간호대생과 의대생의 간호사 이미지 비교

구민진,김수영,방정민,서아영,양희진,윤소람,이윤재,이재은,이지연,정윤경,최수정 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2014 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.48

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the difference in the perception that nursing students and medical students have regarding the image of nurses. Method: The sampling group for this study was made up of 111 nursing students and 117 medicine students, conducted from the 19th August 2013 to 3rd September 2013. The tool used for this study is the “Nurse Image Scale”. The data is analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 program, technical stats, t-test and ANOVA with Scheffe test. Result: There was a notable difference in the results(t=6.94, p<001), with the average image perception score of nurses at 3.84±0.34 amongst nursing students being higher than the 3.50±0.38 amongst Medicine students. The average score of the 4 areas tested, “Qualification of a Nurse”, “Role of a Nurse”, “Social Participation of a Nurse” and “Interpersonal Skills of a Nurse” were all marked higher by the nursing students than the medicine students. The average score became notably higher as the period of practice became shorter with nursing students (F=4.21, p=.043). Furthermore, the average score for the “Qualification of a Nurse” was notably higher as the period of practice became shorter (F=3.98, p=.049). Medical students gave an average score for the “Qualification of a Nurse”(F=3.72, p=.027) and the “Interpersonal Skills of a Nurse”(F=4.11, p=.019) which was relative to the development of a nurse’s image, while the average score for the “Role of a Nurse” was notably higher with a longer period of practice(F=6.65, p=.011). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the image perception of a nurse can vary depending on the experience in period of practice. Therefore, together with this study conducted with nursing students and medicine students, there is a need for further studies conducted on image perception of nurses with various experience in period of practice.

A형 간염의 자연항체와 예방접종을 통한 항체 생성률의 역가 비교분석

권원현,김경화,조경아,문기춘,김정인,이인원,Kwon, Won Hyun,Kim, Kyung Hwa,Cho, Kyung A,Moon, Ki Choon,Kim, Jung In,Lee, In Won 대한핵의학기술학회 2013 핵의학 기술 Vol.17 No.2

