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In-situ electron beam growth of $YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-x}$ coated conductors on metal substrates
Jo, W.,Ohnishi, T.,Huh, J.,Hammond, R.H.,Beasley, M.R. The Korean Superconductivity Society 2007 Progress in superconductivity Vol.8 No.2
High temperature superconductor $YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-x}$ (YBCO) films have been grown by in-situ electron beam evaporation on artificial metal tapes such as ion-beam assisted deposition (IBAD) and rolling assisted biaxially textured substrates (RABiTS). Deposition rate of the YBCO films is $10{\sim}100{\AA}/sec$. X-ray diffraction shows that the films are grown epitaxially but have inter-diffusion phases, like as $BaZrO_3\;or\;BaCeO_3$, at their interfaces between YBCO and yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) or $CeO_2$, respectively. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy depth profile of the films confirms diffused region between YBCO and the buffer layers, indicating that the growth temperature ($850{\sim}900^{\circ}C$) is high enough to cause diffusion of Zr and Ba. The films on both the substrates show four-fold symmetry of in-plane alignment but their width in the -scan is around $12{\sim}15^{\circ}$. Transmission electron microscopy shows an interesting interface layer of epitaxial CuO between YBCO and YSZ, of which growth origin may be related to liquid flukes of Ba-Cu-O. Resistivity vs temperature curves of the films on both substrates were measured. Resistivity at room temperature is between 300 and 500 cm, the extrapolated value of resistivity at 0 K is nearly zero, and superconducting transition temperature is $85{\sim}90K$. However, critical current density of the films is very low, ${\sim}10^3A/cm^2$. Cracking of the grains and high-growth-temperature induced reaction between YBCO and buffer layers are possible reasons for this low critical current density.
Microfluidic fabrication of cell-derived nanovesicles as endogenous RNA carriers
Jo, W.,Jeong, D.,Kim, J.,Cho, S.,Jang, S.,Han, C.,Kang, J.,Gho, Y.,Park, J. Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Lab on a chip Vol.14 No.7
Exosomes/microvesicles are known to shuttle biological signals between cells, possibly by transferring biological signal components such as encapsulated RNAs and proteins, plasma membrane proteins, or both. Therefore exosomes are being considered for use as RNA and protein delivery vehicles for various therapeutic applications. However, living cells in nature secrete only a small number of exosomes, and procedures to collect them are complex; these complications impede their use in mass delivery of components to targeted cells. We propose a novel and efficient method that forces cells through hydrophilic microchannels to generate artificial nanovesicles. These mimetic nanovesicles contain mRNAs, intracellular proteins and plasma membrane proteins, and are shaped like cell-secreted exosomes. When recipient cells are exposed to nanovesicles from embryonic stem cells, mRNAs of Oct 3/4 and Nanog are transferred from embryonic stem cells to the target cells. This result suggests that mimetic nanovesicles can be used as vehicles to deliver RNA. This nanovesicle formation method is expected to be used in exosome research and to have applications in drug and RNA-delivery systems.
Large-scale generation of cell-derived nanovesicles
Jo, W.,Kim, J.,Yoon, J.,Jeong, D.,Cho, S.,Jeong, H.,Yoon, Y. J.,Kim, S. C.,Gho, Y. S.,Park, J. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Nanoscale Vol.6 No.20
<P>Exosomes are enclosed compartments that are released from cells and that can transport biological contents for the purpose of intercellular communications. Research into exosomes is hindered by their rarity. In this article, we introduce a device that uses centrifugal force and a filter with micro-sized pores to generate a large quantity of cell-derived nanovesicles. The device has a simple polycarbonate structure to hold the filter, and operates in a common centrifuge. Nanovesicles are similar in size and membrane structure to exosomes. Nanovesicles contain intracellular RNAs ranging from microRNA to mRNA, intracellular proteins, and plasma membrane proteins. The quantity of nanovesicles produced using the device is 250 times the quantity of naturally secreted exosomes. Also, the quantity of intracellular contents in nanovesicles is twice that in exosomes. Nanovesicles generated from murine embryonic stem cells can transfer RNAs to target cells. Therefore, this novel device and the nanovesicles that it generates are expected to be used in exosome-related research, and can be applied in various applications such as drug delivery and cell-based therapy.</P>
( Jow Jyh Hwang ),( Ching Chu Lo ),( Chien Hung Lin ),( Hsu Sheng Cheng ),( I Wen Hung ),( Wan Ju Tsai ),( Chien Hui Hung ) The Editorial Office of Gut and Liver 2015 Gut and Liver Vol.9 No.2
