문식성 교수법으로서 점진적 책임 이양 모형(GRR)의 재조명 : 직접교수법과의 차이를 중심으로

김주환 ( Kim¸ Joohwan ) 한국독서학회 2022 독서연구 Vol.- No.63

이 연구에서는 선행연구를 바탕으로 직접교수법과 점진적 책임 이양 모형의 원리를 살펴보았다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 결론과 시사점을 얻을 수 있었다. 첫째, 직접교수법이 원래의 취지와는 다르게 알려졌다. 직접교수법은 과제를 학생들이 학습 가능한 수준으로 세분화해서 제시하고 이를 학생들이 습득할 수 있도록 교사가 적절한 비계 지원을 해주는 데 초점이 있다. 그러나 제6차 교육과정에서 제시하고 있는 직접교수법은 학생이 성취해야 할 과제에 대한 분석이나 학생 활동에 대한 고려 없이 교사의 지도만을 강조하고 있다. 둘째, 점진적 책임 이양 모형이 현시적 교수법으로 잘못 알려져왔다. 제6차 교육과정시기에 직접교수법과 함께 점진적 책임 이양 모형이 언어 기능 신장을 위한 대표적인 교수법으로 소개되었으나 초기 연구자들에 의해 현시적 교수법이라는 이름으로 소개되어 직접교수법의 한 유형으로 인식되었다. 셋째, 진정한 학습이 이루어지기 위해서는 교사로부터 학생으로 학습의 책임을 점진적으로 이양하는 것이 중요하다. GRR 모델은 학습의 책임이 교사로부터 학생으로 점진적으로 이양하는 과정을 중시하기 때문에 이 모형을 활용할 경우 교사 중심의 접근 혹은 학생 중심의 접근으로 혼란한 우리나라의 문식성 교실의 여러 가지 편향을 진단하고 개선하는 데 도움이 될 것이다. This study clarifies the difference between direct instruction and the gradual release of responsibility. The study’s results are as follows. First, the direct instruction was known differently from its original purpose. The direct instruction presented in the sixth curriculum emphasizes only the teacher’s guidance, without analyzing the tasks to be accomplished by the students or considering student activities. Second, the GRR model was misunderstood as an explicit instruction. The GRR model was introduced in the sixth curriculum, but early researchers introduced it as an explicit instruction and recognized it only as direct instruction. Third, it is important to gradually release the responsibility of learning from the teacher to the student. The GRR model emphasizes the gradual release of responsibility of learning. Using this model will help improve literacy problems in Korean classes by not offering purely teacher-centered or studentꠓcentered classes.

미국 연방대법원 Halo 판결 이후 미국 특허법상 증액손해배상제도에 대한 법리의 전개양상 - 연방순회항소법원 판결을 중심으로 -

李周桓 ( Lee¸ Joo Hwan ) 법조협회 2020 法曹 Vol.69 No.6

미국 연방대법원은 2016년 Halo 판결을 통하여 연방순회항소법원 전원합의체가 고의침해의 인정기준으로 채택하였던 ”two-part test“를 폐기하였다. 연방대법원은 미국 특허법상 증액손해배상은 침해자의 주관적인 고의성만으로 인정된다고 판시함으로써, 증액손해배상 인정기준을 완화하였다. 연방대법원의 Halo 판결이 선고된 이후, 연방순회항소법원은 연방대법원이 새롭게 채택한 증액손해배상 인정기준을 개별 사건에 적용함으로써, 연방대법원이 증액손해배상제도에서 의도한 사법정책을 실천하고 있다. 우선 Halo 환송심 판결과 Stryker 환송심 판결은 연방대법원의 판결 취지에 따라서 환송 전 지방법원 판결의 타당성을 검토한 이후에 당해 사건을 지방법원으로 환송하였다. 그리고 WBIP 판결과 Georgetown 판결은 “Seagate test”하에서 인정된 고의침해에 근거하여 증액손해배상액을 산정한 지방법원 판결이 연방대법원이 새롭게 채택한 증액손해배상에 대한 기준에 근거하여서도, 자신에게 주어진 재량권을 남용하지 않았다고 판단하였다. 나아가 WCM 판결과 Polara 판결은 지방법원이 Read Factor에 근거하여 증액손해배상을 산정하였지만, 이에 대한 분석을 충실히 하지 못함으로써 손해배상액을 증액하는 근거에 대하여 충분히 설명하지 못하였다는 이유로, 지방법원 판결을 파기하였다. 결국 이 연방순회항소법원판결들은 미국 특허법상 증액손해배상제도에 대한 법리를 변경한 연방대법원 Halo 판결의 취지를 반영함으로써, 증액손해배상제도가 미국 특허법이 목적으로 하는 혁신을 통한 산업발전과 경제발전에 기여할 수 있는 법적 환경을 조성한 평가할 수 있다. The U.S. Supreme Court had abolished the "two-part test" as a standard of willful infringement adopted by the CAFC through Halo decision in 2016. The Supreme Court had mitigated the standard of enhanced damages by deciding that enhanced damages would award only based on the subjective willfulness. Following the sentencing of the Supreme Court's Halo decision, the CAFC has implemented the judicial policy intended by the Supreme Court by applying the newly adopted standard of enhanced damages to individual cases. First of all, Halo's and Stryker's remanding decisions had reviewed the validity of the previous trial court’s decision in accordance with the purpose of the Supreme Court and then remanded the case to the trial court. In addition, the WBIP’s and Georgetown’s decisions had decided that the district court's decision which calculated enhanced damages on the basis of willful infringement under the “Seagate test” did not abuse the discretion by the standard for the newly adopted by the Supreme Court. Furthermore, the WCM’s and Polara’s decisions had overturned the trial court's decisions on the grounds that the courts calculated enhanced damages based on the Read Factor, but failed to fully explain the grounds for the amount of enhanced damages by failing to faithfully analyze them. In the end, the CAFC’s decisions reflect the purpose of the Supreme Court’s Halo decision which had changed the legal principle on enhanced damages so that enhanced damages can contribute to industrial and economic development in the U.S..