2008년부터 A형 간염 환자들이 급속히 증가하고 본원에 내원하여 건진을 받는 대부분의 수검자들이 A형 간염(IgG) 항체 생성 유무에 관심이 많아지며 검사 건수가 증가하였다. 그에 따라 항체 검사결과가 cut-off값에 걸리는 검체가 많아져 원인을 분석하였더니 대부분 A형 간염 예방접종을 한 수검자들이었다. 이에 저자들은 건강증진센터에서 설문조사를 통하여 자연면역을 획득한 수검자들 그룹과 본원에서 A형 간염 예방접종(1차, 2차)을 실시한 직원들 그룹으로 나누어 검사를 시행하였고 cut-off값을 기준으로 항체 생성률과 그에 대한 역가를 비교하고 진단검사의학과와 핵의학과에서 사용하는 진단 시약간에 항체 생성률과 그에 대한 역가를 비교해 보고자 했고, 2012년 8월 한 달 동안 건진 수검자 185명을 설문조사하여 자연면역을 획득한 119명과 본원에서 예방 접종을 실시한 직원들을 대상으로 1차 접종자 53명, 2차 접종자 59명으로 대상을 분류했다. 항체 생성률은 cut-off값 1을 기준했을 때 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}$), 0.60-0.89 (1+), 0.30-0.59 (2+), 0.01-0.29 (3+)로 나누어 역가를 비교하고, 같은 기준으로 제조사별 백신 접종 후 항체 생성률에 대한 역가를 비교평가 해 보았다. 그 결과, 건진 수검자 중 자연 면역을 획득한 수검자는 cut-off값 1을 기준했을 때, 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}$)가 0%, 0.60-0.89 (1+)가 0%, 0.30-0.59 (2+)가 4.2%, 0.01-0.29 (3+)가 96%로 역가가 <0.60 ($${\geq_-}2+$$)가 100%였다. 그리고 예방접종을 실시한 직원들의 항체 생성률은 1차 접종자 중 ${\pm}$가 59.1%, 1+가 18.1%, 2+가 18.1%, 3+가 4.6%로 총 45.3%였고, 역가는 $${\geq_-}$$ 0.60 ($${\leq_-}1+$$)가 77.3%였다. 2차 접종자의 항체 생성률은 ${\pm}$가 1.9%, 1+가 15.4%, 2+가 36.54%, 3+가 46.2%로 총 88.1%였고 역가는 <0.60 ($${\geq_-}2+$$) 82.7%가 였다. 또한 제조사별로 비교 하였을 때 1차 접종자의 항체 생성률은 BNIBT 20.8% (${\pm}24.5%$), GB 15.7% (${\pm}7.8%$), RIAKEY 94.3% (${\pm}3.8%$), ROCHE 83% (${\pm}0%$), Abbot 73.1% (${\pm}5.8%$)였고, 2차 접종자의 항체 생성률은 BNIBT 86.4% (${\pm}1.7%$), GB 88.5% (${\pm}1.9%$), RIAKEY 100% (${\pm}0%$), ROCHE 98.3% (${\pm}0%$), Abbot 98.2% (${\pm}0%$)였다. 즉 자연면역 항체가 예방접종에 의한 항체보다 역가가 높다는 것을 알 수 있었고, 1차 접종 후 보다는 2차 접종 후 검사를 시행했을 때 항체 생성률과 역가가 대부분 높아짐을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 결과 보고시 negative, index (${\pm}$), weak positive (1+), positive (2+), strong positive (3+)로 역가를 나누어 보고를 하거나 결과값에 index값을 같이 적어서 결과를 상세히 보고한다면 과거결과와 비교도 가능할 것이다. 또 제조사별 비교 시 1차 예방접종 후의 항체 생성률과 역가에서 시약간에 많은 차이를 보이고 있었고, 매년 예방 접종률이 높아지고 있는 시점에서 이러한 차이를 줄이기 위해서 각 제조사들은 민감도나 재현성에 더 주의를 기울여야 하겠고, 자연면역항체와 예방접종을 통한 항체간에 생길 수 있는 미지의 차이를 감안하여 검사자들이 사용하는 시약을 신뢰할 수 있도록 더 연구하고 개발해야 할 것이다. Purpose: Since 2008, hepatitis A patients was rapidly increasing. So, Most of the health checkup examinees were interested in whether hepatitis A antibody was a lot. thereby The number of tests was increasing. In recent years, Antibody test results in the range of cut-off values were increased. According to the cause analysis, most examinees had a hepatitis A vaccine. This study was conducted to classify hepatitis A antibody as natural antibody and antibody after vaccination and compared the titer for seroconversion rate based on cut-off values. Materials and Methods: For a month in August 2012, First, We surveyed 185 health examinees and classified 119 health examinees who had acquired natural antibody. Second, for employees who were inoculated against hepatitis at our hospital, We classified into 53 primary inoculators and 59 secondary inculators. when the standard of cut-off value was 1, The seroconversion rate was compared the titer divided by 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}$), 0.60-0,89 (1+), 0.30-0.59 (2+), 0.01-0.29 (3+) and we compared the titer for seroconversion rate by each manufacturer after vaccination. Results: When the standard of cut-off value was 1, the titer of 119 health examinees who had acquired natural antibody was 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}$): 0%, 0.60-0.89 (1+): 0%, 0.30-0.59 (2+): 4.2%, 0.01-0.29 (3+): 96% and the titer of <0.60 ($${\geq_-}2+$$) was 100%. The titer of 53 primary inoculators was 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}:59.1%$), 0.60-0.89 (1+): 18.1%, 0.30-0.59 (2+): 18.1%, 0.01-0.29 (3+): 4.6% and the seroconversion rate was 45.3%. The titer of $${\geq_-}0.60$$ ($${\leq_-}1+$$) was 77.3%. The titer of 59 secondary inoculators was 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}:1.9%$), 0.60-0.89 (1+): 15.4%, 0.30-0.59 (2+): 36.54%, 0.01-0.29 (3+): 46.2% and the seroconversion rate was 88.1%. The titer of <0.60 ($${\geq_-}2+$$) was 82.7%. When we compared the titer for seroconversion rate by each manufacturer after vaccination, the seroconversion rate of 53 primary inoculators was BNIBT: 20.8% (${\pm}:24.5%$), GB: 15.7% (${\pm}:7.8%$), RIAKEY: 94.3% (${\pm}:3.8%$), ROCHE: 83% (${\pm}:0%$), ABBOTT: 73.1% (${\pm}:5.8%$) and the seroconversion rate of 59 secondary inoculators was BNIBT : 86.4% (${\pm}:1.7%$), GB: 88.5% (${\pm}:1.9%$), RIAKEY: 100% (${\pm}:0%$), ROCHE: 98.3% (${\pm}:0%$), ABBOTT: 98.2% (${\pm}:0%$). Conclusion: The study show that the titer of natural immune antibodies is higher than the titer of vaccination and the titer of secondary inoculation is mainly higher than the titer of primary inoculation. Consequently, if we know the titer of hepatitis A antibodies, it will help to give resullt reports. And then, when we compared the titer and the seroconversion rate by each manufacturer, There was a very distinct difference. As the test subjects inoculate against hepatitis A (HAV), it is considered BNIBT, GB will occur false negative rate and RIAKEY, ROCHE, ABOTT will occur false positive rate.

