한시 의상(意象) 통계 연구의 성과와 과제 -해외 연구사례를 중심으로-

임준철 ( Lim¸ Jun-chul ) 한국어문학국제학술포럼 2021 Journal of Korean Culture Vol.53 No.-

이 글은 향후 한국 한시 데이터베이스(Database)를 구축할 때 참고하기 위해 意象/이미지 통계분석 관련 연구성과를 소개하고 앞으로의 과제를 도출한 것이다. 미국의 Burton Watson은 『唐詩三百首』를 대상으로 樹木類, 草類, 花類, 鳥類, 獸類, 蟲類, 天體類, 날씨류, 山類, 水類, 계절류라는 분류기준으로 이미지 사용 통계를 내고 이를 바탕으로 당시 자연 이미지에서 特稱보다 總稱이 우위에 있다고 결론을 내렸다. 그러나 Watson의 통계는 낱글자 어휘만을 기준으로 삼아서 이미지의 실상을 파악하는 데 일정한 한계가 있다. 홍콩의 鄭樹森(William Tay)은 Watson의 통계방식으로는 이미지의 구체성을 판별할 방법이 없다고 비판하고, 葉維廉의 영역본 『王維詩選』을 텍스트로 王維 시 자연 이미지에 대한 통계분석을 시도하였다. 그는 Watson과 달리 수식어가 있는 경우와 수식어가 없는 경우로 나누어 통계를 냈다. 鄭樹森은 왕유의 시에서 묘사어가 없는 ‘구체적인’ 자연 이미지의 비율이 매우 높은 것은 英詩와는 다른 점인데, 이는 한시가 지닌 표현상의 특징 때문이라고 설명하였다. 하지만 그 역시 이런 한시의 표현 특수성을 드러낼 통계 방법을 찾지는 못하였다. 한편 미국의 Marie Chan은 특정 주제 시의 이미지에 관심을 두었다. 그녀는 Watson의 논의를 바탕으로 『唐詩別裁集』에 수록된 岑參 邊塞詩의 특성을 통계방식으로 분석하였다. 그녀는 먼저 당대 변새시의 반복적인 패턴을 살핀 뒤, 잠참의 변새시에서도 마찬가지 관습이 발견됨을 증명하였다. Chan은 잠참의 변새시의 독창성이 전통적인 모티브를 나름의 방식으로 수정한 데 있다고 결론을 내렸다. 그러나 정작 그녀의 통계결과는 잠참 변새시의 특색을 드러내는 데 한계를 보였다. 중국의 陳植鍔은 이상 이미지 통계분석 방법을 대표성을 갖춘 시인의 한시 전반에 적용하였다. 그는 杜甫 시 전체를 대상으로 意象의 특성을 다음 세 가지 방면에서 살폈다. 첫째 Watson과 鄭樹森의 연구를 확장하여 ‘花’·‘鳥’·‘山’·‘水’ 유형의 總稱과 特稱 의상을 분석하여 총칭의 사용 빈도가 관련 특칭의 사용 빈도의 합보다 크다는 사실을 증명하였다. 둘째 유형별 사용 빈도가 높은 의상들을 분석하여 시인의 의상 활용이 실제 경험을 반영하기보다 主觀象喩性[주관적 비유성], 遞相沿襲性[전대에서 후대로의 계승성], 多義歧解性[다양한 의미와 해석의 개방성]이 두드러지게 드러남을 증명하였다. 셋째 계절, 시간, 날씨 의상 통계를 통해 일부 작품만을 대상으로 수행한 Watson의 假說을 좀 더 구체적으로 증명해냈다. 다만, 분석대상이 두보로 한정되었기 때문에 한시 의상의 계보 속에서 두보 시의 특수성을 究明하지는 못했다. 이상 연구의 성과와 한계는 오늘날의 연구자들에게 다음과 같은 점들을 시사한다. 첫째, 통계 대상자료의 범위와 성격을 분명히 할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 낱글자보다는 수식어를 포함한 두 글자 이상의 어휘를 통계내는 편이 효율적이다. 셋째, 의상/이미지를 분석할 때 명사만이 아니라 동사·형용사를 포함한 술어에 대한 고려도 필요하다. 넷째 한시의 典故, 節奏, 用韻과 對仗의 특성을 고려한 의상/이미지 표제어 추출이 필요하다. 다섯째 사용 빈도의 많고 적음이 시인/작품의 특성을 판정하는 결정적인 근거가 될 수 없으므로, 작품 실질에 입각한 통계 해석시각이 확보되어야 한다. This article introduces research results related to statistical analysis of images and derives future tasks for reference when building a Sino-Korean poetry database in the future. Burton Watson compiled statistics on image usage of 300 Tang Poems based on the classification of four seasons, weather, land formations, water(and related images), heavenly bodies, tree, flower, plant, bird and insect. Based on this, he explained that in the nature image at the time, the generic name was superior to the specific name. William Tay criticized Watson's statistical method for no way to determine the specificity of the image. He supplemented the problems of Burton Watson's statistical method, attempting to analyze statistics on natural images of the poetry of Wang Wei. Unlike Watson, he made statistics by dividing it into two categories, one with modifiers and one without modifiers. The fact that the proportion of natural images without descriptions in Wang Wei's poems is very high is different from that of British poetry, which is characterized by expression due to limitations such as length. Meanwhile, Marie Chan was interested in images of certain topics. Based on Watson's discussion, she also analyzed the characteristics of Frontier Poems of Cen Shen. She proved that there is some sort of conventional phenomenon in Cen Shen’s works, which has been highly praised by previous critics. It is also pointed out that the conventional phenomenon found in Cen Shen’s works is found throughout the Frontier Poems of the time, and that there are more depictions of nature in the Frontier Poems than depictions of war. Chen Zhi’e has applied the above image statistical method throughout the target text. He examined the characteristics of images throughout the city in three ways: First, He extended the research of Watson and Tay to analyze the general images and special images of flowers, birds, mountains and water, proving that the frequency of use of general images is greater than the sum of related special images. Second, he analyzed frequently used images to demonstrate that the poet's use of images tended to be a subjective metaphor rather than a reflection of actual experience, and that the characteristics of inheritance from generation to generation, openness of various meanings and interpretation were prominent. Third, statistics of season, time, and weather image proved more empirically hypothesis claimed by Watson and others. The performance and limitations of image research suggest the following points for today's researchers. First, it is necessary to clarify the scope of statistical data. Second, it is more efficient to statize more than two words of vocabulary, including modifiers, rather than single words. Third, the frequency of images does not provide a clear basis for understanding poets or works. Fourth, consideration of verbs/predicates, including modifiers, is essential when analyzing images. Fifth, it is necessary to extract image titles that take into account the characteristics of the rhythm, rhyme and antithesis of Chinese Poetry.

