Failure with Strain Localization of Aluminum Alloy 7075 Sheets at Elevated Temperature and its Application to Two-Step Hybrid Forming

Jong‑Hwa Hong,Hyunki Kim,Wonjae Kim,Yong‑Nam Kwon,Daeyong Kim 대한금속·재료학회 2022 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.28 No.4

In this work, the onset of failure induced by severe strain at elevated temperature was numerically estimated with crossformedempirical hardening law describing material softening. The hardening law can replicate the rate-sensitive behaviorof aluminum alloy 7075 sheets (thickness of 2.0 mm) with initial hardening and progressive material deterioration causedby dynamic recrystallization, dynamic recovery, and micro-void development. The characterized material was applied to thetwo-step hybrid forming process consisting of a drawing at 400 °C followed by a pneumatic forming at 470 °C to produce ashock absorber housing with an extremely complex shape. The user-defined subroutine codes, VUMAT (ABAQUS/Explicit)and UMAT (ABAQUS/Standard), were sequentially utilized for the drawing and the pneumatic forming, respectively. Theidentified hardening parameters based on uniaxial tensile tests were validated by simulating the two-step hybrid formingprocess and compared with the conventional Voce type law (converging function) and the combined Swift-Voce type law(ever-increasing function) since they play a key role in accurately predicting the onset of failure induced by severe strainlocalization. Finally, simulation results are reasonably well matched with experiments in terms of the moment of failureoccurrence, failure location, final blank shape, and thickness distribution.

대표이사의 대표권제한과 대표권남용에 관한 소고

( Kwon¸ Jong-ho ) 건국대학교 법학연구소 2021 一鑑法學 Vol.- No.50

본 논문은 회사법 영역에서 전통적으로 중요한 논제이었던 대표이사의 대표권 제한과 대표권 남용의 법적 쟁점에 관해 공동대표이사와 표현대표이사제도를 시야에 넣어 검토한 것이다. 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대표권 제한을 위반한 전단적 대표행위의 경우 먼저 사법적 효력과 관련해서는 법률적 제한과 내부적 제한을 구별하지 않고 거래의 상대방을 동일한 기준(선의ㆍ무중과실)에 따라 보호하는 것이 타당하다. 양자의 구별이 애매하고 전단적 대표행위는 회사의 주도로 이루어진 행위라는 점에서 거래상대방에게 무과실을 요구하는 것은 위험의 합리적 분배라는 측면에서도 바람직하지 않기 때문이다. 그리고 전단적 대표행위에 표현대표이사의 법리가 적용된다는 것이 통설ㆍ판례의 입장이나 그 실익은 없다. 회사에 책임을 묻기 위해서는 어느 법리가 적용되든 거래상대방은 선의ㆍ무중과실의 동일한 요건을 충족하여야 하기 때문이다. 둘째, 전단적 대표행위와 대표권 남용행위가 동시에 성립할 수 있는지, 즉 양 행위의 중첩에 관한 문제이다. 전단적 대표행위는 제한된 대표권의 범위를 벗어난 행위인데 반해, 대표권 남용행위는 대표권의 정당한 범위 내의 행위이다. 그러나 전단적 대표행위이든 대표권 남용행위이든 회사가 책임을 지기 위해서는 회사의 권리능력 내의 행위이어야 한다는 점에서 전단적 대표행위와 대표권남용행위는 양립할 수 있다고 보아야 한다. 이렇게 함으로써 회사의 권리능력의 범위 내에서 이루어진 전단적 대표행위가 사익을 추구하기 위해 행해진 경우에는 대표권 남용행위에 관한 법리의 적용이 가능하게 되어 전단적 대표행위에 관한 법리가 적용될 때보다 거래상대방을 더욱 두텁게 보호할 수 있다. 셋째, 공동대표이사의 경우, 대표권의 개별위임의 경우는 현실적인 필요성이 인정되는 이상 공동대표이사제도의 취지를 훼손하지 않는 선에서 허용되어야 할 것이다. 이를 위해서는 위임할 거래내용에 관해 공동대표이사 사이에 내부적 합의만 있으면 대외적인 의사표시는 다른 공동대표 이사에게 위임이 가능하다는 적극설이 타당하다. 그리고 대표권의 단독행사의 경우에는 무권대표로서 무효이지만 거래의 안전이라는 측면에서는 공동대표 이사가 표현적 명칭을 사용하거나 대표이사의 명칭을 사용하고 그것에 회사의 귀책이 있으면 표현대표이사에 관한 규정을 유추적용하여 선의ㆍ무중과실의 거래상대방은 보호하여야 할 것이다. This thesis is a review of the legal issues of restriction of representative rights and abuse of representative rights of the representative director, which have traditionally been an important topic in the field of corporate law. First, in the case of a violation of the restriction of representative rights, it is reasonable to protect the counterparty of the transaction according to the same standards without distinguishing between legal and internal restrictions. This is because it is not desirable in terms of rational distribution of risks, given that the distinction between the two is ambiguous and that the violation of the restriction of representative rights is led by the company. In addition, there is no practical benefit that the legal principles of the apparent representative director are applied to the violation of the restriction of representative rights. This is because in order to hold the company accountable, the counterparty must meet the same requirements for good faith and gross negligence no matter which legal principles applies. Second, it is a question of whether restrictions on representative rights and abuse of representative rights can be established at the same time. In order for a company to take responsibility for any restriction onrepresentative rights or abuse of representative rights, it must be seen that the restriction on representative rights and abuse of representative rights are compatible. Third, in the case of co-representative directors, individual delegation of representative rights should be allowed to the extent that it does not undermine the purpose of the co-representative director system, as long as the practical necessity is recognized. In the case of sole exercise of representative rightsr, it is invalid as an unauthorized representative, but in terms of the safety of the transaction, the counterparty to the transaction in good faith and no gross negligence should be protected by analogy application of the legal principles regarding the apparent representative director.