Effective connectivity during working memory and resting states: A DCM study

Jung, Kyesam,Friston, Karl J.,Pae, Chongwon,Choi, Hanseul H.,Tak, Sungho,Choi, Yoon Kyoung,Park, Bumhee,Park, Chan-A,Cheong, Chaejoon,Park, Hae-Jeong Elsevier 2018 NeuroImage Vol.169 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Although the relationship between resting-state <I>functional</I> connectivity and task-related activity has been addressed, the relationship between task and resting-state directed or <I>effective</I> connectivity – and its behavioral concomitants – remains elusive. We evaluated effective connectivity under an N-back working memory task in 24 participants using stochastic dynamic causal modelling (DCM) of 7 T fMRI data. We repeated the analysis using resting-state data, from the same subjects, to model connectivity among the same brain regions engaged by the N-back task. This allowed us to: (i) examine the relationship between intrinsic (task-independent) effective connectivity during resting (A<SUB>rest</SUB>) and task states (A<SUB>task</SUB>), (ii) cluster phenotypes of task-related changes in effective connectivity (B<SUB>task</SUB>) across participants, (iii) identify edges (B<SUB>task</SUB>) showing high inter-individual effective connectivity differences and (iv) associate reaction times with the similarity between B<SUB>task</SUB> and A<SUB>rest</SUB> in these edges. We found a strong correlation between A<SUB>rest</SUB> and A<SUB>task</SUB> over subjects but a marked difference between B<SUB>task</SUB> and A<SUB>rest</SUB>. We further observed a strong clustering of individuals in terms of B<SUB>task</SUB>, which was not apparent in A<SUB>rest</SUB>. The task-related effective connectivity B<SUB>task</SUB> varied highly in the edges from the parietal to the frontal lobes across individuals, so the three groups were clustered mainly by the effective connectivity within these networks. The similarity between B<SUB>task</SUB> and A<SUB>rest</SUB> at the edges from the parietal to the frontal lobes was positively correlated with 2-back reaction times. This result implies that a greater change in context-sensitive coupling – from resting-state connectivity – is associated with faster reaction times. In summary, task-dependent connectivity endows resting-state connectivity with a context sensitivity, which predicts the speed of information processing during the N-back task.</P>

Enhanced production of nargenicin A1 and creation of a novel derivative using a synthetic biology platform

Dhakal, D.,Chaudhary, A. K.,Yi, J. S.,Pokhrel, A. R.,Shrestha, B.,Parajuli, P.,Shrestha, A.,Yamaguchi, T.,Jung, H. J.,Kim, S. Y. Springer Science + Business Media 2016 Applied microbiology and biotechnology Vol.100 No.23

<P>Nargenicin A1, an antibacterial produced by Nocardia sp. CS682 (KCTC 11297BP), demonstrates effective activity against various Gram-positive bacteria. Hence, we attempted to enhance nargenicin A1 production by utilizing the cumulative effect of synthetic biology, metabolic engineering and statistical media optimization strategies. To facilitate the modular assembly of multiple genes for genetic engineering in Nocardia sp. CS682, we constructed a set of multi-monocistronic vectors, pNV18L1 and pNV18L2 containing hybrid promoter (derived from ermE* and promoter region of neo (r) ), ribosome binding sites (RBS), and restriction sites for cloning, so that each cloned gene was under its own promoter and RBS. The multi-monocistronic vector, pNV18L2 containing transcriptional terminator showed better efficiency in reporter gene assay. Thus, multiple genes involved in the biogenesis of pyrrole moiety (ngnN2, ngnN3, ngnN4, and ngnN5 from Nocardia sp. CS682), glucose utilization (glf and glk from Zymomonas mobilis), and malonyl-CoA synthesis (accA2 and accBE from Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2)), were cloned in pNV18L2. Further statistical optimization of specific precursors (proline and glucose) and their feeding time led to similar to 84.9 mg/L nargenicin from Nocardia sp. GAP, which is similar to 24-fold higher than Nocardia sp. CS682 (without feeding). Furthermore, pikC from Streptomyces venezuelae was expressed to generate Nocardia sp. PikC. Nargenicin A1 acid was characterized as novel derivative of nargenicin A1 produced from Nocardia sp. PikC by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. We also performed comparative analysis of the anticancer and antibacterial activities of nargenicin A1 and nargenicin A1 acid, which showed a reduction in antibacterial potential for nargenicin A1 acid. Thus, the development of an efficient synthetic biological platform provided new avenues for enhancing or structurally diversifying nargenicin A1 by means of pathway designing and engineering.</P>