Bending Creep of Glulam and Bolted Glulam under Changing Relative Humidity

( Junchul Park ),( Yojin Song ),( Soonil Hong ) 한국목재공학회 2020 목재공학 Vol.48 No.5

This study was carried out in order to evaluate the bending creep deflection of glulams and bolted glulams beam-to-beam connection with steel-gusset plates and bolts under changing relative humidity. The two types of glulam beams (130 mm in width, 175 mm in thickness, and 3000 mm in length) used in this study were made from domestic larch and composed of seven layers. The gussets were made of 8-mm-thick steel plates. Creep testing was conducted under constant loads in an uncontrolled environment. The test was carried out in a room that was well ventilated through a window. The creep test specimens were loaded for 33,000 hours. A bending creep test for the glulams was conducted through four-point loading. The applied stresses were 20% and 30% of the MOR in the static bending test for the glulam and bolted glulam, respectively. After 33,000 hours, the creep deflection of the glulam at a 20% stress level increased by 39% to 99%, while the creep deflection of the glulam at a 30% stress level increased by 27% to 67%, as compared with instantaneous elastic deflection. The relative creep increased during autumn and winter, and recovered during spring and summer. The relative creep of the bolted glulams was changed abruptly by loading up to 5,000 hours, but stabilized after 5,000 hours, and then gradually increased until 33,000 hours. The relative creep of the bolted glulam increased 2.11 times on average after 33,000 hours.

