돈암서원의 강학 활동

김문준 ( Kim Moon Joon ) 한국철학사연구회 2018 한국 철학논집 Vol.0 No.58

한국 서원의 교육 내용과 방식은 주자가 제시한 교육 내용 및 방식과 대부분 유사하지만, 학파에 따라 다소 다른 방식으로 운영되었다. 돈암서원의 초기 원장으로 재임한 이들은 모두 김장생의 문인이었던 김집·송준길·송시열 등이다. 돈암서원은 같은 노론계 서원이었던 화양서원·석실서원이 기호 지역의 중심 서원으로 성장하면서 서원의 위상과 강학 활동도 약화되었을 것이라고 추정된다. 돈암서원 설립 초기의 학규는 전하지 않는다. 돈암서원의 운영 방식은 돈암서원 운영 전반에 관하여 17세기 후반 원장으로 재임하던 송준길에게 문의한 윤증의 서신을 통해 짐작할 수 있다. 이 서신을 통해 볼 때, 돈암서원의 학규는 이이의 <은병정사학규>와 유사하였다고 추정된다. 18세기 이후 돈암서원의 역대 원장은 노론의 낙론계 학자들로서 권상하 계열보다 김창협 계열의 원장이 많았다. 돈암서원 원장은 화양서원, 석실서원의 원장이 겸임하거나 전후로 재임했을 가능성이 많다. 돈암서원에서 행한 강학 활동은 서원 설립 초기에는 김장생-송시열의 교학체계에 따라 소학→가례→심경→근사록 등 성리서를 우선하고 다음에 사서·오경을 가르쳤다. 점차 노론계 낙론 서원인 석실서원 출신의 학자들이 원장으로 부임하면서 소학→사서→오경을 먼저 가르치고 다음에 성리서를 가르치는 이이의 교학체계를 시행하였으리라 추정된다. 이러한 강학 순서는 김창협 계열의 학자들이 설립하고 운영했던 석실서원의 강학 내용과 순서이다. 돈암서원의 입학 자격은 신분은 중시하지 않았으며, 학문과 인품을 중시했다. 서원에서 과거 공부는 허용되지 않았다. 원생들은 서원에서 거재(居齋)하면서 강학에 참여하는 것이 원칙이었으나, 점차 서원의 재정이나 운영이 어려워지면서 자기 집에 거가(居家)하면서 삭망에 행하는 강회에 참여하는 형태로 변화되었다. The contents and method of education of all Korean scholars are similar to the contents and method of education provided by Zhu Xi(朱熹), but they operated in a somewhat different way according to schools. Those who served as the first directors of Donam Seowon were Kim Gip(金集, 1574~1656), Song Joon-gil(宋浚吉, 1606~1672) and Song Si-yeol(宋時烈, 1607~1689), who were the writers of Kim Jang-saeng(金長生, 1548∼1631). Donam Seowon is supposed to have weakened the status of scholarship and the activities of lectures as HwaYang Seowon and Seoksil Seowon, which principals were all the Noron(老論) scholars, grew to be the center of education institution of the Noron. Donam Seowon have not preserved the school regulations. But the way of operating system of Donam Seowon can be guessed through the letter of Song Joon-gil, who was the headmaster of the late 17th century on the whole operation of Donam Seowon. From this letter, it is assumed that the school of Donam Seowon is similar to the ‘Unbyoung-Jungsa regulations’ written by Lee Yi(李珥). The headmasters of Donam Seowon was the Noron scholars. And scholars of the Kim Chang-hyeop(金昌協, 1651~1708) school became headmasters more than the scholars of Kwon Sang-ha(權尙夏, 1641~1721) school. Headmasters of the Donam Seowon had served as the headmasters of HwaYang Seowon and Seoksil Seowon also. In the early days of the establishment of the Donam Seowon, the lecture activities conducted in Donam Seowon were preceded by the textbooks of Kim Jang-saeng/Song Si-yeol's teaching curriculum and neo-confucian books[i.e Sohak(小學)→Family Ritual(家禮)→Simkyong(心經)→Keunsarok(近思錄). It is assumed that the scholars of Seoksil Seowon, who was a Noron Nak-ron(洛論) scholars, gradually adopted Lee Yi's teaching curriculum[i.e, Sohak(小學)→Sasoe(四書)→Okyoung(五經)]. This lecture contents and procedure was contents and procedure of the Seoksil Seowon, established and operated by the scholars of the Kim Chang-hyeop school. Entrance qualification of Donam Seowon's did not place importance on the social status, but on scholarship and personality. The examination for a high-ranking government official was not allowed. Although the principle, students had to participate in the lecture and study(講學), they were living in Seowon, while the financial and operating of the Seowon became increasingly difficult, the students were changed to participate in the conference(講會) held twice a month while studying at their homes.