최정희의 <녹색의 문>에 나타난 여성 정체성 탐구 양상

최정아(Jung A Choi) 한국현대소설학회 2010 현대소설연구 Vol.- No.44

This thesis examines the process of women`s subjectivity developing as a historical subject, shown in <Green Door>, and studies the self-recognition as a female that is revealed during the process and the issue of feminine reality. Chapter 2 looks into the issue of women`s reemergence as the victim of `Imperialism` and `Ethnicity`, through the history of women`s suffering symbolized by Do Young-Hye and Yoo Bo-Hwa`s life. Do Young-Hye and Yoo Bo-Hwa both live a life of tragic suffering and ordeal after falling in love with and then parting with student activist Kim Yeong-Seo. The true nature of their tragedy is fully accounted for after the liberation, as Do Young-Hye is charged of being a female spy after the defection to North Korea of the communist man whom she dated, and as Yoo Bo-Hwa is burdened with all kinds of hardships of life ever since Lee Seong-Bae who raped her and forced her into marriage is killed after being revealed to be one of the pro-Japanese groups that cooperated with the Japanese Empire. While Yoo Bo-Hwa`s tragedy is caused by Japanese imperialism, Do Young-Hye`s tragedy is caused by ideology conflict between the left and right wing. However, the most fundamental cause that drives Do Young-Hye and Yoo Bo-Hwa`s life into tragedy is Kim Yeong-Seo. As Kim Yeong-Seo is a student thinker and a young nationalist, both Do Young-Hye and Yoo Bo-Hwa admire his patriotic aspect and falls in love with him. However, Kim Yeong-Seo deems Do Young-Hye as a mere object of sexual desire, and not only does he repudiate her harshly but also judges her as a prosecutor when Do Young-Hye is on trial charged of being a spy. Such duality of Kim Yeong-Seo can be seen as criticism towards the fact that the immense discourse of `Ethnicity`, which is an important factor that forms women`s identity of the colonial era, carries aspects of oppression against women. Furthermore this implies that during the colonial era, in which the carrying of `Ethnicity` was inevitable, the reemergence of women`s identity would have been established under the state of such oppressive conditions internalized. For example, the meaning of the `Maternity` discourse can be reconsidered by the fact that the emphasis on maternity in Choi Jung-Hee`s novel published during the colonial era is a strategy to establish feminine subjectivity through embracing the identity as a mother that `Ethnicity` demands. In this perspective, <Green Door> evidently shows a critical point of view that decomposes the `Ethnicity` discourse from a female`s standpoint as a post-colonial feminism text. Additionally in chapter 2, we can discover the significance as a female novel from the fact that through Yoo Bo-Hwa`s self-awakening it is perceived that all ideologies such as nationalism, imperialism, communism are ideologies of men, and the prospect of overcoming this through bondage of women is presented. Especially, Do Young-Hye accusing the contradiction within men`s ideology represented by Kim Yeong-Seo during the trial, and inversely changing the trial stage into a stage of judgment of men`s sins toward the history of women`s suffering can be evaluated as acquiring a symbolic figure about women as a historical subject. In chapter 3, we examined the process of self-recognition as a women being revealed, from the perspective of intensification of feminine reality exposed through the method in which Yoo Bo-Hwa`s inner consciousness is formed, this is to say through such as mirror, wind, sky, and color images. For the various phases of development that Yoo Bo-Hwa shows, for example body, love, parting, violence, marriage, childbirth and etc, in each point of transition Yoo Bo-Hwa`s inner world is expressed through various objective correlatives such as mirror, wind, sky, color images, and this appears as Choi Jung-Hee`s unique way of constructing feminine reality. <Green Door> which charges `Imperialism` and `Ethnicity` as oppressive male ideologies, is a work that embodies the pu

데리다와 뽕쥬 - Signeponge 읽기 -

허정아 ( Jung A Huh ) 한국불어불문학회 1996 불어불문학연구 Vol.32 No.1

Ponge et Derrida, Derrida et Ponge ; cet et sur lequel tous les deux accordent une importance primordiale dans leur acte d`e´criture (ce que Derrida appelle une coexistence pacifique d`un vis-a`-vis pour caracte´riser l`attitude d`avec de Ponge face a` la chose) m`a semble´ l`une des clefs les plus efficaces pour les lire et comprendre, et encore pour avoir un aperc¿u de ce qu`est la critique post-structuraliste. Si je me permets de les mettre co^te a` co^te avec cet et, ce n`est pas seulement pour mettre en e´vidence les points communs. C`est pluto^t parce que cette mise en liaison ou` se rencontrent l`e´criture critique et la critique d`e´criture fraye le chemin de lecture au plus pre`s de lour texte l`un d`apre`s et a` travers l`autre. En effet, cette critique de texte va de pair avec la conscience du fait que le texte est un tissage de signes et qu`il n`est autre qu`un acte de jeu effectuant l`inde´cidabilite´ du sens au lieu de pre´tendre vouloir signifier. 『Signe´ponge』 est, je cois, l`un des textes critiques les plus repre´sentatifs qui nous permettraient de comprendre sa the´orie de <de´construction>. Ce texte nous propose une fac¿on de lecture au plus proche du plus pre`s, ce qui la met en contraste avec celle des structuralistes qui a pour but de mettre en relief le sens ou la signification du texte avec l`intentionnalite´ du critique. Avec ce texte ou Derrida lit Ponge, nous lisons a` la fois Ponge par Derrida et Derrida par Ponge. Tout comme Ponge pratique <l`objeu> en de´faisant l`image de la chose par les mots, Derrida de´construit par les mots ce qui construit la proprie´te´ ou la singularite´ du texte en prenant Ponge comme chose. La premie`re partie de cet e´crit est consacre´e a` rappeler quelques concepts principaux de la de´construction, concepts ne´cessaires a` la lecture de 『Signe´ponge』. Dans ce rappel, nous concentrerons notre attention sur le pourquoi et le comment de la de´construction ; ce qu`est <le centre> sinon l`invariant d`une pre´sence, cause premie`re de toute hie´rarchisation ; <le de´centrement>, <l`inde´cidabilite´> et <l`espacement> a` travers <le renversement> et <le de´placement>. A partir de cet aperc¿u, nous arriverons dans la deuxie`me partie a` ce que fait lire signe´ponge, porteur de toutes traces : signe, e´ponge, Ponge, et, est, hait, legs…, Signe´ponge, c`est ce qui rend inde´cidable tout ce qui est propre, singulier, idiomatique : c`est le double caracte`re me^me du texte (ce que Derrida appelle la double bande) comme l`e´ponge. Objet significatif de l`e´criture, l`e´ponge me´taphorise l`inde´cidabilite´ entre `le propre` et `le non-propre`. C`est un intercesseur de deux parties adverses tout en effectuant l`impossible : garder et e´ponger. Il s`agirait la` de <l`espacement> de l`opposition qui marquant l`ouverture articule´e de cette opposition, est a` l`origine de la force de l`ope´ration d`e´criture.