대만, 중국, 호주, 캐나다의 특허침해로 인한 증액손해배상제도

이주환 ( Lee¸ Joo Hwan ) 연세대학교 법학연구원 2021 法學硏究 Vol.31 No.4

대만은 특허법 제97조에서 증액손해배상제도를 규정하고 있고, 여기에 “고의침해”에 대하여 손해배상액을 “3배” 범위 이내에서 증액할 수 있다는 내용을 두고 있다. 다만 대만 특허법은 손해배상액의 증액정도를 판단할 수 있는 기준에 대하여 별도로 규정하고 있지 않기 때문에, 대만법원의 손해배상액 증액판결은 법적 타당성이 낮은 것으로 판단된다. 다음으로 중국은 특허법 제71조 제1항에서 증액손해배상제도를 규정하고 있고, 여기에 “고의침해”에 대하여 손해배상액을 “5배” 범위 이내에서 증액할 수 있다는 내용을 두고 있다. 다만 중국 특허법은 아직까지 손해배상액의 증액정도를 판단할 수 있는 기준을 두고 있지는 않지만, 상표법처럼 최고인민법원의 사법해석을 통하여 이에 대한 기준을 마련할 것으로 예상된다. 특히 중국은 여러 국가의 특허법상 증액손해배상규정 중에서 손해배상액의 증액한도를 “5배”로 가장 높게 책정하였다는 점에서 특색이 있다. 그리고 호주는 특허법 제122조(1A)에서 증액손해배상제도를 규정하고 있지만, 증액손해배상의 대상과 증액상한에 대해서는 명시적으로 규정하고 있지 않다. 마지막으로 캐나다는 특허법에 증액손해배상을 규정하고 있지는 않지만 판례법으로 이를 인정하고 있다. 그리고 캐나다는 판례법으로 손해배상액의 증액정도를 판단할 수 있는 기준인 Whiten Factors도 두고 있다. 특히 캐나다 법원의 손해배상액 증액판결은 Whiten Factors에 근거하여 이루어지기 때문에, 대만 증액손해배상 판결에 비하여 법적 타당성이 높은 것으로 판단된다. 이들 국가에서의 특허법상 증액손해배상제도는 미국 특허법상 증액손해배상제도에 의하여 많은 영향을 받은 것으로 보인다. 그 이유는 역사적으로 확립되어온 미국 특허법상 증액손해배상제도의 내용들이 앞에서 살펴본 여러 국가의 특허법상 증액손해배상제도에 유사한 형태로 포섭되어 있기 때문이다. 2019년 7월 9일부터 시행된 우리 특허법상 증액손해배상제도에 대한 판결은 현재로서는 많지 않다. 앞으로 특허법상 증액손해배상제도가 그 도입취지에 부응할 수 있도록 효율적으로 운영될 필요성이 있다. 이를 위해서 우리법원은 우리 특허법 제128조 제9항에 규정된 “8가지 고려사항”에 근거하여 손해배상액의 증액정도를 구체적으로 판단하여야 하고, 우리 특허법 제128조 제8항이 규정하고 있는 “고의”를 지나치게 엄격하게 해석하지 않아야 한다. The Article 97 of Taiwan Patent Act stipulates enhanced damages, which states that damages can be increased up to “3 times” for “willful infringement”. Since the Taiwan Patent Act does not separately stipulate the criteria for determining the increase of damages, the Taiwan Court's decision to increase damages is considered to have low legal validity. The Article 71 Paragraph 1 of China Patent Act stipulates enhanced damages, which states that the damages can be increased up to “5 times” for “willful infringement”. Although the China Patent Act does not yet have a standard for determining the increase of damages, it is expected to provide a standard for this through judicial interpretation of the Supreme People's Court. The Article 122(1A) of Australia Patent Act stipulates the enhanced damages, but does not explicitly stipulate the subject of increased damages and the upper limit of the increase. Finally, Canada does not provide for enhanced damages in its Patent Act, but recognizes it via case law. In Canada, case law also has Whiten Factors, a standard that can determine the increase of damages. In particular, the Canadian court's decision to enhance damages is based on the Whiten Factors, so it is considered to have higher legal validity than the Taiwanese court's judgment. There are not many judgments about enhanced damages under the South Korea Patent Act, which took effect on July 9, 2019. In the future, there is a need for efficient operation of enhanced damages to satisfy the purpose of its introduction. To achieve the purpose, our court must determine the increase of damages based on the “eight considerations” stipulated in Article 128 Paragraph 9 of the Korea Patent Act and should not interpret the “willful” stipulated in Article 128 Paragraph 8 too strictly.