수근관 증후군에서의 무증상성 척골신경병증

문준식,이성수,이지용,한범기,권준범,양현덕,이성익 대한신경과학회 1999 대한신경과학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Microstructure, Tensile and Fatigue Properties of Al–5 wt.%Mg Alloy Manufactured by Twin Roll Strip Casting

Joon‑Young Heo,Min‑Seok Baek,Kwang‑Jun Euh,Kee‑Ahn Lee 대한금속·재료학회 2018 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.24 No.5

This study investigated the microstructure, tensile and fatigue properties of Al–5 wt.%Mg alloy manufactured by twin rollstrip casting. Strips cast as a fabricated (F) specimen and a specimen heat treated (O) at 400 °C/5 h were produced andcompared. In the F specimen, microstructural observation discovered clustered precipitates in the center area, while in theO specimen precipitates were relatively more evenly distributed. Al, Al 6 (Mn, Fe), Mg 2 Al 3 and Mg 2 Si phases were observed. However, most of the Mg 2 Al 3 phase in the heat-treated O specimen was dissolved. A room temperature tensile test measuredyield strength of 177.7 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 286.1 MPa and elongation of 11.1% in the F specimen and167.7 MPa (YS), 301.5 MPa (UTS) and 24.6% (EL) in the O specimen. A high cycle fatigue test measured a fatigue limit of145 MPa in the F specimen and 165 MPa in the O specimen, and the O specimen achieved greater fatigue properties in allfatigue stress conditions. The tensile and fatigue fracture surfaces of the above-mentioned specimens were observed, and thisstudy attempted to investigate the tensile and fatigue deformation behavior of strip cast Al–5 wt.%Mg based on the fi ndings.

완전 기저 동맥 중복과 동반된 모야모야병(Moyamoya disease) 1예

권준범,양현덕,한범기,이지용,문준식,이성수 대한신경과학회 1999 대한신경과학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Classification of plant orostachys used chloroplast genome through Real-Time PCR

An Joon,Jang Cheol Seong 한국작물학회 2017 한국작물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2017 No.-

화학적 폐 손상시 폐 상피세포 장벽의 특성

서덕준,김준연 大韓産業醫學會 1991 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.3 No.2

The alveolar epithelial barrier permits only restricted passage of solutes, exemplified by a high resistance and equivalent pore properties similar to those of other tight biological barriers. These passive barrier properties may be markedly altered after insults to the lung, perhaps providing insights into the mechanisms of alveolar epithelial injury. The normally tight alveolar epithelium serves as an effective barrier against the leak of solutes from interstitial and vascular spaces into alveolar spaces, thereby helping to maintain the normal "dry" environment required for efficient gas exchange. Until recently, the majority of investigations of alveolar fluid balance relied on intact lung models. The information obtained from these intact mammalian lung studies in vivo and in vitro, if useful, can be difficult to interpret mechanistically, largely because of the anatomical complexity of the lung. For more precise information about alveolar epithelial properties, studies of isolated preparations have been done, providing useful additional approaches to underlying transport machanisms and pathways in the alveolar-capillary wall. In this review article, I introduced the methods being used for study of barrier function in addition to intact lung investigation. And I discussed the barrier properties of the alveolar epithelium relevant to alveolar fluid balance in chemically injured lung, citing the pertinent supporting experimental data where appropriate.