문학의 자기 반조성과 해체의 효과들 - 「우화」와 「타자의 발명」을 중심으로 -

허정아 ( Jung A Huh ) 한국불어불문학회 1996 불어불문학연구 Vol.33 No.1

Pour la lecture du texte litte´raire, Derrida de´constuit avant tout l`ide´e de l`origine. Il voit que le texte n`a d`origine qu`en lui-me^me et que par lui-me^me. Le texte a ainsi en lui-me^me son origine, son but et son moyen. C`est ce qui se produit par lui-me^me, en lui-me^me, et qui n`a aucun rapport avec son exte´rieur. Bref, c`est ce qu`on pourrait appeler l`auto-re´flexivite´ ou l`auto-re´fe´rentialite´. Et c`est ce que partagent pour le texte litte´raire les post-structuralistes tels que Foucaut, Deleuze, Lyotard. Derrida nous donne des re´flexions sur cette proble´matique d`auto-re´flexivite´ du texte litte´raire, a` travers la lecture de Fable de Francis Ponge qui remet en question la re´fe´rence, la spe´cularisation du langage et de la litte´rature. Derrida insiste tre`s vivement sur <l`inventivite´> du texte en rapport avec l`auto-re´flexivite´. N`ayant aucune origine, le texte est une invention. Mais cette invention se distingue de la cre´ation qui appartient au Dieu. En d`autres termes, le texte ne s`invente pas de rien, c`est a` partir de ce qui toujours se trouve de´ja` la`. Alors si le texte n`a d`origine que lui-me^me, et qu`il se refle`te lui-me^me, que peut e^tre l`image invente´e? C`est en effet la question que pose Derrida: Quels peuvent e^tre les effets de´constructeurs d`une invention? Derrida met en lumie`re tre`s subtilement cet espacement qui existe entre le re´el et l`image refle´te´e, c`est-a`-dire les effets de de´construction quant a` la reproduction du langage (langage en tant que trace, qui prouve l`absence de la pre´sence). Comme ce que de´finit le mot lui-me^me, l`invention suppose toujours la rupture d`un contrat, et introduit un de´sordre dans la paisible ordonnance des choses. Ce que nous donne a` lire la Fable de Fancis Ponge, c`est cette inventivite´ de´stabilisatrice et de´constructrice qu`effectue l`e´criture. La Fable montre la de´re`glementation a` travers la re´pe´tition: les deux `par` qui se refle`tent. Par la re´pe´tition, <le me^me> se diffracte, cre´e un hiatus. <Le me^me> se de´construit, fait venir <l`autre>. Voila` les effets de´constucteurs du texte autore´flexif. L`auto-re´flexivite` ne consiste donc pas a` enfermer narcissiquement le texte en lui-me^me, mais bien au contraire a` ouvrir le texte vers l`autre justement gra^ce a` l`absence de l`origine.

Characteristics of a-GaN films and a-AlGaN/GaN heterojunctions prepared on r-sapphire by two-stage growth process

Polyakov, A. Y.,Jang, Lee-Woon,Smirnov, N. B.,Govorkov, A. V.,Kozhukhova, E. A.,Yugova, T. G.,Reznik, V. Y.,Pearton, S. J.,Baik, Kwang Hyeon,Hwang, Sung-Min,Jung, Sukkoo,Lee, In-Hwan American Institute of Physics 2011 JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS - Vol.110 No.9

<P>The electrical properties, presence of deep electron and hole traps and photoluminescence spectra were measured for undoped a-GaN films grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) in a two-stage process using a high V/III ratio at the first stage and low V/III ratio at the second stage. Growth was performed on r-sapphire substrates with a high temperature GaN nucleation layer. The films showed a full width at half maximum of 450-470 arcseconds for the (11-20) x-ray rocking curve with little anisotropy with respect to the sample rotation around the growth direction. The stacking fault (SF) density determined by selective etching was similar to 5 x 10(4) cm(-1). The residual donor concentration was 10(14)-10(15) cm(-3), with a very low density (2.5 x 10(13) cm(-3)) of electron traps located at E-c - 0.6 eV, which are believed to be one of the major non-radiative recombination centers in nonpolar GaN. Consequently, the films showed a high intensity of bandedge luminescence with negligible contribution from defect bands associated with SFs. In contrast to previously studied nonpolar GaN films, the a-GaN layers showed a high concentration of gallium-vacancy-related acceptors near E-v + 1 eV and a strong yellow luminescence band, both indicating that growth conditions were effectively N-rich. a-AlGaN/GaN heterojunctions with thin heavily Si doped AlGaN barriers made on a-GaN substrates showed two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) concentrations of 1.2 x 10(13) cm(-3), with 2DEG mobility of 80 cm(2)/Vs. Capacitance-voltage profiling of Schottky diodes on these HJs suggest that the 2DEG is fully depleted by the built-in voltage of the Schottky diode. (C)2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3658026]</P>

