Hawthorne과 Hemingway 비교연구

薛俊夫 西原大學校 1986 西原大學 論文集 Vol.17 No.-

The researcher has taken a close examination of the similarity between Hawthorne and Heminway by referring to their same theme of the ultimate life purpose even if they have quite a different background - their era, the process of growth, personality and attitude toward the subject materials. Hawthorne attempts to find out the dual nature of man, or the truth of human heart persistently, whereas Hemingway strives to search for the moment of the truth and confront the evil or good nature of man undauntly. He is anxious to solve the conflict resulting from such an event. Both of them have a strong tendency to deny the intolerance of the traitional religion and want to be moral humanists by putting live and belief above the orthodox religious doctrine. In other word th sin of an intellect that triumphed over sense of brotherhood with man and sacrified everything to the religious doctrine deserves a recompense of immotal agony. They make desperate efforts to plant the spirit of brotherhood with man among mankind by not breaking away from the magnitic chain off humanity and preferring the sympathy to the obstinate worship. They are eager to cry out in a loud voice that brotherhood is prerequisite to the requirement of salvation. It is true that The Scarlet Letter os closing its dark end, saying that it is a tale of human frailty and sorrow, but Hawthorne expressed his hope that it may be a sweet moral blossom which symbolize the pity, symathy and love in order to relieve its solidity and the tragic situation of the story. Hemingway places the Barnes) in the consistent contrast between the violent man and sleepless man, Heroic courage, friendship and patience instead of the empty forms-partriottism, sacredness and honor are important factors in their behaviors, The abstract values of the empty forms are despised. According to Philip Yong this code is very important because the code hero, as he might be called, presents a solution to the problems of Nick Adams, the exemparay code hero and for Hemingway it is the only solution. Nick Adam, the alter ego of Ernest Hemingway, started from the initiated hero and tried to find out how to live well in this chaos and disorder. Two writers use the series of symbolic contrast, in which Light and Dark are the main symbol and surbordinate symbols are as follows, head and heart, town and forest, sunrise and sunset, reality and appearance, snow and rain, mountain and plain, war and peace, and the violent man and the sleepless man and the sleepless man with the frequent use of rhythmic motif and Journey motif. A series of antitheses in Rawthorne and the series of contrast in Hemingway show the theme of each other in his own way. In this way Hawthorne is eager to open an intercourse with the world through love, and Hemingway show an increase concern over the relationship between individualism and interdependence, furthermore the tragic irony of man's fate. is one of his deep concerns. Love and the bond of sympathy are strongly needed in them. But it is not too much to say that their subject matter and theme are too simple compared with those of other writers, because their only concern is no more than the exploration of the human heart. These two writers may be lacking in the diversity of their works, but not in the depth of them. Pertaining to the style of works, but not in the depth of them. Pertaining to the style of them, we can say that they are careful enough to find his own way of expressing their thought. The hard-boiled style of Hemingway setting of A Farewell to Arms on the permanent rain which symbolizes the disaster, and then the rain coming with cholera was checked in the end. In this case we have to call this fact in mind that if winter comes, spring can not be far behind. The structure of these two writers take the similar circumstances as if snow would take the place of the disasterous rain. Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter went over to the Continent with her only hope, Pearl. She can recover the eqilibrium of the body by finding out the real happiness. This fact reminds us of the theme of Homecoming. Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms also reminds us of the them if Homeconcept, by his tacit action though he left the hospital in the rain. He emerged out the dark shadow into the new light deeply rooted in his mind. Therfore this action can't but be a source of ambiguity revealed in the process of filtering his meloncholy mood rather than the simple revelation of the action of fact. This action also suggest the latent light and warm-hearted humanity through the insight into the evil and good nature of life and the philosophical speculation. Both writers devote themselves to the salvation of human soul and the setting up the fundmental union with man through the agony and pain brought about from the full understanding of the Original Sin. They would like to restore the unaffected human by reproaching the narrow-minded puritanism and optimistic transcendentalism. That's why Hawthorne puts an emphasis on importance of being human by showing a lot of examples- the man of adamant (Richard Digby), the man of intellect and pride (Chillingworth), the man of redemption (Dimmesdale), the man against sympathy(Ethan Brand), the man of isolation (Goodman Brown), etc. On the other hand hemingway emphasizes the code hero, such as the religion of man (Santigo and Catherine ), the underfeated (Manuel),the man with God (Priest) and the man of self respect (Romero and Jake is quite contrary to the Hawthorne's long but smoothy one. But particularly noteworthy is that their different styles are continously exploring the common theme of human nature with their defferent styles. With all of the chartictcistic features They can stand out in the American literature of the nineteenth and twentieth century.

