2개지역, 중하류 각 1개지역 등 4개지역에서 296명을 대상으로 조사하였던바 전체적으로 간디스토마 충란양성자는 21명(7.1%)인데 비해 요꼬가와흡충충란 양성자는 123명(41.6%)이었으며 지역별 간디스토마의 감염율은 상류 5.6%(7/124), 중류 7.4%(6/81), 하류 8.8%(8/91)이었으며 요꼬가와흡충은 상류29.0%(36/124), 중류 58.0%(47/81), 하류 44.0%(40/91)이었다. 요꼬가와흡충충란양성자의 경우 남자는 55.5%(81/146)로 여자의 28.0%(42/150)보다 약 2배 가량 높은 감염율을 보였다. 요꼬가와흡충충란은 전 연령층에서 검출되었으나 간디스토마는 19세이하에서는 검출되지 않았다. 한편 두 흡충의 혼합감염율은 5.7%(17/296)이었다. 2. 제 1 중간숙주 : 왜우렁은 중류지방에서만 채집되었으나 간디스토마셀카리아를 검출치 못하였고 다슬기는 모두 663개를 채집하여 검사한바 62개(9.4%)에서 요꼬가와흡충셀카리아를 검출하였다. 이를 지역별로 보면 상류 9.2%(39/427), 중류 4.8%(3/62), 하류 11.5%(20/174)의 양성율을 보였다. 3. 제 2 중간숙주 : 전지역에서 10종의 담수어 175마리를 포획하여 검사하였으나 간디스토마메타셀카리아는 검출치 못 하였다. 그러나 그중 은어에서는 35마리 전부에서 요꼬가와흡충메타셀카리아를 검출하였다. 이상의 성적으로 보아 영산강유역은 간디스토마의 만연지역이나 요꼬가와흡충의 만연은 볼 수 없었다. 그러나 섬진강유역은 요꼬가와흡충 및 간디스토마의 만연지역이라고 볼 수 있으나 이 지역의 간디스토마감염이 토착성인지는 더 추구되어야 할 과제라고 본다.

Depressive Symptoms in Newly Diagnosed Lung Carcinoma: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors

K. K. Shahedah, M.Med.,S. H. How, M.Med.,A. R. Jamalludin, M.P.H.,M. T. Mohd Faiz, M.Med.,Y. C. Kuan, M.R.C.P.,C. K. Ong, M.R.C.P. 대한결핵및호흡기학회 2019 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.82 No.3

Background: Depression is a recognized complication of lung cancer underreported in developing countries such as Malaysia. Treating and identifying depression in cancer patients increases survival and quality of life. Our objectives are to study prevalence of depressive symptoms in newly diagnosed lung carcinoma, and examine the relationship of depressive symptoms with other influencing risk factors. Methods: A 2-year, cross sectional study February 2015–February 2017, was conducted at Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, and Penang General Hospital. One hundred and three patients with newly diagnosed, biopsy confirmed primary lung carcinoma were recruited. Self-rated patient’s identification sheet, validated Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D), and Dukes University Religion Index score from three different main languages were used. Results: Prevalence of current depressive symptoms (CES-D total score ≥16) is 37.9%. The result suggests prevalence of those at high risk of moderate to major depression, may need treatment. Multivariate analysis reveals those with good Eastern Cooperation Oncology Group factor (η2=0.24, p<0.001) married (η2=0.14, p<0.001) with intrinsic religiosity (IR) (η2=0.07, p<0.02) are more resistant to depression. Conclusion: One in three of lung carcinoma patients, are at increased risk for depression. Clinicians should be aware that risk is highest in those with poor performance status, single, and with poor IR. We suggest routine screening of depression symptoms as it is feasible, to be performed during a regular clinic visit with immediate referral to psychiatrist when indicated.