욥의 집-성서의 욥기와 바빌로니안 욥(Ludlul bēl nēmeqi, “내가 지혜의 주를 찬양하리라.”)에 나타난 고난과 축복의 장소로서의 집에 대한 비교 연구

정영아(Young-A Jung) 한국신학정보연구원 2009 Canon&Culture Vol.7 No.1

욥기 에필로그에서 “욥의 집”은 한 때 완전히 망했던 장소에서 다시 회복이 이루어진 장소로 등장한다. 하나님과 욥 사이 대화가 결정적인 변화 요인으로 보이며, 하나님께서는 ‘욥의 얼굴을 드신다.’ 그러자 그의 전 생애가 바뀌는 역사가 일어나게 된다. 욥기 전체를 통해서 욥의 집은 그가 받은 고난과 축복의 구체적인 장소가 된다. 이곳에서 욥은 하나님의 놀라운 역사를 경험하고 또한 그의 회복이 이루어지는 장소적 배경이 된다. 그의 집에서 탄식이 극복되었고, 그곳에서 하나님의 행사가 모두에게 드러났고 그가 아는 모든 이들이 와서 위로를 해준다. 수메르어 ‘에’(E)와 같이 아카드어 ‘비투’[b?tu(m)]는 다양한 의미를 지니고 있다. “집, 거하는 곳, 처소, 부동산, 무덤, 지역, 가족, 가계 등”. 히브리어에서 집(???)은 고대 근동의 그것과 같은 어근을 가지고 있다. 고대 메소포타미아에서 그리고 특별히 구약에서 당시 사람들은 사람과 그의 집 사이에 밀접한 관계가 있다고 믿었다. 예를 들어 어떤 사람이 죄를 지으면 신의 심판이 그의 모든 집에 임하였다. 욥은 그의 탄식 가운데 자신의 집이 무덤(???)과 같이 되었다고 탄식하고 있다(욥17:13-14). 메소포타미아 우르 제3 왕조 이래 문학작품에서는 ‘고난 받는 의인’ 에 대한 문제를 다루고 있는데, “한 사람과 그의 신”이란 소위 “수메르 욥”이라 일컫는 작품과 “바빌로니안 욥”이라 불리우는 “루들룰 벨 네메끼”(ludlul b?l n?meqi, 내가 지혜의 주를 찬양하리라)에서 우리는 욥기를 이해하는 데 중요한 몇 가지 정보들을 얻는다. 다른 누구도 아닌 하나님 자신이 그를 고난당하게 하신다. 자신의 탄식의 절정에서 욥은 “그의 손이 내 신음 위에 무겁도다(??? ???? ???????)”(욥 23:2b)라고 말한다. 바빌로니안 욥에서도 이와 같은 표현을 찾아 볼 수 있다. “그의 손이 내 위에 무거우니, 내가 견딜 수 없도다”(kab-ta-at q?t-su ul a-li-‘-I na-?a-?a, in ludlul b?l n?meqi Tablet III Zeile 1). 욥기 전체에서 언급되는 ‘욥의 집’ 연구로 더 나아가 메소포타미아의 문학작품들과 비교하여 우리는 욥기 내에서 한 사람의 집과 연관되어 이루어지는 하나님의 역사하심을 재발견하게 된다. 죽음에서 생명으로 옮겨지는 큰 변화의 장소인 욥의 집, 전에 무덤과 같던 욥의 집이 이제는 하나님의 행사를 알리는 축제의 장소로 바뀌게 된다. In the epilogue of the Book Job, the “House of Job” which was once completely desolated place appears as a restored place. The communication between God and Job is the decisive factor in the whole story. God “raised Job’s face” and changed his whole life. Along the whole book of Job, the House of Job reflects the concrete shape of blessing and suffering of Job. In this place, Job experienced a tremendous touch of God, and His restoration and blessing as well. There, Job overcomes his lamentation; in there, God’s doing is revealed and a public consolation from all his acquaintances took place. Like the sumerian E, the akkadian b?tu(m) has variolous meanings: “house, dwelling place, shelter, estate, tomb, place, area, region, household, family etc.” The hebrew word for ‘house (???)’ has the same etymology. In ancient Mesopotamia and especially in the Old Testament, they believed that there’s a solidarity between a person and his house: If a man commits a sin, there must be a divine punishment upon his whole house. In his lamentation, Job described his house as a tomb(???)(Job 17:14). Even though Job constantly claimed his innocence, he knew God allowed him such sufferings. Since the Ur III dynasty in mesopotamia, in literature they raised questions about the problem of the “righteous sufferer.” So-called “Sumerian Job” which is entitled “a man and his god” and “Babylonian Theodicy” or “Babylonian Job”(it’s original title is “ludlul b?l n?meqi”) offer some important information for understanding the book of Job. Nobody but God Himself lets him suffer. In the climax of the lamentation, Job said that “His hand is heavy upon my groaning, ??? ???? ??????? ”(Job 23:2b) and we found same attitude in Babylonian Job when we read the verse, “His hand was heavy upon me, I could not bear it, kab-ta-at q?t-su ul a-li-‘-I na-?a-?a”(ludlul b?l n?meqi Tablet III Zeile 1). When God “lifted Job’s head up”(Job 42:8-9), there was a dramatic transformation. From “death” to “life,” God changed Job’s lot and Job’s house represents a dramatic transformation of this process through the whole book of Job.

