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EVALUATING THE PROCESS OF A RESTORATIVE JUSTICE CONFERENCE
Hee Joo Kim,Jurg Gerber 아시아경찰학회 2010 Asia Pacific Journal of Police & Criminal Justice Vol.8 No.2
This paper evaluates the process of diversionary restorative justice (RJ) conferences. Based on Braithwaite’s theory of reintegrative shaming (1989), RJ conferences are considered a successful means of effective crime control. Australian Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE) have been examined in many ways. Previous studies, while defining the impact of RJ conferences very narrowly, focused on general effects such as victim satisfaction, recidivism rates, and changes in the attitudes of offenders (Strang, Barnes, Braithwaite, & Sherman, 1999). However, the most significant factor to be seen is whether the RJ conference results in reintegrative shaming. The factors that constitute this kind of process have not been studied adequately. Using Australian data from RISE between 1995 and 1999, this paper investigates factors that contribute to the degree of reintegrative shaming during the conference, and determines what causes this. A total of 136 juvenile offenders who were involved in property crime, shoplifting, and violent offenses were randomly assigned to RISE, and data were taken from observations by RISE staff. Results show that existing positive attachments between the offenders and their supporters, feelings of repentance, and emotional responsiveness could create reintegrative shaming. This finding supports elements of Braithwaite’s theory that emphasizes the importance of the repentant role(p. 162) and positive attachment to institutions such as family, school, and work.
We Just Do What We Think Is Right. We Just Do What We Are Told'
Hee Young Lee,Jurg Gerber 아시아경찰학회 2009 Asia Pacific Journal of Police & Criminal Justice Vol.7 No.1
Because of its enigmatic character North Korea is known as the "hermit kingdom." There is little literature on North Korea's criminal justice system due to the restricted access to information on North Korea. Much of the current information on North Korea's society is obtained through North Korean defectors. This study uses a descriptive analysis of qualitative data obtained from interviews with North Korean defectors residing in South Korea to examine their perception of crime and justice in North Korea. In addition, published testimonies of North Korean defectors were incorporated in the analysis. The findings of this study are significant in understanding the North Korean society in relation to crime and give us a criminological insight into North Korea's criminal justice system.
Dong Jin Kim,Dong Ig Lee,Gi Cheol Cha,Jurg Keller 대한환경공학회 2008 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.13 No.3
Free ammonia (NH₃-N) inhibition of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) has been widely studied for partial nitrification (or nitrite accumulation) and denitrification via nitrite (NO₂-(-N)) as a low-cost treatment of ammonium containing wastewater. The literature on NH₃-N inhibition of NOB, however, shows disagreement about the threshold NH₃-N concentration and its degree of inhibition. In order to clarify the confusion, a simple and cheap respirometric method was devised to investigate the effect of free ammonia inhibition of NOB. Sludge samples from an autotrophic nitrifying reactor were exposed to various NH₃-N concentrations to measure the maximum specific nitrite oxidation rate (K(NO)) using a respirometer. NOB biomass was estimated from the yield values in the literature. Free ammonia inhibition of nitrite oxidizing bacteria was reversible and the specific nitrite oxidation rate (KNO) decreased from 0.141 to 0.116, 0.100, 0.097 and 0.081 mg NO₂-(-N)/mg NOB·h, respectively, as the NH₃-N concentration increased from 0.0 to 1.0, 4.1, 9.7 and 22.9 mg/L. A nonlinear regression based on the noncompetitive inhibition mode gave an estimate of the Inhibition concentration (K(I)) of free ammonia to be 21.3 mg NH₃-N/L. Previous studies gave (K(NO)) of Nitrobacter and Nitrospira as 0.120 and 0.032 mg/mg VSS·h. The free ammonia concentration which inhibits Nitrobacter was 30~50 mg NH₃-N/L and Nitrospira was inhibited at 0.04~0.08 mg NH₃-N/L. The results support the fact that Nitrobacter is the dominant NOB in the reactor. The variations in the reported values of free ammonia inhibition may be due to the different species of nitrite oxidizers present in the reactors. The respirometric method provides rapid and reliable analysis of the behavior and community of the nitrite oxidizing bacteria.
Javier Mallol,Dirceu Solé,Luis Garcia-Marcos,Nelson Rosario,Viviana Aguirre,Herberto Chong,Marilyn Urrutia-Pereira,Gabriela Szulman,Jurg Niederbacher,Erika Arruda-Chavez,Eliana Toledo,Lillian Sánchez 대한천식알레르기학회 2016 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.8 No.1
Purpose: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of recurrent wheezing (RW) defined as ≥3 episodes of wheezing, risk factors, and treatments prescribed during the first year of life in Latin American infants. Methods: In this international, cross-sectional, and community-based study, parents of 12,405 infants from 11 centers in 6 South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Uruguay) completed a questionnaire about wheezing and associated risk/protective factors, asthma medications, and the frequency of and indications for the prescription of antibiotics and paracetamol during the first year of life. Results: The prevalence of RW was 16.6% (95% CI 16.0-17.3); of the 12,405 infants, 72.7% (95% CI 70.7-74.6) visited the Emergency Department for wheezing, and 29.7% (27.7-31.7) was admitted. Regarding treatment, 49.1% of RW infants received inhaled corticosteroids, 55.7% oral corticosteroids, 26.3% antileukotrienes, 22.9% antibiotics ≥4 times mainly for common colds, wheezing, and pharyngitis, and 57.5% paracetamol ≥4 times. Tobacco smoking during pregnancy, household income per month <1,000 USD, history of parental asthma, male gender, and nursery school attendance were significant risk factors for higher prevalence and severity of RW, whereas breast-feeding for at least 3 months was a significant protective factor. Pneumonia and admissions for pneumonia were significantly higher in infants with RW as compared to the whole sample (3.5-fold and 3.7-fold, respectively). Conclusions: RW affects 1.6 out of 10 infants during the first year of life, with a high prevalence of severe episodes, frequent visits to the Emergency Department, and frequent admissions for wheezing. Besides the elevated prescription of asthma medications, there is an excessive use of antibiotics and paracetamol in infants with RW and also in the whole sample, which is mainly related to common colds.
Response of the topological surface state to surface disorder in TiBiSe₂
Florian PIELMEIER,Gabriel LANDOLT,Bartosz SLOMSKI,Stefan MUFF,Julian BERWANGER,Andreas EICH,Alexander A KHAJETOORIANS,Jens WIEBE,Ziya S ALIEV,Mahammad B BABANLY,Roland WIESENDANGER,Jurg OSTERWALDER,Ev 한국진공학회 2016 한국진공학회 학술발표회초록집 Vol.2016 No.8