미국의 가치관과 교육

설준부 서원대학교 인문과학연구소 2003 인문과학연구 Vol.12 No.-

We live in an age of globalization. So it is essential to understand the literature, music and art of a people as well as their customs, tradition, and basic values. In addition. It is also more important to investigate the relationship of them by referring to ours. In this thesis I want to focus on the relationship between American education and American basic values and to know how these values are applied to American education. The way in which some Americans practice their beliefs may also differ, resulting in a great variety of lifestyles. In some parts of America bilingualism and biculturalism continue. But it is usually said that diversity in unity and unity in diversity is characteristic of everything Americans. It is partly from the physical differences in the geography of the United States of America, and partly from the national, political, social and religious differences of the early immigrants who came to the New World in the 1600's. Particularly noteworthy is that American education system has reflected the ideal of the equal opportunity just as the American public school system has been developed. In 1825 the public education was "open to all" and they kept the system financing the schools with tax money. This has helped to develop the equal opportunity in American education. Without regard to his level and social status, every on has had the rights to be taught in any public school. The most important departure from the ideal of equal opportunity occurred in the education of black Americans. Black people in the southern states were prohibited by law from attending schools with whites In 1954 the system of segregated public education in southern States came to an end. Now they are free to attend any public school. Above all some of the schools. especially the laws and medical schools have attempted to do more than treat all applicants equally. That is, the affirmative action to set minority quotas has been in effect. Some one says that such quotas were denial of equal education. By th way this will be well said that American education system has tried to advance the equal opportunity in American education. Secondly Americans put a high value on an individual in education. Americans created the climate of freedom where the emphasis was put on the individual. So America came to be associated in the minds with the concept of individual freedom. This will be the most significant factor of all the American values. It also helped to attract immigrants to this country. In order to be in the mainstream of American life an individual must be seen as self-reliant. Finally we should also notice that American education has a close relation with the value of material wealth. Tocqueville, a French aristocrat at first shared the fear of those rich American who believed that universal education would be a danger rather than a national blessing. But together with developing the equal opportunity and the emphasis on individual in education, the money value has made a good contribution to American education. So it goes without saying that the more schooling people have the more money they have when they leave school. With all these prepositions I looked over the revealed factors of American education.