Effect of Fertilizer Levels on Growth Characters, Dry Matter Yield and Nutrient Quality of Forage Rape in Spring Sowing

Kwon,Byung-Sun,Shin,Jeong-Sik,Shin,Dong-Young,Hyun,Kyu-Hwan,Park,Hee-Jin,Sin,Jong-Sup,Seong-Kyu 한국자원식물학회 2003 Plant Resources Vol.6 No.2

To find out the optimum fertilizer level for high yielding variety, Velox, experiment was conducted with 15 compositions of fertilizer levels at the experiment field of forage crop in Sunchon National University from Mar. 2000 to Aug. 2000. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer on plant growth were significant but increasing rate of application in potassium and phosphate fertilizers above 6 kg/a had negligible effects on plant growth. The optimum nitrogen application level of fertilizers turned out to be 16-6-6 kg/l0a of N-P2O5-K5O. Content of crude protein was highest and that of crude fiber such as NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin were lowest at this rate of fertilizer application. Furthermore, IVDMD was high and dry matter yield were highest at the optimum raterate

Yield of Rice Affected by Meteorological Elements in Yeosu Area of Korea

Kwon,Byung-Sun,Choi,Seong-Kyu,Shin,Jeong-Sik,Shin,Jong-Sup,Shin,Dong-Young,Hyun,Kyu-Hwan,Kuk,Yong-In,Park,Hee-Jin 한국자원식물학회 2003 Plant Resources Vol.6 No.2

This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between yearly variations of meteorological elements and yearly variations of productivity in rice. In addition, correlation coefficients among yield and yield components were used to find out the relationships between meteorological elements and productivity. Yearly variation of the mean air temperature in May was large with coefficients of variation(C.V.) of 25.0%, but the variation of the duration of sunshine in May were relative small. No. of panicles per hill and 1,000 grains wt. of brown rice were great with C.V. of 21.1, 19.7%, respectively, brown rice yield show more or less C.V. of 5.5% and milled rice show still less variation. Correlation coefficients between temperatures in period of cultivation from May and yield were positive correlations. Correlation Coefficients between precipitation in period of cultivation from Sep. to Oct. and yield are positive correlations. Correlation coefficients amount the panicle length, no. of panicles, no. of spikelets, ratio of ripened grains, 1,000 grains wt. of brown rice, milled rice yield, brown rice yield and milled rice yield were positively significant at the level of 1 %, respectively.

