고려 후기 얼자(孽子)의 지위 향상과 그 역사적 배경

이종서(Lee, Jong-seo) 한국역사연구회 2015 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.97

Examined in this article are the Seo’eol figures of the Goryeo period, who were also the former version of the Joseon Seo’eol figures. They were called as a whole as ‘Seo/Eol’ in Joseon, but in Goryeo there was a strict distinction between ‘Seo(庶)’ and ‘Eol(孼).’ In the early half of the Goryeo period, the latter(“Eolja” figures) were not allowed to be appointed to governmental positions, and the former(“Seoja” figures) were in some cases restricted from applying for the dynastic competitive examination and was not allowed to rise above certain level of posts inside the government. But coming into the second half of the Goryeo period, not only cases of Seoja figures but also those of Eolja figures, in which they were able to apply for the dynastic exam and rise to the highest level of posts inside the government, started to emerge. We can see such changes inside the royal family as well, as the Eolja sons of the king, who were formerly without any right to claim succession to the throne and were forced to become Buddhist priests, were now entitled to become governmental officials or receive honorary entitlements. We can see that from the case of King Gongmin-wang’s Eolja son Wang Wu, who was enthroned in 1374 as Gongmin-wang’s successor. Elevation in the Eolja figures’ status in the second half of the Goryeo period was enabled in the wake of the Yuan imperial government’s strong and steady influences and interventions into Goryeo internal affairs. At first, the Eolja figures mounted individual attempts and efforts to use the situation to their advantage. And when they grew sufficiently accustomed to the Yuan imperial order, their acknowledgement of the Yuan order, its law codes which were not without Chinese elements, and the Chinese nature of such behavioral protocols, all enabled them to accept the notion that Eolja figures deserve new chances and especially avenues of career advancement which were not available for them before. The Yuan law code which dictated and defined the status and rights of the ‘Seo(庶)’ figures literally granted the Seo and Eol figures in Goryeo the right to claim fiscal properties and career opportunities. The Goryeo leadership, including all the Confucian intellectuals, positively responded to the situation and recognized the Eolja figures’ political and social rights. Their status elevation did not involve anything abnormal or illegal, and even after Yuan lost its influences, they maintained such elevated status, which explain how the social status of the Seo/Eol figures in the early half of the Joseon period came to be established.

Production and Characterization of a Thermo-alkalotolerant Cyclodextrin Glucanotransferase from Thermo-alkalophilic Bacillus cereus B-13

Seo, Seung-Bo,Kim, Jae-Ho,Lee, Dae-Hyoung,Lee, Jong-Soo 배재대학교 자연과학연구소 2005 自然科學論文集 Vol.16 No.1

내열성의 cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase)를 이용하여 열에 안정한 싸이클린 텍스트린 (CD)을 생산하기 위하여 매우 높은 CGTase 활성을 보이는 고열성이며 호알카리성인 B-13 세균을 분리하여 형태적, 생리학적 특성과 16S 리보솜 RNA 서열분석 등을 통하여 Bacillus cereus B-13으로 동정하였다. Bacillus cereus B-13을 2% 가용성 전분, 1% 효모 추출물, 1% Na_(2)CO_(3) 등을 함유하는 SYC 배지 (pH 8.5)에 접종하여 50℃에서 24시간 배양하였을 때 최고의 CGTase 활성(130 U/ml)을 보였다. 또한 부분 정제된 CGTase의 작용 최적 온도와 pH는 각각 65℃, pH 8.5-9.0 이었고 80℃이하와 pH 5.0-10.0에서 안정하였다. 1% 가용성 전분을 부분 정제한 CGTase와 작용 시켰을 때 49%의 CD 수율을 보였다. To produce a thermostable cyclodextrin by using thermotolerant cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase(CGTase), a thermophilic and alkalophilic bacterium isolate, designated B-13 showing the highest CGTase activity was isolated from natural sources and identified as Bacillus cereus B-13 based on the morphological and physiological characteristics, and 16S rRNA sequence. The maximal CGTase activity (130 U/ml) was obtained when Bacillus cereus B-13 was cultured in SYC medium containing 2.0% soluble starch, 1.0% yeast extracts, 1% corn steep liquor and 1% Na_(2)CO_(3) (pH 8.5) at 50℃ for 24 h and about 80% of maximal activity was also showed in the culture broth of 60℃ for 18 h . Optimum reaction temperature and pH of the partial purified CGTase for soluble starch were 65℃ and pH 8.5-9.0, respectively. The partial purified CGTase were also stable below 80℃ and pH 5.0-10.0. When 1% soluble starch was digested with the partial purified CGTase, the yield of cyclodextrin was 49%.