DACUM 기법에 의한 병원 임상영양사의 직무기술서 개발

차진아 ( Jin A Cha ),김강은 ( Kang Eun Kim ),김은미 ( Eun Mi Kim ),박미선 ( Mi Sun Park ),박유경 ( Yoo Kyoung Park ),백희준 ( Hee Joon Baek ),이송미 ( Song Mi Lee ),최수경 ( Soo Kyong Choi ),서정숙 ( Jung Sook Seo ) 대한영양사협회 2013 대한영양사협회 학술지 Vol.19 No.3

본 연구에서는 DACUM 기법을 통해 국내 병원 임상영양사의 직무를 조사 및 분석하고 그 결과를 바탕으로 도출된 임상영양사의 직무기술서를 평가함으로써 병원 임상영양사를 위한 직무기술서를 개발하고자 하였다. 2011년 7월초에 DACUM 워크숍을 통해 1차적으로 직무기술서를 도출하고 전문가 집단의 자문회의와 Delphi 조사 방법을 적용한 표적집단 면접을 통해 수정 및 보완 작업을 거쳐 직무기 술서를 도출하였다. DACUM 위원회의 패널로는 3차 의료기관에 종사하고 있는 현직 임상영양사 9인과 임상영양학을 전공하는 교수 4인, 직무분석을 담당하는 교수 1인 등 총 14명이 참여하였다. 전문가 자문단을 별도로 구성하였으며, 의사 1인, 간호사 1인, 임상영양분야 실무자 및 교수 5인이 포함된 전문가의 의견을 추가적으로 수렴하였다. 도출된 직무기술서는 2011년 7∼8월까지 전국 500병상 이상의 종합 병원 90개 중 설문조사에 응답한 46개 병원에서 각각 임상영양 실무책임자 1인으로부터 수집한 자료를 분석하여 현장 적합성을 평가하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 본 연구에서 DACUM 기법에 의해 처음 도출된 직무는 총 8개의 직무, 33개의 과업, 114개의 과업요소였으나 수정 보완작업을 거쳐 총 7개의 직무, 27개의 과업과 93개의 과업요소로 재분류되었다. 최종적으로 병원 임상영양사의 직무는 영양판정(A), 영양진단(B), 영양중재(C), 영양모니터링ㆍ평가(D), 자문ㆍ협력(E), 영양연구(F), 자기계발(G)로 도출되었다. 2. 각 직무영역별로 세부내용을 보면, (A) 영양판정은 A1. 영양 초기평가하기, A2. 식품영양관련 자료 수집·평가하기, A3. 의학적 자료 점검하기, A4. 신체계측 자료 수집·평가하기, A5. 신체증상 자료 점검하기, A6. 개인력 및 과거력 점검하기, A7. 영양 요구량 결정하기, A8. 영양판정 기록하기의 8개의 과업으로 구분하였다. (B) 영양진단은 B1. 영양진단 도출하기, B2. 우선순위 정하기, B3. 영양진단 기록하기로 나뉘었고, (C) 영양 중재는 C1. 영양중재 계획하기, C2. 영양처방 관리하기, C3. 영양상담하기, C4. 영양교육하기, C5. 영양집중지원하기, C6. 영양중재 기록하기로 구분 하였다. (D) 영양모니터링·평가는 4개의 과업으로 D1. 영양상태 모니터하기, D2. 영양중재과정 모니터하기, D3. 영양중재 결과 평가하기, D4. 영양모니터링·평가 기록하기로 구분하였다. (E) 자문·협력은 E1. 영양자문하기, E2. 협력관계 구축 및 유지하기로 (F) 영양연구는 F1. 질 향상 활동하기, F2. 연구 활동하기로 분류하였다. 마지막으로 (G) 자기계발은 G1. 전문성 향상, G2. 자기관리가 포함되었다. 3. 도출된 임상영양 직무기술서에 대한 평가를 위해 설문조사에 참여한 대상 병원의 유형은 상급종합 병원이 65.2%를 차지하였으며, 종합병원은 34.8%였다. 병원의 재원일수는 8.0±1.5일이었으며 병원 조직에서 영양부서는 6곳을 제외한 39개의 병원에서 진료부서 또는 진료지원부서에 속하였다. 또한 병원에서 영양부서가 단독으로 편제되어 있는 경우가 93%로 높은 비율을 보였다. 병원 임상 영양사의 성별은 여자가 100%로 나타났으며, 연령별 분포는 40∼49세가 가장 높은 비율을 보였다. 근무경력은 10년 이상인 경우가 50% 이상을 차지하였고 최종학력은 석사졸업이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 4. 전체 과업요소의 인지된 중요도를 비교하면 6개의 과업요소를 제외한 대부분의 과업요소들이 4.0점 이상이었고 총 7개 직무영역에 대한 중요도는 ‘영양중재’가 4.6±0.6점으로 가장 중요도가 높게 나타났으며, ‘영양진단’과 ‘영양모니터링·평가’의 직무가 4.5점 이상으로 비교적 높게 조사 되었다. 전체 과업요소 중 수행도가 4.5점 이상으로 매우 자주 수행되는 과업요소가 13개, 4.0점 이상의 자주 수행되는 과업도 29개의 과업요소로 나타났으며, 직무영역 중 ‘영양중재’가 4.2±1.0점으로 높게 나타났다. 직무영역별 난이도를 조사한 결과에서는 ‘영양연구’ 업무가 4.1±0.9점으로 가장 높게 조사되었다. ‘영양진단’과 ‘자문·협력’은 각각 3.8±1.0점, 3.7±0.9점으로 비교적 어렵게 인식되는 직무로 나타났다. 직무영역별 과업요소 전체의 중요도, 수행도, 난이도의 평균은 각각 4.5±0.8점, 3.7±1.3점, 3.5±1.0점으로 나타났으며 유의적인 차이가 나타났다(P<0.001). 5. 