P-19 Active tuberculosis in retired dusty workers received health examination for confirming work-related pneumoconiosis

( Joohwan Hwang ),( Youlim Lee ),( Byung-soon Choi ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2016 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.121 No.-

According to the act on the prevention of pneumoconiosis and protection, etc. of workers suffering from pneumoconiosis, dusty work defines any work requiring handling of earth, stone, rock or minerals which might cause workers engaged in such work suffer from pneumoconiosis, as prescribed by Presidential Decree. Pneumoconiosis is a disease, the main symptom of which is a fibroplastic change occurring in lungs due to inhalation of dust. Active tuberculosis is manifested in one of the most common complications under the act on the prevention of pneumoconiosis and protection, etc. of workers suffering from pneumoconiosis. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of and risk factors associated with active tuberculosis in 40,623 retired dusty workers received health examination for confirming work-related pneumoconiosis from 1984 to 2015. The mean age of them was 70.6 ± 8.42 years. 1,553 (3.8%) subjects were diagnosed with active tuberculosis. In multivariate analysis, mining workers (odds ratio, 1.518; 95% confidence interval, 1.269-1.816) and cardiopulmonary disability (odds ratio, 2.675; 95% confidence interval, 2.221-3.222) were independently associated with increased risk of development of active tuberculosis in retired dusty workers.

Case Study : Concept Development of Sensor based Context-Aware Wearable Devices

Joohwan Park,Sung H. Han,Bora Kang,Dong Yeong Jeong 대한인간공학회 2014 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.11

Objective: The aim of this case study is to implement the proposed idea generation process for new wearable devices. Background: Mobile and wearable devices are playing an important role in the modern society. As more mobile/wearable devices pervaded modern society, researchers and designers are trying to implement more intelligent, context-aware functions to reduce user’s inconvenience. A number of context-aware functions are integrated into mobile/wearable devices by implying sensor based context-aware technologies. Method: This case study followed four stages. (1) Idea generation scope and target application domain are defined. (2) User scenarios and needs are generated considering the user context like user’s task, environment. Abstract function ideas are designed to gratify each user"s need. A total of 339 abstract function ideas are generated. Each function was evaluated in terms of market size, attractiveness, and novelty by academic and industrial experts. As a result, 20 functions were selected in this stage. (3) Device ideas are developed based on the selected scenarios and function ideas. Feasible form factors and sensor technologies are explored and considered for each function idea. A total of 90 device idea are derived and evaluated by experts. As a result, two wearable device ideas are selected. (4) Detailed device concepts are developed from the selected device ideas and described. Feasible function ideas and function ideas that derived in the earlier stages were also considered and integrated into the final device concepts. Results: A total of two detailed wearable device concepts are derived based on the user contexts, application domains, feasible sensor technologies, and form factors. Application: The proposed process and the lessons learned from the case study might help designers of the wearable industries by enhancing the effectiveness of the idea/concept generation process.