Effect of Myostatin Treatment on Porcine Oocyte during in vitro Maturation and Subsequent PA and IVF Embryonic Development

Junchul David Yoon,Eunsong Lee,Sang-Hwan Hyun 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2014 Reproductive & Developmental Biology(Supplement) Vol.38 No.2s

Effect of Cumulus-Derived Somatic Cell Co-Culture during In Vitro Maturation of Porcine Cumulus Oocyte Complexes and Subsequent Embryonic Development after In Vitro Fertilization

Junchul David Yoon,Lian Cai,Yubyeol Jeon,Seung-A Jeong,Seon-Ung Hwang,Eunhye Kim,Sang-Hwan Hyun 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2013 Reproductive & Developmental Biology(Supplement) Vol.37 No.2s

Supplement of GDF8 during In Vitro Culture of Porcine In Vitro Fertilized Embryo improved Embryonic Developmental Competence

Junchul David Yoon,Eunsong Lee,Sang-Hwan Hyun 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2017 발생공학 국제심포지엄 및 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.10

Growth differentiation factor8 (GDF8) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β that has been identified as a robust physiological regulator. According to recent studies, the GDF8 is detected in oviduct fluid and uterus which led us to suggest that the GDF8 may effect on preimplantation embryonic development and act paracrine role to correlate with successful late-blastocyst implantation in in vivo. We investigated the effect of GDF8 supplement during in vitro culture (IVC) of porcine embryos derived from in vitro fertilization (IVF) on cleavage and blastocyst (BL) formation rate, and gene transcription level analysis in BL. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s range test. Respectively 0.2, 2 and 20 ng/mL of GDF8 were added during IVC, and experimental groups were as follows; control (0), 0.2, 2, and 20 GDF8 supplement groups. At IVC 48hr, there was no significant difference on cleavage rate from the different concentration of GDF8 supplement groups (65.7%, 66.0%, 66.3%, and 65.8%, respectively). After additional 120hr of embryo culture, 0.2 group was shown significantly (p<0.05) higher than control in blastocyst formation rate and total cell number (32.5% and 88.0±7.3 VS 40.4% and 118.4±12.7, respectively). Using the achieved IVF BLs, the specific gene expression pattern were evaluated. The embryo development competence marker Pcna, Pou5f1 and Sox2 (1.81, 2.85 and 2.09 times, respectively), and cell junction assembly regulator Adam10, Adam17, Tjp1, Cdh1 (1.40, 1.98, 1.79 and 1.80 times, respectively) genes mRNA transcript levels in 0.2 group were significantly increased in 0.2 group compared with control. Moreover, pro-apoptotic factor Cas3 gene mRNA transcript levels was significantly decreased in 0.2 group than control (0.62 times). In conclusion, the supplementation of 0.2 ng/mL GDF8 during IVC significantly improved embryonic developmental potential via regulating embryo developmental competence markers and cell junction assembly regulator transcriptional levels.

A Vision-based Approach for Facial Expression Cloning by Facial Motion Tracking

( Junchul Chun ),( Oryun Kwon ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2008 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.2 No.2

This paper presents a novel approach for facial motion tracking and facial expression cloning to create a realistic facial animation of a 3D avatar. The exact head pose estimation and facial expression tracking are critical issues that must be solved when developing vision-based computer animation. In this paper, we deal with these two problems. The proposed approach consists of two phases: dynamic head pose estimation and facial expression cloning. The dynamic head pose estimation can robustly estimate a 3D head pose from input video images. Given an initial reference template of a face image and the corresponding 3D head pose, the full head motion is recovered by projecting a cylindrical head model onto the face image. It is possible to recover the head pose regardless of light variations and self-occlusion by updating the template dynamically. In the phase of synthesizing the facial expression, the variations of the major facial feature points of the face images are tracked by using optical flow and the variations are retargeted to the 3D face model. At the same time, we exploit the RBF (Radial Basis Function) to deform the local area of the face model around the major feature points. Consequently, facial expression synthesis is done by directly tracking the variations of the major feature points and indirectly estimating the variations of the regional feature points. From the experiments, we can prove that the proposed vision-based facial expression cloning method automatically estimates the 3D head pose and produces realistic 3D facial expressions in real time.