임상영양사 업무의 중요도와 수행도 사이의 관계를 나타낸 격자도 분석에서 영양 초기평가하기, 영양요구량 결정하기, 영양판정 기록하기, 영양진단 도출하기, 영양중재 계획하기, 영양처방 관리하기, 영양교육하기, 영양집중지원하기, 영양중재 기록하기, 영양상태 모니터하기, 영양중재 과정 모니터하기는 중요도와 수행도가 모두 높은 영역(doing great)에, 식품영양관련 자료수집·평가하기, 의학적 자료 점검하기, 신체계측 자료수집·평가하기, 신체증상 자료 점검하기, 개인력 및 과거력 자료 점검하기, 영양진단의 우선순위 정하기, 영양진단 기록하기, 영양상담하기, 영양 모니터링·평가 기록하기는 수행도는 높으나 중요도가 낮은 영역(overdone)에 속하였다. 중요도가 높으나 수행도가 낮은 영역(focus here)에는 협력관계 구축 및 유지하기, 질 향상 활동하기가 속하였고, 중요도와 수행도가 모두 낮은 영역(low priority)은 영양중재 평가하기, 영양 자문 활동하기, 연구 활동하기, 전문성 향상하기, 자기관리하기가 속하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때, 본 연구에서 DACUM 기법에 의해 개발된 병원 임상영양사의 직무기술서는 현장에서 임상영양서비스를 수행하는데 가이드라인으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 여겨지며, 인지된 중요도가 평균 이상으로 높지만 그에 비해 수행도가 미흡한 과업들에 대하여는 임상영양사에 대한 교육 실시, 업무 분담, 적정인원 배치 등 제도적인 뒷받침을 마련하여 수행도를 높일 수 있는 방안이 강구 되어야 할 것이다. 또한 질병별 맞춤형 임상영양 업무에 관한 후속연구를 통하여 보다 전문적인 환자 영양치료가 가능할 것으로 여겨진다. The present study was conducted to develop a standardized job description for clinical dietitians working in hospitals. A developing curriculum (DACUM) method was used for the job analysis of clinical dietitians. Based on DACUM analysis with 14 members, including clinical dietitians and professors majoring in clinical nutrition and job analysis, information on the duties, tasks, and task elements of clinical dietitians was determined. To verify the job descriptions derived from DACUM analysis, a total of 46 tertiary and general hospitals with over 500 beds were recruited for the survey. The final developed job description for clinical dietitians included 7 duties, 27 tasks, and 93 task elements. The duties consisted of nutritional assessment, nutrition diagnosis, nutrition intervention, nutrition monitoring·evaluation, consultation·cooperation, nutrition research, and self-development. The mean scores of perceived importance, performance, and difficulty on the clinical dietitian`s task elements (out of a maximum score of 5.0) were 4.5, 3.7, and 3.5, respectively, with significant differences between the items (P<0.001). The perceived importance and performance grid of clinical dietitian`s tasks showed that “construction and maintenance of collaboration” (E2) and “activity of quality improvement” (F1) received relatively low scores for performance despite their high importance scores; thus the performance of these tasks requires significant improvement. In conclusion, the job descriptions of clinical dietitians developed from this study are useful for the qualitative improvement of clinical nutrition services in hospitals.