미국의 가족제도

설준부 서원대학교 인문과학연구소 2002 인문과학연구 Vol.11 No.-

Hemingway 初基作品의 比較硏究

薛俊夫 西原大學校 1983 西原大學 論文集 Vol.12 No.-

In an attempt to find out a similarity or a common feature between early two works of hemingway's-The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms, I make use of several short stories written by him during his early period and show how well the fact and the fiction blended. Furthermore I make a revelation of the clean proofs included in the two works. And then I serch for the common feature of the novels by examining the technique of the plot and the contrasting symbol on the basis of those revealed proofs. A particular attention is paid to the fact that our life turns round continuously just like a full circle. The youth didn't appear as the departed but an explorer who had made a expeditionary journey into the well-lighted world even in the nihilistic world. The nhilistic attitude in the process would be regarded as a struggle for the healthy and solid situation in order to overcome that nada or nothingness. I pointed out that the external plots of the two works seemed to be like those of drama and the frequently-happened comparative symbolisms, like the expressions of agonized protatonists who want to get into the lighted world out of the dark. These internal and external structure of the two novels made it clean that there was a close similarity between The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms. i also try to find out the chronical order of the two even if A farewell to Arms appeared three years late after the publication of The Sun Also Rises. it would be very interesting to investigate which one would be the first volume in contents and which one the second one. I make a following conclusion A Farewell to Arms as the first part and The SAun Also Rises the second one by presenting a few evidences. the narrowness in depth of the thought, as many critics has pointed, is due to the ritual getting out of the nightmare which Hemingway had during all his life. It must be borne in mind that Hemingway tells the stories ge has lived or heard, against the background of the countries he has seen. But those are curious stories that he has chosen from his side experience, and those countries are presented in a strangely mortuary light. In no other writer of our time can we find such a profusion of corpse in that struggling or motruary world. I try to explain all this tendency in the novels from the viewpoint of journey. Hemingway wants to get out of the stifling Oak park to the clean, dry and open Nature Walloon lake. the desire going to that place is expressed not only inhis actual life, but also in the contents of the fiction. It is necessary for nathaniel Gawthorne who wants to find out the truth of human heart to make a journey into the some unknown world. goodman Brown in "Young Goodman Brown" set forth on a journey into the forest with out regard to his wife's sincere request. Just like the same way. Ernest Hemingway who wants to find out the moment of truth must make a journey either to the Big Two-Hearted River where fishing and hunting is available or to the Clean Well-lighted Place which is sufficiently provided with the lights. In hs early years He doesn't folow his parents' advice to take the easy way, but explores the spot with no stifling atmosphere. He doesn't care about any kind of ordeal with firm resolution to endure. he struggled his way to that spot without considering violence or death. In Hemingway's works his heroes have a stoic attitude to come out of the nightmare even though ge is at a pinchbecause of the traumatic and psychiac shock inflicted during the war. It will be the repeated belief that Man is destoyed but not defeated. Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms plunged into the Tagliamento. It is a kind of journey to the river as he threw out all the traditional value in the river. There are also another journeys to be founded out in this novel. That is to say, a journey to the hospital (from the Montreaux to Lausanne) and a night journey to the Swiss, the promising world. The Sun Also Rises contains many journeys robert Cohn's Journey to the purple land, Jake and Bill's Journey to the Bruguette, jake and Brett's Journey to the full circle(the Journey back to the Monparnasse_. We can research from the above mentioned jorney his strong resolution to push his way to the desirous world in the two works. By the way it will not be so easy to feel the sense of nightmare in his journey. Heminway describes an "absolutely perfect obstacle or barricade" in Chapter Ⅲ of In Our Time. It is a symbol for other obstacles recurring in his novels-the wound that divides Jake and Brett(in SAR) and the death in childbirth that separates the separate Frederic from Catherine(in FTA). It is sometimes like a wall in "The Killers" of Chapter Ⅳ. Therefore consider this action or journey as a kind of ritual to wake up from the nightmarish dream. As the Clean Brooks pointed out, it is the simple expedition, a kind of secret, individualistic ritual to ostracise night-mare. What kind of exorcisim to forget the nightmare is used in the two works? Careful reading of Hemingway's works leads us to conclude that drinking, fishing, bull-fighting and writing play the major roles in the individual ritualistic function. It goes without saying that other intensive physical activities such as boxing, hunting and fighting in war will be served in a similar way. But I set limit to only four actions to discuss the resemblance of the early two works. In conclusion these actions are regarded as a step to an act of becoming one-the moment of truth. That is what all the hemingway's heroes want to obtain in a state of violence or death. Particularly noteworthy is that Hemingway usually describes love as the act of becoming one just like the bullfighting. In this sense the making of love in A Farewell to Arms is counterpart of the bull-fighting in The Sun Also Rises for the ritualistic function. Therefore the journey from the dark to the light appeared in Hemingway's works could be considered a ritual to ostrcize nightmare and those early works(SAR and FTA)are the summarized records, the essences of that densely packed period in reverse chronical order.

열공형과 비열공형 피질하 혈관성 치매에서 위험인자의 차이에 관한 비교 연구

배희준,정지향,유경호,나덕렬,김상윤,최경규,양동원,손의주,이상도,김재우,박경원,김응규,이재홍,박미영,한일우,함동석,최문성,하충건,최성혜,이애영,이병철,한설희 대한치매학회 2003 Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders Vol.2 No.2

Backgrounds and Objectives: Vascular dementia is a group of dementing disoders arising from various stroke syndrome. Among these. subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD) is regarded as a relatively distinct clinical entity. However, MRI patterns of SIVD are not homogenous. In some patients, lacunes are dominant, and in others, subcortical white matter changes are. This study was designed to compare risk factor profiles between SIVD with and without multiple lacunes. Methods: We divided 47 subjects (22 males, mean age. 68 years) recruited from VADAPET (Multicenter Trial For Evaluation Of The Changes In the PET Images Of Subcortical Vascular Dementia Patient) study into two groups one with more than 5 lacunes in deep gray matter (lacune group) and the other with 5 or less(non-lacune group) Clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of two groups were compared. Results: Nineteen of 47 patients (40%) belonged to the lacune group. The lacune and non-lacune groups d d not differ in the following variables: age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia heart disease, history of stroke or TIA, history of trauma or major surgery, family history of hypertension stroke, or dementia, age at diagnosis of dementia, body mass index, white blood cell count, ESR, CRP, fibrinogen, hemoglobin A1C, total cholesterol. LDL cholesterol creatinine, proteinuria, glucosuria, and microhematuria. However, male sex, smoking alcohol. hemoglobin, and HDL cholesterol were possibly associated more with lacune group SIVD than with non-lacune group (p<0 1) Multivariate analyses revealed that smoking, hemoglobin, and HDL cholesterol were independent predictors of SIVD with multiple lacunes Conclusion: Our study suggests that SIVD with multiple lacunes may be significantly different in smoking habits hemoglobin, and HDL cholesterol from SIVD without multiple lacunes.