Strange meson production in Al+Al collisions at 1.9 A GeV

Gasik, P.,Piasecki, K.,Herrmann, N.,Leifels, Y.,Matulewicz, T.,Andronic, A.,Averbeck, R.,Barret, V.,Basrak, Z.,Bastid, N.,Benabderrahmane, M. L.,Berger, M.,Buehler, P.,Cargnelli, M.,Č,aplar, R.,C Springer 2016 European Physical Journal A Vol.52 No.6

<P>The production of K+, K- and phi(1020) mesons is studied in Al+Al collisions at a beam energy of 1.9 A GeV which is close to or below the production threshold in NN reactions. Inverse slopes, anisotropy parameters, and total emission yields of K-+/- mesons are obtained. A comparison of the ratio of kinetic energy distributions of K- and K+ mesons to the HSD transport model calculations suggests that the inclusion of the in-medium modifications of kaon properties is necessary to reproduce the ratio. The inverse slope and total yield of phi mesons are deduced. The contribution to K- production from phi meson decays is found to be [17 +/- 3(stat)(-7)(+2) (syst)]%. The results are in line with the previous K-+/- and phi data obtained for different colliding systems at similar incident beam energies.</P>

The multiple merger assembly of a hyperluminous obscured quasar at redshift 4.6

Dí,az-Santos, T.,Assef, R. J.,Blain, A. W.,Aravena, M.,Stern, D.,Tsai, C.-W.,Eisenhardt, P.,Wu, J.,Jun, H. D.,Dibert, K.,Inami, H.,Lansbury, G.,Leclercq, F. American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2018 Science Vol.362 No.6418

<P><B>Mergers drive a powerful dusty quasar</B></P><P>Massive galaxies in the early Universe host supermassive black holes at their centers. When material falls toward the black hole, it releases energy and is observed as a quasar. Astronomers found a population of powerful distant quasars that are obscured by dust, but it has been unclear how they are formed. Díaz-Santos <I>et al.</I> observed the dust-obscured quasar WISE J224607.56-052634.9 at submillimeter wavelengths, finding three small companion galaxies connected to the quasar by bridges of gas and dust. They inferred that galaxy mergers can provide both the raw material to power a quasar and large quantities of dust to obscure it.</P><P><I>Science</I>, this issue p. 1034</P><P>Galaxy mergers and gas accretion from the cosmic web drove the growth of galaxies and their central black holes at early epochs. We report spectroscopic imaging of a multiple merger event in the most luminous known galaxy, WISE J224607.56−052634.9 (W2246−0526), a dust-obscured quasar at redshift 4.6, 1.3 billion years after the Big Bang. Far-infrared dust continuum observations show three galaxy companions around W2246−0526 with disturbed morphologies, connected by streams of dust likely produced by the dynamical interaction. The detection of tidal dusty bridges shows that W2246−0526 is accreting its neighbors, suggesting that merger activity may be a dominant mechanism through which the most luminous galaxies simultaneously obscure and feed their central supermassive black holes.</P>

Local structures and electronic band states of α−Fe2O3 polycrystalline particles in the glazes of the HIZEN celadons produced in the Edo period of Japan, by means of X-ray absorption spectra (II)

Hidaka, M.,Ohashi, K.,Wijesundera, R. P.,Kumara, L. S. R.,Sugihara, S.,Momoshima, N.,Kubuki, S.,Sung, N. E. SciELO 2011 Cerâmica Vol.57 No.342