Porous Materials: Energy‐Efficient Dehumidification over Hierachically Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks as Advanced Water Adsorbents (Adv. Mater. 6/2012)

Seo, You‐,Kyong,Yoon, Ji Woong,Lee, Ji Sun,Hwang, Young Kyu,Jun, Chul‐,Ho,Chang, Jong‐,San,Wuttke, Stefan,Bazin, Philippe,Vimont, Alexandre,Daturi, Marco,Bourrelly, Sandrine,Llewelly WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2012 Advanced Materials Vol.24 No.6

<P>The energy‐efficient dehumidification over hier‐archically porous metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) with hydrothermal stability is reported on page 806 by Jong‐San Chang and co‐workers. Their promising water sorption properties lead to a new type of advanced water adsorbents for the effective utilization of low‐grade thermal energy as well as solar energy. These MOFs would be potential alternatives to commercial water adsorbents, which are used for industrial or indoor desiccant applications such as desiccant dehumidifiers/humidifiers, gas dryers, adsorptive air‐conditioning systems, fresh water production, and adsorption heat transformation. </P>

1998년과 2007년 사이 12∼13세 남녀 청소년의 체격, 골격성숙도, 체력 비교

송종국(Jong Kook Song),채서연(Seo Yeon Chae),채주희(Joo Hee Chae),김현배(Hyun Bae Kim),강효정(Hyo Jung Kang) 한국사회체육학회 2008 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.34

The purpose of the present investigation was to compare physique, skeletal maturation and physical fitness in Korean adolescents measured between 1998 and 2007. Subjects participated in the study were a total of 473 Korean adolescents aged 12 to 13 years. In 1998, 349 adolescents were selected from a middle school, located in Sungnam city and 124 middle school students aged 12-13, located in Yongin city were participated in 2007. All measurements were conducted by one of the reseachers (Jong-Kook Song) with two different group of investigators between 1998 and 2007. Anthropometric characteristics were body mass, body height, sitting height, circumferences taken at sites of upper arm, flexed upper arm, chest, waist, hip, thigh, and calf, bone breadth taken at the sites of humerus, and femur, skinfold thicknesses taken at the sites of triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, thigh and medial calf. Skeletal maturity was assessed by TW3 (Tanner et al., 2001). Maturity scores for Radius-Ulna-Short bones (RUS) and bone age were calculated. Physical fitness parameters included flamingo balance, sit and reach, grip strength, sit-ups, standing long jump, bent arm hang, 50m shuttle run and multi-stage shuttle run. All data were analyzed by SAS Enterprise 3.0. Means and standard deviations were calculated by descriptive statistics. Independent t-test was applied to compare dependent variables between measurements. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results of the study showed that male adolescents aged 12-13years in 2007 had significantly higher (p<0.0001) femur diameter than adolescents in 1998. Male adolescents in 2007 had higher (p<0.05) chest, waist and calf circumferences than those of adolescents in 1998. Although no difference were found for RUS and bone age in males adolescents between 1998 and 2007 female adolescents in 2007 were significantly delayed for their skeletal maturity level compared to female adolescents in 1998. For physical fitness parameters male adolescents aged 12 years in 2007 performed better for flamingo balance (p<0.01), and 50m shuttle run (p<0.05) than those of adolescents in 1998. However, stand long jump and bent arm hang were significantly decreased in male adolescents in 2007. Female adolescents aged 12-13 years in 2007 had significantly higher flamingo balance, but female adolescents aged 12 years in 2007 performed significantly less for standing long jump (p<0.0001), bent arm hang (p<0.001) and speed (p<0.05) than those of female adolescents in 1998. In conclusions this study suggest that chest circumference for both male and female adolescents in 2007 was significantly higher than those in 1998. Skeletal maturity for female adolescents in 2007 were significantly delayed compared to female adolescents in 1998. Further study is needed to evaluate consistent various.