Effect of GDF8 on Porcine Chimeric Embryo Development

Junchul David Yoon,Jongpil Kim,Eunsong Lee,Sang-Hwan Hyun 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2017 발생공학 국제심포지엄 및 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.10

Recent decade, the studies for generation of chimeric organs have been advanced remarkably with the production of chimeric animals using by pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). However, the distribution rate of injected cells into an embryo is still low and it is considered as one of the major reasons of low efficiency of chimera production. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) on porcine chimeric embryo development. In first, we produced mCherry-marked porcine iPSCs (mCh-iPSCs). The mCh-iPSCs were injected into 8 cells or morula stage of in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos at day 2 under a microscope with the micromanipulator. These chimeric embryos were then cultured porcine embryonic stem cell medium (DEME F10/low glucose with 15% FBS) for 18hr and then transferred to fresh porcine zygote medium 5 (PZM5 with or without 150 pg/mL of GDF8). We investigated the effect of supplemented GDF8 during in vitro culture (IVC) of these chimeric embryos on their cleavage patterns, blastocyst formation ratio, and injected cells’ distributions. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s range test using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science). After day 5 of in vitro chimeric embryo culture, the GDF8 supplement group was shown significantly higher Using the chimeric embryos of the blastocyst stage, we evaluated distributions of the injected cells by immune staining of SOX2 as porcine inner cell mass (ICM) marker. The GDF8 supplement group was shown significantly increased mCherry and SOX2 per SOX2 expressing cells ratio than control (49.2% VS 20.7, respectively). In conclusion, the supplementation of GDF8 during IVC of porcine chimeric embryos improved embryonic developmental competence and enhanced the distributions of injected cells into ICM of chimeric embryos at the pre-implantation stage.

A Co-culture System with Somatic Cell from Cumulus Origin during In Vitro Maturation Induces Cytoplasmic Maturation and Subsequent Embryonic Development by Gene Expression Pattern Changed during Maturation

Junchul David Yoon,Sang-Hwan Hyun 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2013 발생공학 국제심포지엄 및 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.1

Dynamic Manipulation of a Virtual Object in Marker-less AR system Based on Both Human Hands

( Junchul Chun ),( Byungsung Lee ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2010 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.4 No.4

This paper presents a novel approach to control the augmented reality (AR) objects robustly in a marker-less AR system by fingertip tracking and hand pattern recognition. It is known that one of the promising ways to develop a marker-less AR system is using human`s body such as hand or face for replacing traditional fiducial markers. This paper introduces a real-time method to manipulate the overlaid virtual objects dynamically in a marker-less AR system using both hands with a single camera. The left bare hand is considered as a virtual marker in the marker-less AR system and the right hand is used as a hand mouse. To build the marker-less system, we utilize a skin-color model for hand shape detection and curvature-based fingertip detection from an input video image. Using the detected fingertips the camera pose are estimated to overlay virtual objects on the hand coordinate system. In order to manipulate the virtual objects rendered on the marker-less AR system dynamically, a vision-based hand control interface, which exploits the fingertip tracking for the movement of the objects and pattern matching for the hand command initiation, is developed. From the experiments, we can prove that the proposed and developed system can control the objects dynamically in a convenient fashion.

Treatment of GDF8 during In Vitro Maturation improved Parthenogenetic Activated Embryo Developmental Competence

Junchul David Yoon,Eunsong Lee,Sang-Hwan Hyun 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2015 발생공학 국제심포지엄 및 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.10