소유-지배 괴리도가 경영진단의견서 공시에 미치는 영향

채수준(Chae, Soo-Joon),이아영(Lee, A-Young) 한국경영교육학회 2020 경영교육연구 Vol.35 No.4

[연구목적] 본 연구는 소유지배괴리도가 공시품질에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지 분석하고자 하였다. 소유지배괴리도는 공정거래위원회가 ‘대규모기업집단 정보공개시스템’을 통해 제공하고 있는 지배주주의 소유권 및 지배권을 사용하여 측정하였으며, 공시품질로는 경영진단의견서(MD&A)를 고려하였다. [연구방법] 본 연구는 소유지배괴리도가 경영진단의견서 공시품질에 미치는 영향을 검증하기 위해서 2010년부터 2013년까지 유가증권시장에 상장된 1,483 기업-연도 표본을 대상으로 선형회귀분석을 실행하였다. [연구결과] 소유지배괴리도와 MD&A 공시품질 간에는 유의한 양(+)의 관련성이 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 소유지배괴리도가 큰 기업일수록 MD&A 공시사항을 충실히 기재하고 있음을 확인하였다. 이는 상반된 두개의 해석을 가능하게 한다. 높은 소유지배괴리도로 인한 지배주주의 사익추구 가능성을 은폐하기 위한 수단으로 공시를 적극적으로 활용할 수 있다는 측면과 높은 소유지배괴리도로 인한 기업지배구조에 대한 부정적인 기업이미지를 해소하고 시장과 원활하게 소통하기 위해 공시를 활용할 수 있다는 해석이 가능하다. [연구의 시사점] 본 연구는 소유지배괴리도와 같은 기업의 소유구조가 기업의 공시품질에 영향을 미치는 요소임을 규명한다는 점에서 공헌도가 있다. 본 연구의 실증결과는 괴리도가 큰 기업일수록 MD&A와 같은 재량적 공시를 적극적으로 수행함으로써 소유구조에 따른 대리인 비용 및 정보비대칭을 완화하고자 하고 있음을 보여준다. 아울러, 대규모 기업집단 지정과 같은 규제제도가 기업들에게 스스로를 관리하게 하는 유인이 될 수 있음을 시사한다. [Purpose] The purpose of this study is to analyze how control-ownership wedge affects disclosure quality. We consider Management Discussion and Analysis(MD&A) as a proxy for disclosure quality [Methodology] This study conducted a linear regression analysis for 1,483 firm-year samples listed on the KOSPI market from the period between 2010 to 2013 to verify the effect of the ownership and control wedge on MD&A. [Findings] This paper showed that there is a significant positive (+) relationship between control-ownership wedge and MD&A disclosure quality. The results of this study verified that firms with a greater degree of control-ownership wedge faithfully described MD&A disclosure items. These results can be explained in two opposite directions. One explanation is that managers of firms with a greater degree of control-ownership wedge can actively use the MD&A disclosure as a mean to conceal the pursuit of the interests of the controlling shareholders. The other explanation is that the MD&A disclosure can be used to solve the negative corporate image of the corporate governance structure due to a high degree of control-ownership wedge and to communicate smoothly with the capital market. [Implications] This study has a contribution that the company’s ownership structure, such as the control-ownership wedge, is a factor influencing the disclosure quality of the company. The empirical results of this study show that firms with a greater degree of control-ownership wedge actively disclose the discretionary disclosure such as MD&A to alleviate agency cost and information asymmetries according to the ownership structure.