간세포암의 고주파 열치료 후 천자침 경로를 통한 전이 1례

조영완,박석주,진한영,김준영,이재익,강명주,박정하,윤정희,박성재,지삼룡,이연재,이상혁,설상영 인제대학교 2006 仁濟醫學 Vol.27 No.-

Radiofrequency ablation(RFA), as a form of minimally invasive therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma, has become an important treatment modality. Because of limitation of surgery, RFA has become standard therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in some situations. But there are some complications of RFA such as bleeding, infection, hematoma, adjacent organ thermal damage including intestinal perforation, needle track seeding, and so on. There are few reports in the literature that systematically evaluate the incidence of needle tract seeding and its associated risk factors. And only 2 cases of needle tract seeding of hepatocellular carcinoma after RFA were reported in Korea. We report a case of needle tract seeding of hepatocellular carcinoma after RFA.

사람의 비후성 반흔에서 면역조직화학기법에 의한 형질전환인자 알파와 표피성장인자 발현의 차이에 관한 면역조직화학적 연구

박영란,김현곤,김종중,문정석,송준섭,설경수,정윤영 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2008 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.33 No.2

Background and Objectives: Transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are polypeptides which interact with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to produce their biological effects. The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the immunolocalization of TGF-α and EGF in normal human skin, hypertrophic scar with skin graft on soft tissue defect, and postburn hypertrophic scar without graft. Methods: The data presented in this paper focused attention on differences of expression between two kinds of hypertrophic scars in relation to skin graft using immunohistochemistry. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from 3 normal skin tissues, 3 hypertrophic scars after skin graft and 8 postburn hypertrophic scars without graft were immunolabelled with antibodies directed against TGF-α and EGF. Results: In normal epidermis of skin, strong TGF-α immunoreactivity (IR) was observed in all epidermal layers except the stratum (S.) basale, whereas EGF was immunopositive in a few cells over all epidermal layers. The staining for TGF-α was found in cell membrane, and EGF was seen either diffuse cytoplasmic or peripheral part of cells in normal epidermis. In hypertrophic scar after six months postoperation, TGF-α IR was observed in the upper part of S. spinosum and S. corneum, whereas EGF was diffusely expressed in the S. spinosum, also its intensity was slightly increased compared to normal skin. In hypertrophic scar without skin graft, very strong expression of EGF was detected in the S. spinosum and S. corneum, and intensity of EGF was increased when compared to normal skin and postoperative hypertrophic scar. EGF and TGF-α coexisted in the cells of S. spinosum in normal skin as well as hypertrophic scars. Double-labeled cells were increased in postburn hypertrophic scar compared to normal skin and postoperative hypertrophic scar. In addition, intensity of EGF and TGF-α double IR was the strongest in postburn hypertrophic scar. Conclusion: These results indicate that EGF may have a more complex regulatory role not only in the early stages of wound healing but also in hypertrophic scar.

A New Sweetpotato Cultivar, "Matnami" suitable for Table Use

Joon Seol Lee,Hag Sin Kim,Young Sup Ahn,Mi Nam Chung,Byeong Choon Jeong,Jin Ki Bang 한국육종학회 2007 한국육종학회지 Vol.39 No.2

“Matnami” is a new sweetpotato variety developed by Mokpo Experiment Station, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2006, for table use and food processing. This variety was selected from the cross between “Hongmi” and MI9510-12 in 1999. Seedling and line selections were performed from 2000 to 2002. Preliminary and advanced yield trials were carried out from 2003 to 2004. The regional yield trials were conducted at six locations from 2005 to 2006. “Matnami” has cordate leaf, green with purple vine and petiole, elliptic storage root, red skin and yellow flesh color of storage root. The average yield of storage root was 27.0 ton/ha in the regional yield trials, which was 11% higher than that of Yulmi variety. Number of storage roots over 50 gram per plant was 2.6. The average weight of one storage root was 173 gram. This variety is also resistant to fusarium wilt and nematode. In addition, steamed “Matnami” has higher polyphenol contents as 3.3 mg/g dw and higher biological activitiesas, which improve the bioactivity in human. The total sugar content was higher, thereby, sweeter than “Yulmi”. It shows lower (68.6℃) initial temperature of starch gelatinization and slower retrogradation process than “Yulmi”.

