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Johan Galtung 서울대학교 사회발전연구소 2011 Journal of Asian Sociology Vol.40 No.1
In this essay human rights encounter Durkheim’s social - that sui generis beyond the sum of individuals. “The social” will here be seen as structure and culture. Like “the social”, the human rights were embedded in a structure with the state system up front, carrying an enlightenment culture, being a product of its context. The third human rights generation effort to accommodate peace, development and the environment inside a human rights discourse is problematic as these are social level constructs. The two pillars are shaking under globalization. The peace research discourse is an effort to elaborate epistemologies capable of accommodating such problems. A key term is “trans,” like in transnational, translevel, and transdisciplinary. Human rights as they emerged are not forever, nor is “the social.” Adapt or die, that is the choice.
Peace in the Global Era and Perspectives of the Unification on the Korean Peninsula
Johan Galtung 동아대학교 동아시아연구원 2009 동아시아 : 비교와 전망 Vol.8 No.2
Peace studies divide into two parts, negative and positive. Both apply to the Korean peninsula. It is possible to work on both at the same time, and great progress has been made. Looking forward, much remains to be done. Positive peace presupposes negative peace; if the underlying conflict is not reasonably well solved positive peace will be a house built on sand. The word "unification" often used for positive peace, is problematic, and may itself stand in the way of unification. Unification of the Korean nation through open borders and free flow of persons, ideas, goods and services between the two Koreas is unproblematic, but unification of the two states into one is highly problematic. One state less? In that case which one, and how? Through military conquest like North Korea tried 1950-53? Or, as they also did, waiting for its collapse as a capitalist autocracy? Or, as some do in South Korea today, waiting an hoping for North Korea to collapse, like East Germany, calculating the costs without knowing the serious negative effects in Germany? Whether through conquest or collapse, this approach to unification is not peaceful. And peace has to be obtained by peaceful means.