全北地方의 藥用作物 재배 및 生産現況

郭晙洙,金昌洙,宋英恩,金柱,朴珍華,韓宗鉉,宋昊俊 圓光大學校 韓醫學硏究所 1997 원광한의학 Vol.7 No.1

본격적인 지방화 시대를 맞이하면서 지역특화작물의 개발과 농가소득증대를 위한 새로운 기술개발이 절실한 이때 주요 소득원작물의 하나인 약용작물의 재배 및 생산현황을 파악하여 지역특성에 맞는 새로운 작목개발 및 정책 입안 자료로 활용하고자 조사분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 생산량을 기준으로한 전북지방의 주요 약용작물을 특화계수 분석결과 총 31개작목 중 독활, 백지, 양유, 오미자, 지황 등은 핵심품목으로 길경, 두층, 방풍, 작약, 천마 등은 주산품목으로 조사되었으며 강활 등 21개 작목은 비특화 작물로 분석되었다. 재배면적을 기준으로 한결과는 독활, 백지, 양유, 지황 등이 핵심품목으로 길경, 두층, 목단, 방풍, 백출, 오미자, 의이인, 작약 등은 주산품목으로 강활 등 19개 품목은 비특화 작물로 분석되었다. 2. 주요 약용작물 재배 계획면적 조사에서는 당귀, 두층, 오미자, 독활, 천궁 등이 계획 대비 실제 재배면적의 차이가 큰 작목으로서 이들은 일반적으로 상품가격의 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 분석되었다. 3. '96 재배면적 조사 결과 전북지방의 주요 약용작물 재배 계획 면적은 총 1,692.7ha였으며 이중 독활이 426ha로 가장 많았고, 길경(283ha), 양유(179ha), 작약(165ha), 두층(154ha), 당귀(113ha), 오미자 의이인, 지황, 산수유, 천궁, 방풍 등의 순이었으며 기타작목으로 백지, 황기, 백하수오 등 28작목이 조사되었다. With the beginning of the new localization era, epoch-making techniques in local agriculture are needed to improve farm income and devlop a locally specialized crops. On the basis of these trends in local agriculture, the status quo of production in medicinal plants which are one of the major income crops were surveyed and analyzed the data for developing a new crops and drafting a policy. The major results are as follows; 1. The results analyzed by Location Quotient of production rate in Chonbuk were classified three catagories. 5 items including Aralia continentalis K_ITAGAWA among 31 items were so rted out as a core crops, another 5 items including Platycodon grandiflotum(J_ACQ.) A.DC. were as a main crops and other 21 items were as a non-specialized crops. Analyzed by cultivation area, 4 items were sorted out as a core crops, another 8 items were as a main crops and the other 19 items were as a non-specialized crops. 2. In comparison with the gap between intended cultivation area and real cultivation area, 5 items including Eucommia ulmoides OLIVER were showed more larger than the others. The above mentioned items were assumed to be more influenced by the price. 3. Farmer's intended cultivation areas of the major medidinal plants in 1996 were surveyed totals of 1.692 ha in Chonbuk. Among them, Aralia corolata was surveyed as the top totals of 426 ha. in area.

직장항문 농양과 치루에 대한 임상적 고찰

김준호,서준하,이석환,이기형,윤충 경희대학교 1997 慶熙醫學 Vol.13 No.4

肝카필라리아症(Hepatic Capillariasis)에 있어서 卵周圍 沈降反應에 관한 實驗的 硏究

金正俊,李駿商,林漢鍾 고려대학교 의과대학 1982 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.19 No.1

The present study was undertaken to investigate the circumoval precipitation (COP) reaction of Capillaria hepatica. The source of C. hepatica eggs was the deposit of nonembryonated eggs encapsulated in the liver of the house rat. The eggs were embryonated in the incubator at 27℃ to 30℃ for four to five weeks. Rat was infected orally with 2,000 embryonated eggs. Blood collections were made by the cardiac puncture after infection of C. hepatica for 10 to 63 days. Fresh eggs obtained from the liver of the house rat washed three times with distilled water and lyophilized with the freeze dryer. lyophilization was carried out on a temperature of -50℃ and a vacuum of 10^(-4)㎜Hg. The occurrence of circumoval precipitation (COP) reaction was proved by the embryonated eggs of C. hepatica which were incubated in the sera from rats given embryonated eggs of C. hepatica by orally. The result findings were as follows: 1. The precipitations were formed around the mucoid plugs of the embryonated eggs after 24 hours at 37℃ by the sera from infected rats. 2. The average positive rates of COP reaction in different diluting solutions were 46.5% in PBS, 35.5% in Millonig's buffer solution, 20.2% in normal saline and 8.8% in distilled water. 3. Precipitations in COP reaction was noticed even in highly diluted sera up to 1 : 128. The high positive rate of COP reaction in serum with the PBS diluting solution was shown to be over 76% at the dilution of 1 : 16 to 1:32. 4. There were no differences in the positive rates of the COP reaction between the fresh and lyophilized eggs using PBS as a diluting solution. 5. There were no differences in the positive rates of COP reaction using lyophilized embryonated eggs in each serum collected during the 10th to 63rd days after infection of C. hepatica. 6. With the embryonated eggs of C. hepalica precipitations were not produced in the sera from rats infected with Clonorchis sinensis, Metagonimus yokogawai, Paragonimus iloktsuenensis and by the sera from human infected with Ascaris lumbricoides.