Background/Aims: Hematological abnormalities during hepatitis C virus (HCV) combination therapy with pegylated interferon α and ribavirin often necessitate dose reduction. Variants of the ITPA gene have been reported to protect against anemia during the early stages of HCV combination treatments but have also been associated with larger decreases in platelet counts. We aimed to identify the association between specific ITPA gene polymorphisms and hematological abnormalities in patients undergoing HCV combination therapy. Methods: In this retrospective study, 175 patients treated with HCV combination therapy were enrolled at St. Martin De Porres Hospital in Taiwan between 2006 and 2012. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within or adjacent to the ITPA gene (rs1127354, rs6051702) were genotyped. We investigated the effect of ITPA gene variants on hematological abnormalities during the therapy. Results: The ITPA rs1127354 minor variants were significantly associated with protection against anemia at week 4 (p=1.86×10-6) and with more severe decreases in platelet counts during HCV combination therapy. SNP rs6051702 was not associated with the hemoglobin decline to >3 g/dL at week 4 in our study (p=0.055). Conclusions: The ITPA SNP rs1127354 is a useful predictor of ribavirin-induced anemia in Taiwanese patients and may be related to more severe decreases in platelet counts during the early stage of HCV combination therapy. (Gut Liver, 2015;9:214-223)
Jiin-Jiang Jow,Li-Ya Hsieh,Huai-Ping Cho,Ho-Rei Chen,Chung-Wen Kuo 한국공업화학회 2013 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.19 No.5
Determination of the surface area of commercial carbon-black (CB) by cyclic-voltammetry (CV)measurements of the electrochemical double-layer charge (Q) in aqueous sulfuric acid was investigated. Various factors that affect the Q value associated with CB, including: the presence of redox-reversible function-groups, the binders used for the formation of thin-film CB electrodes, the scan rates of the CV measurement, H2SO4 electrolyte concentration and the volume of air contained in the pores of the CB samples were examined. Conditions for measuring Q without interference from these factors were investigated and the data derived, without interference, was found to correlate well with the surface area of the CB. The results show that the total Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area shows good correlation (R2 = 0.993) with the Q value corresponding to a full charge/discharge of the CB (Q0), obtained by extrapolation at a zero scan rate; additionally, the CB micropore surface area (diameter < 2 nm)shows good linear correlation with the Q deficiency (Q0–Q), measured at 5 mV s-1 (R2 = 0.998).
A MODEL OF INTERMARRIAGE INVOLVING ATTRIBUTE EXCHANGE
Li, Shaomin,Jow-Ching Tu, Edward,Ouyang, Ming 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2002 Global economic review Vol.31 No.3
The increasing pace of globalization has significantly affected our lives in many profound ways. One of the consequences of globalization is the rise of intermarriage, i.e., the marriage between couples of different nationalities or different social, economic, religious, or racial backgrounds. Since our understanding of intermarriage is limited, this paper attempts to shed lights on intermarriage by developing a formal model based on attribute exchange. After examining the motivation and micro and macro consequences of intermarriages, our model shows that different value systems regarding marital attributes among different groups drive individuals with attributes valued lower in their group to seek intermarriage. As a result, the essence of intermarriages is the movement of attributes from groups in which such attributes are relatively abundant to groups where the same attributes are relatively scarce. Thus, intermarriage makes individuals with attributes valued lower in their original groups better off. At the inter-societal (or inter-group) level, the equilibrium of intermarriage is determined by the relative scarcity of marital attributes in different groups (societies). In the long run, intermarriages converge different groups in terms of their value systems regarding marriage.
A MODEL OF INTERMARRIAGE INVOLVINGATTRIBUTE EXCHANGE
Shaomin Li,Edward Jow-Ching Tu,Ming Ouyang 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2002 Global economic review Vol.31 No.3
The increasing pace of globalization has significantly affected our lives in many profound ways. One of the consequences of globalization is the rise of intermarriage, i.e., the marriage between couples of different nationalities or different social, economic, religious, or racial backgrounds. Since our understanding of intermarriage is limited, this paper attempts to shed lights on intermarriage by developing a formal model based on attribute exchange. After examining the motivation and micro and macro consequences of intermarriages, our model shows that different value systems regarding marital attributes among different groups drive individuals with attributes valued lower in their group to seek intermarriage. As a result, the essence of intermarriages is the movement of attributes from groups in which such attributes are relatively abundant to groups where the same attributes are relatively scarce. Thus, intermarriage makes individuals with attributes valued lower in their original groups better off. At the inter-societal (or inter-group) level, the equilibrium of intermarriage is determined by the relative scarcity of marital attributes in different groups (societies). In the long run, intermarriages converge different groups in terms of their value systems regarding marriage.