順菴 安鼎福의 〈天學設問〉과 〈天學考〉·〈天學問答〉에 관한 연구

서종태(Seo, Jong-Tae) 한국교회사연구소 2013 敎會史硏究 Vol.0 No.41

안정복은 〈천학설문〉을 1784년 겨울 동안인 11월 14일 이전의 초겨울에 저술하였다. 그러나 1784년 겨울부터 성호학파의 소장학자들이 천주교에 휩쓸리는 경향이 갈수록 더욱 심해짐에 따라 이를 막기 위하여 〈천학설문〉을 보다 체계적인 〈천학고〉와 〈천학혹문〉으로 개편하여 1785년 3월에 그 초고본을 완성하고 그해 12월에 그것을 수정 보완한 수정본을 완성하였다. 그리고 〈천학혹문〉의 제목을 바꾸는 것이 좋겠다는 남한조의 지적에 따라 1790년에서 1791년 7월 20일 사이에 그 제목을 〈天學問答〉으로 바꾸었다.〈천학설문〉은 안정복이 아직 천주교를 수용하지 않은 온건한 소장학자인 沈?의 천주교에 대한 질문을 받고 그가 천주교에 휩쓸리는 것을 막고자 저술하여 준 것이다. 또한 〈천학설문〉은 안정복의 제자인 권진도 필사해 갔는데, 스승을 도와 천주교가 성호학파의 소장학자들에게 널리 전파되는 것을 막는 하나의 지침서로 활용하기 위한 것이었다. 이러한 권진의 경우로 보아 〈천학설문〉이나 이를 개편하여 저술한 〈천학고〉와 〈천학혹문〉(또는 〈천학문답〉)은 성호학파의 온건한 소장학자들에게 널리 전해져 천주교를 배척하는 지침서로 활용되었음을 미루어 알 수 있다. 한편 〈천학고〉와 〈천학혹문〉은 안정복의 문하에 드나들었던 남한조, 신치봉, 정종로, 이천섭 등에 의해 영남 지역에도 전해졌다. 특히 이상정의 제자인 남한조는 〈천학혹문〉을 보고 천주교를 배척한 〈안순암천학혹문변의〉를 저술하였고, 역시 이상정의 제자인 신체인은 안정복의 〈천학설문〉, 이헌경의 〈천학문답〉, 조술도의 〈운교문답〉을 보고 천주교를 배척한 〈천학종지도변〉을 저술하였다. 이로써 보아 안정복의 〈천학설문〉이나 〈천학고〉와 〈천학혹문〉은 영남의 유학자들이 邪學인 천주교를 배척하고 正學인 性理學을 수호하는 闢衛思想을 형성하는 데 많은 영향을 끼쳤음을 알 수 있다. Bubugo(覆?稿) authored by Ahn Jeong-bok in the late Joseon Dynasty includes his works on Catholicism : Cheonhakseolmun, Cheonhakgo and Cheonhakhokmun(天學或問). Cheonhakseolmun differentiated from Cheonhakgo or Cheonhakhokmun is rough and disorganized in content and contains excerpts from Cheonhakgo which describes the history of Catholicism in China and Korea and Cheonhakhokmun which presents a theoretical critique of Catholicism. This suggests that Cheonhakseolmun was written before the division between Cheonhakgo and Cheonhakhokmun. Ahn Jeong-bok authored Cheonhakseolmun during the winter of 1784 but before November 14 of the year. However, as young scholars of the Seongho Hakpa(星湖學派) had been getting swept away by Catholicism since the winter of 1784, Ahn reorganized Cheonhakseolmun into two more systematic versions, Cheonhakgo and Cheonhakhokmun, for prevention of such tendencies. He completed a draft of the work in March 1785 and its revised version in December of the same year. Cheonhakhokmun was retitled “Cheonhakmundap” between 1790 and July 20 of 1971, on the suggestion of Nam Han-jo(南漢朝) that the title should be changed. In response to questions about Catholicism from middle-of-the-road young scholar Sim Yu(沈?) who did not accept the religion yet, Ahn wrote Cheonhakseolmun for Sim in order to prevent him from being swept away by Catholicism. Furthermore, the book was transcribed by Kwon Jin(權), a disciple of Ahn Jeong-bok, who intended to use as a guide to stop Catholicism from spreading young scholars of the Seongho Hakpa. From the case of Kwon, it can be argued that Cheonhakseolmun and its rewritten versions, Cheonhakgo and Cheonhakhokmun, were widely distributed to young moderates of the school and used as guides against Catholicism. Meanwhile, Cheonhakgo and Cheonhakhokmun were also introduced to the Yeongnam(嶺南) region by Ahn’s followers including Nam Han-jo, Shin Chi-bong(申致鳳), Jeong Jong-ro(鄭宗魯) and Yi Cheon-seop(李天燮). Among others, Nam Han-jo who was a disciple of Yi Sang-jeong(李象靖) warned against Catholicism in Ahn Sunam Cheonhakhokmun-byeongui(安順菴天學或問辨疑) he authored after reading Cheonhakhokmun and Shin Che-in(申體仁) who also was a disciple of Yi Sang-jeong criticized Catholicism in Cheonhak-jongjidobyeon(天學宗旨圖辨) he wrote after reading Ahn Jeong-bok’s Cheonhakseolmun, Yi Heon-gyeong(李獻慶)’s Cheonhakmundap and Cho Sul-do(趙述道)’s Ungyomundap(雲橋問答). Therefore it can be concluded that Ahan’s Cheonhakseolmun, Cheonhakgo and Cheonhakhokmun greatly influenced the Confucian scholars in Yeongnam in forming byeokwi-sasang(闢衛思想), i.e., an idea that rejects Catholicism as “deviant learning” and upholds Confucianism as “correct learning”.