신체 및 인지 특성에 기반한 교통 약자의 보행 특성 정의

Joohwan Park,Sung H. Han,Jiyoung Kwahk,Dong Yeong Jeong,Mingyu Lee,Kyudong Park,Ju Hwan Kim,Hyeji Jang,Dawoon Jeong 대한인간공학회 2017 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.4

Objective: The aim of this study is to define the walking characteristics of the mobility impaired based on their physical, sensory, and cognitive characteristics. Background: The mobility impaired are suffered by restricted and the limited range of mobility that caused by the limited infrastructure and hazardous environment. Nowadays, the Korean society settled the requirement of the enhanced infrastructures and environment. To enhance the accessibility of the mobility impaired, it is important to understand physical characteristics, sensory, and cognitive characteristics that could influence the walking behaviors or capabilities of the mobility impaired. Method: This study followed four stages to analyze the walking characteristics of the mobility impaired. (1) Characteristics of the mobility impaired were collected through literatures survey. (2) The collected characteristics were classified and categorized into physical, sensory, and cognitive characteristics of the mobility impaired. (3) The possible walking behaviors and problematic scenarios were investigated and defined into 20 walking characteristics of the mobile impaired. (4) The proposed walking characteristics of the mobility impaired were reviewed by domain experts through in-depth interviews. The walking characteristics were also supplemented. Results: The mobility impaired has 27 basic walking characteristics that based on the 8 physical characteristics and 20 sensory and cognitive characteristics. Conclusion: The 27 walking characteristics of the mobile impaired were defined. Theses walking characteristics were deduced based on their basic physical and sensory, and cognitive characteristics and validated through expert interviews. Application: The result could be useful to investigate possible problems and the sources of the problems of the mobility impaired may could encounter on their daily life. The drawn characteristics could be used to construct the representative personas of the mobile impaired to be considered by environment/infrastructure designers.

다양한 가전제품의 사용자 경험 평가를 위한 웹 기반의 사용자 경험 진단 플랫폼 개발

Joohwan Park,Sung H. Han,Jiyoung Kwahk,Jungchul Park,Jaehyun Park,Bora Kang,Mingyu Lee,Dong Yeong Jeong,Hyeji Jang,Dawoon Jeong 대한인간공학회 2016 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.11

This study aimed to develop a platform to diagnose and evaluate User Experience (UX) for the consumer electronic products. UX is one of the most important concepts to be considered by electronic product designers. However, the designers often experience the lack of a UX management platform to diagnose, evaluate, and enhance the UX. It is needed to provide a UX management platform to consider and review several different perspectives of UX such as usability, affective satisfaction, and user value. This study used three stages. 1) Needs and requirements of the product designers on the UX diagnosis platform were analyzed, 2) A UX diagnosis platform was developed, and 3) A case study was performed. As a result the UX diagnosis platform that consists of 109 questionnaires was developed. The proposed platform is useful for the designers to evaluate the UX of their products and clarify the weak points of the designs.

문헌조사를 통한 스마트 기기 어플리케이션의 효용성 및 관련 요소 정의

Joohwan Park,Sung H. Han 대한인간공학회 2017 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.11

The aim of this study is to investigate what determines utility of smart device’s applications. User experience (UX) is one of the most important concepts to be considered by application developers. However, studies on defining and measuring utility and value, a major part of UX, of software are still very difficult mission in ergonomics society. Studies on utility and value were collected from related domains and analyzed to define utility and related elements. Literatures about utility and value of the product and services were collected from Marketing, Financial engineering, Quality engineering, and User centered design domains. The utility of the smart device’s application was defined based on the literature. The proposed definition and literature analysis results might help researchers to understand the utility concept. The result might be helpful literature for development of evaluation technique for utility of smart device’s applications.

농촌 공공공간 및 시설의 배치특성 및 중요도 분석 - 전문가 설문 및 AHP 분석을 중심으로 -

Joohwan Suh,Jin-Oh Kim,Byeonghwa Song 전북대학교 휴양및경관계획연구소 2015 휴양및경관연구 (J East Asian Landscape Studies) Vol.9 No.4