Relationship between Meteorological Elements and Yield of Hot Pepper in Yeosu Area of Korea

Kwon,Byung-Sun,Choi,Seong-Kyu,Shin,Jeong-Sik,Shin,Jong-Sup,Shin,Dong-Young,Hwan,Kyu-Hyun,Kim,Hak-Jin,Kuk,Yong-In,Choi,Kyong-Ju 한국자원식물학회 2003 Plant Resources Vol.6 No.1

This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between yearly variations of meteorological elements and yearly variations of productivity in hot pepper. In addition, correlation coefficients among the yields and yield components were used to find out the relationships between meteorological elements and productivity. Yearly variation of the mean air temperature in May and July showed large with coefficients of variation(C.V.) of 25.0,8.9%, respectively, but the variation of the duration of sunshine in May were relative small. Yield and plant height was greatly with C.V. of 7.14,11.6%, respectively, diameter of fruit showed more or less C.V. of 2.28% and length of fruit showed less variation. Correlation coefficients between maximum temperature in period of cultivation from May and yield are positively significant at the level of 1 %. Correlation Coefficients between precipitation in period of cultivation from May to August and yield are negative significant at the level of 5 and 1 %, respectively. Correlation coefficients amount the plant height, length of fruit, diameter of fruit per plant, and seed yield were positively significant at the level of 1 %, respectively.

Influence of Sowing Time on Growth, Yield and Nutritional Quality of Forage Rape in Spring

Kwon,Byung-Sun,Shin,Jeong-Sik,Park,Hee-Jin,Shin,Jong-Sup,Choi,Seong-Yu 한국자원식물학회 2003 Plant Resources Vol.6 No.1

To determine as optimal sowing time of forage rape in spring time in southern areas of Korea, forage rape cv. Velox, the highest yielding variety among introduced varieties of forage rape, was grown under five different sowing times. Yield components such as plant length, number of branches and number of leaves etc. were higher at the sowing time of Mar. 15 and Mar. 25. The plants sown at Mar. 15 and Mar. 25 also showed highest fresh and dry matter yield. When plants were grown under later sowing time, they showed higher values in content of crude protein and lower values in contents of crude fiber such as Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), cellulose and lignin. There was no relationship between variation of In Vitro Dry matter Digestibility (IVDMD) and sowing time. The plants sown at Mar. 15 and Mar. 25 showed highest digestible dry matter yields.

Effect of Meteorological Element on Growth and Yield of Sesame

Kwon,Byung-Sun,Shin,Jeong-Sik,Shin,Jong-Sup,Choi,Seong-Kyu,Seo,Young-Nam 한국자원식물학회 2002 Plant Resources Vol.5 No.3

This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between yearly variations of climatic elements and yearly variations of productivity in sesame. In addition, correlation coefficients among yield and yield components were estimated. The data of yield and yield components were investigated for 10 years from 1992 to 2001. The meteorological data gathered at the Yeosu Weather Station for the same period were used to find out the relationships between climatic elements and productivity. Yearly variation of the amount of precipitation in July and September were large with coefficients of variation(c.v.) of 64.59, 92.47%, respectively, but the variation of the average temperature in June and August were relative small. Yield and plant height greatly with c. v. of 26.24, 23.41 %, respectively, 1, 000 grain weights show more or less c.v. of 3.83% and length capsule setting show still less variation. Correlation coefficients between maximun temperature in period of cultivation(from June to September) and yield are positively significant at the level of 5.1 %, respectively. Correlation coefficients amount the plant height, length capsule setting, number of capsules per plant, weight of 1, 000 grains and seed yield were positively significant at the level of 1 %, respectively. Simple linear regression equations by the least square method are estimated for number of capsules per plant(Y₁) and the maximun temperature in August(X) as Y₁=10.1255+0.1725X, and for yield(Y₂) and the maximun temperature in August(X) as Y₂=21.6151 + 1.3724X.

VDT작업별 정신사회적 스트레스와 근골격계 장애에 관한 연구

백남종,강종두,주영수,배인근,권호장,박종만,조수헌,김돈규,김재용,최홍렬 大韓産業醫學會 1998 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.10 No.4