하악골 골수염이 동반된 전신적 골화석증

이종호,정중재,정종철,서구종 大韓顎顔面成形再建外科學會 1992 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.14 No.4

Osteopetrosis is a rare skeletal disease of unknown etiology. Osteomyelitic changes in the jaw bones are frequently seen in this disease, especially in the mandible and may follow upon tooth extractioin. A case is reported of a 31-year-old male who was seen because of intraorally exposed bony spicule and chronic dull pain. Radiographic and haematological investigations led to the diagnosis of osteopertrosis with osteomyelitis. The striking radiologic findings were pathologic mandibular fracture and generalized skeletal thickening. The present case could be grouped under the benign form, type II osteopetrosis. With the conservative and minimally invasive modes of treatment including administration of penicillin G sodium, curettage and closed reduction, we could successfully manage the osteomyelitis and pathologic fracture associated osteopetrosis.

HYBRID VOLTERRA SYSTEM WITH TWO TYPES OF IMPULSES

Park, Jong-Seo,S.A. Belbas,Kim, Seon-Yu 晋州敎育大學校 科學敎育硏究院 2006 科學敎育硏究 Vol.29 No.-

본 연구의 목적은 충격을 받는 조건이 두 가지 유형과 다중 적분을 갖는 볼테라 적분 방정식의 어떤 특성을 포함하는 방정식의 색다른 부류를 조직적으로 확립하고 분석해 보고자 한다. 여기서 우리는 반복하는 방법에 의하여 주어진 조건의 적분방정식에 대한 해의 존재성과 유일성을 구조적으로 밝히는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 논문을 통한 발전적인 연구가 수행되면 여러 가지 자연현상을 모델화하여 적용함으로 인해 이론적인 부분뿐만 아니라 응용적인 면에서 아주 많이 적용될 것으로 생각되며 전자공학, 자동제어, 생물학, 의학 등의 다양한 실생활의 문제에 활용이 가능한 충분한 가치가 있으리라 생각한다. In this paper, we formulate and analyze a novel class of equations that contain some of the characteristics of Volterra intergral equations with multiple integrals and two types of impulsive terms. We will give a constructive proof of existence and uniqueness of solutions by an iteration method.