<▼1><P>HIZEN celadon glazes produced in 1630's to 1790's (Edo period, Japan) have been investigated by means of X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) near a Fe-K edge by using synchrotron radiation and a Mössbauer spectrum. The XAS suggest that the local structure around Fe2O3 fine powders is slightly different between the Izumiyama ceramics of mainly the Quartz-SiO2 and Ohkawachi ceramics of mainly the feldspar of (K,Na)Si3O8 (Sanidine), and that the glazes of the HIZEN celadons include the Fe2O3 fine powders in the glassy state, though the X-ray diffraction patterns of the glassy celadon glazes do not show any peaks of the Fe2O3 structure. The Mössbauer spectrum suggests that the celadon glaze of Seiji (m) includes only Fe3+ ions, but not Fe2+ ions. This indicates the existence of Fe2O3 in the celadon glaze. It is interpreted that the colored brightness of the HIZEN celadons is induced by the structural properties of the used raw celadon ceramics and the other transition-metal ions of Cr, Cu, Zn in the celadon glazes, but not by the chemical reaction from Fe2O3 to FeO under the deoxidizing thermal treatment at higher temperature in a kiln.</P></▼1><▼2><P>Esmaltes de celadon Hizen produzidos dos anos 1630 a 1790 (período Edo, Japão) foram investigados por meio de espectros de absorção de raios X (XAS) próximos da linha Fe-K usando radiação síncrotron e espectro Mossbaues. Os resultados de XAS sugerem que a estrutura local em pós finos de Fe2O3 é levemente diferente entre as cerâmicas Izumiyama principalmente o quartzo e cerâmicas Ohkawachi principalmente do feldspato (K,Na)Si3O8 (Sanidine), e que os esmaltes dos celadons Hizen incluem finos pós de Fe2O3 no estado vítreo, embora os difratogramas de raios X dos esmaltes celadon não mostrem picos da estrutura do Fe2O3. O espectro Mossbauer sugere que os esmaltes celadon de Seiji (m) incluem somente íons Fe3+, mas não Fe2+. Isto indica a existência de Fe2O3 no esmalte celadon. É feita a interpretação que o brilho nas cores dos celadons Hizen é induzido pelas propriedades estruturais das cerâmicas básicas de celadon e os outros metais de transição Cr, Cu, Zn nos esmaltes celadon, mas não pela reação química entre Fe2O3 para FeO sob tratamento térmico desoxidante em forno a altas temperaturas.</P></▼2>

Cobalt substituted layered O3 and P2-type Na-Ti-Ni-Co-O anode materials for emerging sodium-ion batteries

K. Kannan,M. Kouthaman,P. Arjunan,R. Subadevi,M. Sivakumar 한국공업화학회 2021 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.102 No.-

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as a propitious candidate for large scale energy storage devicesdue to the copious of sodium resources in earth crust and low cost. In this work, layered Cobalt (Co) substitutedO3-type NaTi0.6Ni0.3Co0.1O2 (O3-NTNC) and P2-type Na0.5Ti0.6Ni0.3Co0.1O2 (P2-NTNC) anodematerials were prepared by solid-state reaction for SIBs. The prepared O3-NTNC and P2-NTNC can beassigned to rhombohedral and hexagonal structure with the space group of R-3m and P63/mmc respectively,using Rietveld refinement. O3-NTNC and P2-NTNC delivered the reversible capacity of 108 and96 mAh g 1 at 0.1C and revealed coulombic efficiency over 90% even after 50 cycles. In addition, partialCo-substitution enhanced the structural stability of the obtained materials during sodiation and desodiationprocess.

GW170817: Measurements of Neutron Star Radii and Equation of State

Abbott, B. P.,Abbott, R.,Abbott, T. D.,Acernese, F.,Ackley, K.,Adams, C.,Adams, T.,Addesso, P.,Adhikari, R. X.,Adya, V. B.,Affeldt, C.,Agarwal, B.,Agathos, M.,Agatsuma, K.,Aggarwal, N.,Aguiar, O. D.,A American Physical Society 2018 Physical Review Letters Vol.121 No.16