농촌사회의 소득수준 및 생활수준 향상과 더불어 농촌 공공공간 및 시설향상에 대한 요구는 지속적으로 제기되어 왔으며 이에따라 정부도 최근 다양한 방식의 농촌개발과 예산지원을 추진해오고 있다. 그러나 이러한 농촌 공공공간 및 시설의 지원 시 시설의 종류 및 입지 선정이 적절하지 않아 시설의 중복투자, 이용부족으로 인한 시설방치 등 다양한 문제점들이 제기되고 있다. 본 연구는 농촌마을에 분포하고 있는 다양한 공공공간 및 시설의 분포를 분석하고 이들에 대한 농촌마을의 유형별 중요도를 이해하는데 그 목적이 있다. 주요 연구방법으로는 100명을 대상으로 한 전문가 설문과 AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process)를 이용하였으며 이를 통해 세 개의 농촌마을 유형 즉 거점면, 권역, 마을단위의 유형별로 주요 공공시설들간의 상대적 중요도를 분석하였다. 50개 마을을 분석한 결과 농촌마을에서 가장 일반적으로 발견되는 공공시설은 마을회관, 쉼터, 체험센터, 마을진입부, 안내시설로 나타났다. AHP는 세 단계의 비교로 이루어졌는데 첫 번째 마을유형별간의 쌍대비교에서는 거점면, 권역, 마을 순으로 중요도가 나타났다. 농촌 공공공간과 마을유형간의 쌍대비교에서는 모든 마을유형에서 기초생활시설, 문화 복지시설, 농촌관광시설, 소득시설의 순으로 중요도가 나타났다. 마을유형과 공공공간, 공공시설 등 각각의 가중치를 종 합한 중요도에서는 거점면의 경우 공동주차장의 중요성이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났고 다음으로 상수도시설, 공동화장실, 마을회관 순으로 나타났다. 권역에서는 공동주차장의 중요성이 가장 높았으며 다음으로 상수도시설, 체험센터, 마을회관 의 순으로 나타났다. 마을단위에서는 버스정류장이 가장 중요한 시설로 평가되었으며 다음으로 저수지, 하수처리장, 체 험센터의 순으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 비록 마을의 독특한 사회문화적 환경을 고려한 공공시설의 중요도 평가에는 한계를 안고 있으나 농촌마을에서의 공공시설 계획 시 마을유형의 특성을 고려한 시설의 상대적 중요도를 이해하고 이를 바탕으 로 적절한 시설을 선정하는데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다 Over the last decade, national and local governments have spent considerable funds planning and constructing public facilities in rural villages to meet local demand. However, concerns have been raised over inappropriate facilities and building these so close to each other that their functions overlap. This study aims to understand the distribution characteristics and relative importance of public facilities in rural villages. We conducted a survey of 100 experts and analyzed the results using the analytic hierarchy process to determine the relative importance of public facilities. We classified villages into three types: rural downtown, rural clustered, and Single - unit village. Our results indicated that the most abundant facilities were community centers, pocket parks, rural activity centers, village gates, and rural information signs. In downtown villages, public parking lots were assigned the highest importance by the experts, followed by water supply facilities, public restrooms, and community centers. This implies that downtown villages require public spaces and facilities associated with visitor access and convenience, as well as basic living infrastructure. In clustered villages, public parking lots were rated highest, followed by sewage treatment plants, activity centers, and community centers. This indicates that, like downtown villages, public parking lots were considered the most important in clustered villages. This is because government - led rural developments are focused primarily on promoting tourism and economic activities. In single - unit villages, bus stops were rated the highest, followed by reservoirs, sewage treatment plants, and activity centers. Single - unit villages in general have relatively poor access to public transit and our analysis confirmed that bus stops are relatively more important than other facilities in these villages. We believe that this study can provide a logical ground through which the relative importance of different kinds of public facilities can be understood and subsequently selected during the process of rural planning and development.

중소기업 가전제품의 사용자 경험 평가를 위한 평가 도구 개발

Joohwan Park,Sung H. Han,Jungchul Park,Jaehyun Park,Bora Kang,Mingyu Lee,Dong Yeong Jeong,Hyeji Jang,Dawoon Jeong 대한인간공학회 2016 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.06

Objective: This study aimed to develop a tool to evaluate User Experience (UX) for the home appliance design. Background: Nowadays, UX is considered to be one of most important concepts to be considered by product designers. Home appliance product designers are trying to enhance the UX of their products to achieve competitive advantage across the industry. However, the number of UX evaluation tools that could be applied to home appliances is limited. It is needed to provide an UX evaluation tool to consider several different perspectives of UX such as usability, affective satisfaction, and value. Method: This study followed three stages. (1) UX design principles for home appliance were defined by literature review, web document analysis. (2) Design elements of home appliances are also defined through literature survey and product design property analysis. (3) UX design guidelines and UX evaluation questionnaires were generated based on the feasible combinations of these UX design principles and design elements. The generated questionnaires were filtered and merged into a total of 109 questionnaires by experts. Results: A UX evaluation tool for home appliance that consist of 109 questionnaires were developed. Application: The proposed UX evaluation tool could be useful for designers of home appliance industry to evaluate UX of their products and clarify the weak points of the designs.