경기도 거북놀이의 전승과 새로운 계승양상

김종대(Kim, Jong-dae),윤서옥(Yoon, Seo-ok) 중앙어문학회 2014 語文論集 Vol.60 No.-

경기도와 충청도의 내륙지방에서는 추석의 민속놀이로서 거북놀이가 전승되어 왔다. 흥미롭게도 이들 놀이는 주로 청소년이 전승시켜 왔다는 점과 모의 동물로 거북이를 수수 잎으로 만들어서 활용하였다는 점이다. 거북놀이의 기록은 현재까지 역사시대의 문헌에는 찾기가 어려운데, 문헌상으로는 일제침략기의 朝鮮の鄕土娛樂에서부터 찾아볼 수 있다. 일제침략기의 기록에 등장하는 것으로 보아 아마도 조선시대에는 널리 행해졌던 민속놀이로 추정되기는 하나, 현재까지 명확한 기록이 보이지 않아서 언제 어떻게 만들어졌는지를 고증하기란 쉽지 않은 실정이다. 거북놀이의 주체에 대한 논의도 이런 사정 때문인지 여러 가지의 설이 있으나 이들도 확실성이 떨어진다. 하지만 朝鮮の鄕土娛樂을 보면 주로 어린이나 청소년이 주동이 되었다고 하며, 어른이나 성년으로 기록된 사례는 많지 않다. 예컨대 경기도의 경우 용인은 농민, 안성은 남자로 표현되었으며, 충청도의 홍성은 청년, 예산은 어린이와 부인 등으로 되어 있다. 이들 외의 다른 지역은 모두 어린이가 행한 것으로 기록되어 있다는 점이 특징이다. 결국 이들 놀이는 용인이나 안성, 수원 등 대개 다른 지역의 거북놀이와 유사하게 행해졌다고 하는 것으로 보아 어린이들이 주동이 되었음은 쉽사리 짐작된다. 이러한 거북놀이는 일제침략기를 거치면서 한동안 전승이 단절되다가 해방이후 1970년대에 와서 다시 복원하는 운동이 일어난다. 예컨대 음성의 윤병준 선생과 이천의 김종민 선생이 대표적인 예이다. 문제는 이들 복원과정에서 판굿과 농악의 개입이 이루어졌다는 사실이다. 즉 거북놀이의 주도적인 계층이 풍물패로 이전되는 과정에 의해서 과거의 주도층이었던 어린이들이 입지를 잃어버리게 되었다는 점이다. 이런 변화과정은 거북놀이를 민속경연대회나 민속예술축제 등에 출품하려는 시도와 밀접한 관계에 있다. 어린이가 주동이 된 거북놀이의 경우에는 놀이판의 형식화가 없었지만, 이들과 결합하면서 제의과정과 판굿의 연행방식을 갖추게 된다는 점이다. 현재의 연행방식은 대개 이런 틀로 고정화되는 과정을 겪고 있다. 특히 연행의 변화양상은 이들 놀이를 농촌체험 프로그램으로 참여하여 지역 민속문화의 특징을 보여주려는 방식으로 탈바꿈하고 있음은 주목할 만하다. 동시에 단순히 연희되는 것 뿐만 아니라, 거북이 만들기 등 다양한 프로그램을 개발하여 과거의 정형성을 효과적으로 활용하려는 시도를 보여준다는 점에서 전통 민속놀이의 계승 발전에 유의미한 면을 보여주고 있다. Geobuk-nori, the Turtle Play, is performed during Chuseok (a Korean harvest holiday) in Gyeonggi and Chungcheong provinces. During The Turtle Play, young people wear turtle costumes made out of sorghum leaves and go about the village giving their wishes for a good harvest and good luck in the coming year. While there is no historical record of the origin of the play, interestingly, it appeared in Indigenous Entertainment of Joseon, written during the Japanese occupation. Because of the book, it is assumed the play was performed during the Joseon dynasty; however, its origin has not been confirmed. Several theories regarding Turtle Play and Joseon need further research. According to Indigenous Entertainment of Joseon, the play was mainly performed by children. It was rare to see adults performing it, and there are only a few cases of adult involvement: farmers in Yongin, Gyeonggi Province; men in Anseong; young people in Hongseong, Chungcheong Province, and children and married women in Yeosan. Apart from these cases, the play was performed solely by children. Performances of The Turtle Play stopped during the Japanese occupation; however, there was a movement to revitalize it in the 1970s. Mr. Byeongjun Yoon from Eumseong and Mr. Jong-min Kim from Icheon are representatives of this revitalization movement. In the process of revitalization, some changes were made, such as the inclusion of shamanic rituals and children lost their roles as the main performers of the play. This change is closely related to participation of the play in competitions such as the National Folk Arts Contest and the National Folk Art Festival. When the play was performed by children, it did not have a specific formality. However, it changed into a combination of ritual and shamanic ceremony, and there are new ways of performing the play. Additionally, The Turtle Play is often used to introduce regional folk culture to tourists. In relation to this, various educational programs, such as a class for making turtles, were developed. In terms of production, these kinds of programs might have a positive effect in that they may help people understand more about the play and have more interest in it.

근대 경성시민과 현대 서울시민의 공원 이용행태 비교

김서린(Kim, Seo-Lin),양병이(Yang, Byung-E),성종상(Sung, Jong-Sang) 한국생태환경건축학회 2016 한국생태환경건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.16 No.1

일본형 PHS 단말기의 RF 모듈 설계 및 성능 평가Ⅱ(송신모듈)

서종원,조영송 초당대학교 초고속정보화센터 2000 초고속정보화센터논문집 Vol.1 No.-

본 논문에서는 일본형 PHS 단말기의 RF 모듈을 구성하는 송신부를 설계 및 제작하고, 그 성능을 평가하였다. RF 모듈의 설계시에는 저가격화, 소형화 및 경량화 측면을 중시하였으며, 송신단의 출력 전력, 스퓨리어스 방사, 변조 정도, 주파수 안정도, 인접 채널 전력, 허용 점유 대역폭, 전송 신호의 천이 응답 특성면에서 평가하여 RCR STD-28의 표준 규격을 만족하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.