비만증 환자에서 한약제에 의한 체중 감소효과

Oh, Seung-Joon,Jeong, In-Kyung,Kim, Young-Seol,Choi, Young-Kil,Paeng, Jeong-Ryung,Bae, Jung-Hwan,Shin, Hyun-Dae 경희대학교 동서의학연구소 1999 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON EAST-WEST MEDICINE Vol.1999 No.1

Seung-Joon Oh, In-Kyung Jeong, Young-Seol Kim, Young-Kil Choi, Jeong-Ryung Paeng¹, Jung-Hwan Bae and Hyun-Dae Shin²Department of internal Medicine, College Medicine, Endocrine Research Institute¹. Department of Rehabilitation, College of Oriental Medicine², Seoul, korea. Bady Fat Reduction Effects of Red Ginseng Compound Preparation on the Patients with Obesity. Proceedings of International Symposium on East-West Medicine, Seoul. 244-254, 1999.-Obesity can be defined as a metabolic disease due to an increased state of fat tissues caused by an imbalance of calorie intake and use. Recently, in Korea by improvement and westernization of food intake, along with decrease in exercise activities, the prevalence of obesity has increased greatly. Our objectives were to study stability and effects of decrease in body fat by administering red ginseng compound preparation (known to have body fat decreasing effects in laboratory animals) to obesity patients on low calorie diets. Changes in weight and body fat were measured while carrying out calorie-restricted diets on patients for 4 weeks, then administering red ginseng compound preparation for another 4 weeks. The patients were 20 people whose BMI were 25kg/㎡ or over and whose percent body fat was also 30% or over when tested by bioelectrical conductivity. 1. Changes in weight were from 70.04kg(base line) to 67.43kg(after taking red ginseng compound preparation). 2. In similar sense, BMI decreased from 27.12kg/㎡(base line) to 26.56kg/㎡(after dieting), and further to 26.01kg/㎡ (after taking red ginseng compound preparation). The BMI seemed to decrease significantly compared to the baseline after the use of red ginseng compound. 3. Waist hip ratio was changed from 0.8858(base line) to 0.8728, but it was statistically insignificant. 4. The percent body fat was 35,16%(base line), 33.87%(after dieting), and 31.68%(after taking red ginseng compound preparation). 5. Complete blood cell count and blood chemisrty remained unaffected by the administration. 6. In concern to endocrinologic studies, T3 decreased from 118.7 to 98.2ng/dL, and T4 increased from 8.8 to 9.2㎕/ dL. Epinephrine showed a tendency to decreased from 0.27 to 0.25 ng/mL, and norepinephrine increased from 0.39 to 0.44ng/mL. 7. Leptin was not changed. 8. Some patients complained adverse effects; constipation(5 patients, may be due to diet therapy), fatigue (2 patients), pruritus(2 patients), flushing(s patients), dizziness(3 patients) and epigastric discomfort(2 patients). However their symptoms were mild, so medication did not stopped. In conclusion, loss of weight without significant side effects was observed during low calorie diet and red ginseng compound preparation administration. This is thought to be in relation to sympathetic nerve system rather than adrenal gland. Also, further long0term studies should be required, since the observed results were based on short-term changes in weight.

Haplotype Distribution of the β₂-Adrenergic Receptor Gene in Korean Essential Hypertensives

Joon Seol Bae,Byung Yong Kang,Kang Oh Lee,Tae Joong Yoon,Jae Hyoun Kim,Ki Tae Kim 한국독성학회 2002 Toxicological Research Vol.18 No.3

In view of the effect of β₂-adrenergic receptors (β₂-AR) as a risk factor for essential hypertension, we investigated the Fnu4HI and MnlI RFLPs of β₂-AR gene in the Korean patients with essential hypertension and normal controls. There were no significant differences in the allele and genotype of these polymorphism between normotensive and essential hypertensive subjects. In ethnic comparison, the allele frequencies of these three sites contained Nde I RFLP, reported the association with essential hypertension in Korean population previously, were very different from those of other ethnic populations studied. The significant linkage disequilibrium was detected only in hypertensive group between Nae I and Fnu4HI sites. The Fnu4HI RFLP was also significantly association between Fnu4HI variation in the human β₂-AR gene and plasma TG level may reflect the potential role of human β₂-AR gene as one of the genetic components for cardiovascular risk.