It has been hypothesized that jobs that have both high psychological demands and low decision latitude("job strain") can lead to musculoskeletal disorder. The objective of this study was to test whether job strain was correlated with the presence of work-related musculoskeletal disorder, especially myofascial pain syndrome(MPS). Information on demographic factors, confounders such as household load and taking care of children or not, and scores for decision latitude, job demand, and social support was obtained by self-administered questionnaire, which had been developed in Korean language, by adopting NIOSH instrument and Extended Karasek Model(16 items). All subjects were also examined by rehabilitation medicine specialists for musculoskeletal disorders. Subjects(n=370) could be categorized into 4 groups, these were, housewives(n=89), shipyard CAD workers(n=89), general female workers(n=79; nurses, insurance counselors, public officials, clerks, etc), and telephone directory assistance operators(n=113). Results from univariate analyses indicated that all demographic factors, all confounders, scores for decision latitude and social support were not associated with the risk of musculoskeletal disorder. However, score for job demand was higher in musculoskeletal disorder cases than others. In subgroup analysis, this association was convinced again, in telephone directory assistance operators. Job strain model showed that the group of telephone directory assistance operators was high-stain group, and OR of musculo skeletal disorder was 2.446(95% C. I. : 1.174, 5.096), when comparing this with the low strain group. In conclusion, job strain is a risk factor for work-related musculoskeletal disorder.

국가간 정보통신기술 수용에 대한 문화의 영향력 분석

권종욱(Jong Wook Kwon) 한국무역연구원 2015 무역연구 Vol.11 No.4

This study examined the effect of national culture on ICT (information and communication technology) adoption by extending the research of Erumban and de Jong (2005). The results from this study confirmed that people in high power distance nations display lower ICT adoption rates than those in low power distance nations. It was expected and reaffirmed that countries with high degrees of individualism have high levels of ICT adoption rates. With regard to uncertainty avoidance and masculinity, however, the results show an interesting pattern that is different from previous studies based on more traditional measures such as per capita computer. Erumban and de Jong (2005) showed that there was a significant relationship between masculinity and ICT adoption as measured by per capita computer whereas no significant relationship between masculinity and ICT adoption was seen in this study. In addition, results indicate that there was a significant relationship between ICT access and uncertainty avoidance, but not between ICT use and uncertainty avoidance. With regard to long-term orientation, it is not possible to directly compare the results with Erumban and de Jong’s study which did not include the long-term orientation dimension. Interestingly, the results from this study show that long-term orientation among five cultural dimensions has greatest impact on ICT adoption. Korea and Singapore were expected to have low ICT adoption rates given that these two countries have collectivism and high power distance. However, these countries displayed high ICT adoption rate. Thus, long term orientation could be the proper cultural dimension to explain why some Asian countries such as Korea and Singapore have such a high rate of ICT adoption.

정약용의 인성론

이종권(Jong Kwon Lee) 중앙대학교 중앙철학연구소 2011 철학탐구 Vol.30 No.-

중국과 조선의 철학에서 전통적으로 중요시 되었던 윤리학의 과제는 어떻게 하면 윤리적 선택을 할 수 있도록 하는가 하는 실천적인 문제에 대한 해답을 얻는 것이었다. 그를 위해 중국과 한국의 철학자들은 인간의 본성을 규명하는 데 시선을 돌렸다. 이 글에서는 우선 맹자와 주자와 같은 전통적인 유학자들의 인성론을 개관하고 이른바 기호와 권형의 개념을 중심으로 한 정약용의 인성론이 그것과 어떻게 다른지를 조명하고 있다. 다음으로 인성론을 통해 정약용이 달성하고자 한 중요한 목표가 행위자에게 자신의 행위로 인한 도덕적 책임을 돌릴 수 있도록 하는 것이었음을 해명하고 있다. 이 글에서는 그러나 정약용의 새로운 인성론이 자신이 설정한 그러한 목표를 달성하는 데 실패하고 있음을 규명하고 있다. One of the tasks which have been taken most seriously in the tradition of Chinese and Korean ethics is to answer the practical question how people can be made to take as many moral choices as possible. To do so the philosophers in ancient China and Chosun felt need to look into the human nature. This paper first overviews the theories of human nature by some of prominent philosophers including Mensius and Zhu Xi(朱熹) in China and how different Jeong Yak-yong’s theory in which the concepts of moral sentiments and ‘Kwon-hyung’(權衡) play a pivotal role is from them. Secondly, it shows it was one of Jeong Yak-yong’s main intentions in his theory of human nature to make it possible to hold someone morally responsible for the acts he freely does. Lastly, it proves that Jeong Yak-yong’s theory actually failed to achieve his goal, since it did not fall short of successfully accommodating the concepts of moral sentiments and Kwon-hyung.