<P>On 17 August 2017, the LIGO and Virgo observatories made the first direct detection of gravitational waves from the coalescence of a neutron star binary system. The detection of this gravitational-wave signal, GW170817, offers a novel opportunity to directly probe the properties of matter at the extreme conditions found in the interior of these stars. The initial, minimal-assumption analysis of the LIGO and Virgo data placed constraints on the tidal effects of the coalescing bodies, which were then translated to constraints on neutron star radii. Here, we expand upon previous analyses by working under the hypothesis that both bodies were neutron stars that are described by the same equation of state and have spins within the range observed in Galactic binary neutron stars. Our analysis employs two methods: the use of equation-of-state-insensitive relations between various macroscopic properties of the neutron stars and the use of an efficient parametrization of the defining function p(rho) of the equation of state itself. From the LIGO and Virgo data alone and the first method, we measure the two neutron star radii as R-1 = 10.8(-1.7)(+2.0) km for the heavier star and R-2 = 10.7(-1.5)(+2.1) km for the lighter star at the 90% credible level. If we additionally require that the equation of state supports neutron stars with masses larger than 1.97 M-circle dot as required from electromagnetic observations and employ the equation-of-state parametrization, we further constrain R-1 = 11.9(-1.4)(+1.4) km and R-2 = 11.9(-1.4)(+1.4) km at the 90% credible level. Finally, we obtain constraints on p(rho) at supranuclear densities, with pressure at twice nuclear saturation density measured at 3.5(-1.7)(+2.7) x 10(34) dyn cm(-2) at the 90% level.</P>

Ad libitum Pasture Feeding in Late Pregnancy Does Not Improve the Performance of Twin-bearing Ewes and Their Lambs

R.A. Corner-Thomas,P.J. Back,P.R. Kenyon,R.E. Hickson,A.L. Ridler,K.J. Stafford,S.T. Morris 아세아·태평양축산학회 2015 Animal Bioscience Vol.28 No.3

The present study evaluated the effect of controlled ryegrass-white clover herbage availability from day 128 until day 142 of pregnancy in comparison to unrestricted availability, on the performance of twin-bearing ewes of varying body condition score (BCS; 2.0, 2.5, or 3.0) and their lambs. It was hypothesised that under conditions of controlled herbage availability, the performance of lambs born to ewes with a greater BCS would be greater than those born to ewes with a lower BCS. During the period that the nutritional regimens were imposed, the pre- and post-grazing herbage masses of the Control regimen (1,070±69 and 801±30 kg dry matter [DM]/ha) were lower than the ad libitum regimen (1,784±69 and 1,333±33 kg DM/ha; p<0.05). The average herbage masses during lactation were 1,410±31 kg DM/ha. Nutritional regimen had no effect on ewe live weight, BCS and back fat depth or on lamb live weight, indices of colostrum uptake, maximal heat production, total litter weight weaned or survival to weaning (p>0.05). The difference in ewe BCSs and back fats observed among body condition groups was maintained throughout pregnancy (p<0.05). At weaning, ewes from the BCS2.0 group had lower BCS and live weight (2.4±0.2, 74.3±2.6 kg) than both the BCS2.5 (2.6±0.2, 78.6±2.4 kg) and BCS3.0 ewes (2.7±0.2, 79.0±2.6 kg; p<0.05), which did not differ (p>0.05). Ewe BCS group had no effect on lamb live weight at birth or weaning or on maximal heat production (p>0.05). Serum gamma glutamyl transferase concentrations of lambs born to BCS3.0 ewes were higher within 36 hours of birth than lambs born to BCS2.0 ewes and BCS2.5 ewes (51.8±1.9 vs 46.5±1.9 and 45.6±1.9 IU/mL, respectively [p<0.05]). There was, however, no effect of ewe body condition on lamb plasma glucose concentration (p>0.05). Lamb survival was the only lamb parameter that showed an interaction between ewe nutritional regimen and ewe BCS whereby survival of lambs born to BCS2.5 and BCS3.0 ewes differed but only within the Control nutritional regimen ewes (p<0.05). These results indicate farmers can provide twin-bearing ewes with pre- and post-grazing ryegrass-white clover herbage covers of approximately 1,100 and 800 kg DM/ha in late pregnancy, provided that herbage covers are 1400 in lactation, without affecting lamb performance to weaning. The present results also indicate that under these grazing conditions, there is little difference in ewe performance within the BCS range of 2.0 to 3.0 and therefore they do not need to be managed separately.