Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Release of Hydroxyapatite Coated Liposomes

조성근,위태인,하정,조선행,한건,한희동,신병철,Cho, Sung Keun,Wee, Tae In,Ha, Jeung,Cho, Sun Hang,Han, Kun,Han, Hee Dong,Shin, Byung Cheol Korean Chemical Society 2013 대한화학회지 Vol.57 No.4

리포솜은 표적 약물을 봉입하여 병소에 안전하게 전달할 수 있는 약물전달체로서 연구되고 있다. 그러나 일반적인 리포솜은 표적부위에서 약물방출이 제한적인 문제점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 리포솜의 안정성을 향상시키고 표적부위에서 외부 초음파로부터 약물의 방출을 극대화시키기 위하여 하이드록시아파타이트(hydroxyapatite, HA)가 코팅된 리포솜을 개발하였다. 대조군 리포솜은 인지질과 콜레스테롤을 이용하여 제조하였고, 대조군 리포솜의 표면에 칼슘 아세테이트, 포스포릭에시드, 그리고 25% 암모니아용액을 이용하여 HA를 코팅하였다. 모델 약물로는 독소루비신을 사용하였다. HA코팅 리포솜의 크기는 120 nm 이었고, 약물봉입효율은 95% 이상이었다. 30% 혈장용액 내에서 HA코팅 리포솜의 입자크기는 일정한 상태를 유지하였으며, 대조군 리포솜은 크기가 1.4배 증가하였다. 외부 초음파 자극에 의한 리포솜으로부터 약물 방출을 유도한 후, 방출된 약물의 세포 이입율은 HA 코팅된 리포솜이 3배 이상 대조군 리포솜에 비하여 증가하였다. 본 연구에서는 외부 초음파 자극에 의하여 리포솜으로부터 약물의 방출을 극대화시키기 위한 초음파 민감형 리포솜을 개발하였고, 본 제형은 표적부위에서 약물의 방출을 효과적으로 제어하기 위한 분야에 활용이 가능할 것이다. Liposomes, which can deliver payload at target site, have been studied as drug carrier. However, conventional liposomes have limitation for drug release at target site. Therefore, we developed hydroxyapatite (HA) coated ultrasound sensitive liposomes to increase drug release at target site and to enhance stability in blood stream. Control liposome was prepared using hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) and cholesterol, and then we assessed HA coating on the surface of control liposomes using calcium acetate, phosphoric acid, and 25% ammonium solution. Doxorubicin was used as a model drug. Size of HA coated liposomes was 120 nm and encapsulation efficiency of doxorubicin in liposomes was up to 95%. Size of HA coated liposomes are not changed in 30% serum solution, however, the control liposomes was 1.4 fold increased. After ultrasound triggered drug release from liposomes, intracellular efficiency of drug released from HA coated liposomes was 3 fold increased compared to control liposomes. In this study, we developed ultrasound sensitive liposomes to enhance drug release, which will be applied in controlled drug release at disease site.

ACCase 저해 제초제 cyhalofop-butyl에 대한 경남지방 수집종 피의 저항성

원종찬,원옥재,하준,임일빈,강광식,변종영,박기웅,이증주,Won, Jong Chan,Won, Ok Jae,Ha, Jun,Im, Il-Bin,Kang, Kwang Sik,Pyon, Jong Yeong,Park, Kee Woong,Lee, Jeung Joo 한국잡초학회한국잔디학회 2018 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.7 No.2

Repeated use of ACCase inhibiting herbicides for a long time has resulted in increases of resistant Echinochloa oryzicola populations in paddy fields in middle west area of Korea. This study aims to investigate current status of herbicide resistant E. oryzicola in Gyeongsangnam-do, in which there is less information about herbicide resistance. For resistance frequency and dose-response study, seeds from 100 individual plants of E. oryzicola in Gyeongsangnam-do were collected and tested with cyhalofop-butyl. Seven percent of plants from Gyeongsangnam-do was resistant at a recommended rate of cyhalofop-butyl. $GR_{50}$ values (herbicide rates required to reduce plant growth 50%) for one representative resistant populations and five susceptible populations were $738g\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$ and 66-234 (average 147)$g\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, indicating average 5 times difference in resistance. Although lower rate of frequency of herbicide resistance in Gyeongsangnam-do than in Jeollabuk-do, increases of herbicide resistance are expected in this area because of increases of direct seeded rice fields and increases of dependence on a specific herbicide. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor herbicide resistance regularly and conduct integrated herbicide resistance management in this area. 경남지역 제초제 저항성 피의 발생현황과 저항성 정도를 알아보기 위하여 벼 재배 논에서 100개체의 피 종자를 수집하여 ACCase 저해제인 cyhalofop-butyl에 대한 약량반응 실험을 수행한 결과, 수집한 피의 7%가 저항성으로 조사되었다. 선발된 감수성 5개체의 $GR_{50}$값은 평균 $147g\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$로 나타났고, 함양 지역의 저항성 개체의 $GR_{50}$값은 $738g\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$ 로 R/S (ratio of resistance to sensitivity)값은 5.01배로 나타났다. 현재 경남지역에서의 저항성 피의 발생 수준은 낮은 것으로 나타났지만, 저항성 피의 확산을 지연시키거나 막기 위해서는 주기적인 저항성 피의 모니터링과 체계적인 저항성 잡초 관리방안을 마련하여 수행할 필요가 있다.

初生雛의 體重 및 臟器重量에 關한 硏究

河正基,金鍾涉,朴重錫 慶尙大學校 1980 論文集 Vol.19 No.1

本 試驗은 實用鷄인 Hisex와 Hybro의 種卵을 孵化시켜 發生直後의 初生雛에 대하여 體重, 腦, 眼球, 肺, 心腸, 腎臟, 胃, 卵黃?, 盲腸, 小腸, 結腸과 直腸의 重量을 測定하고, 各 項目의 平均과 標準誤差를 求하는 同時에 各項目間의 相關關係 및 回歸直線方程式을 調査하였든 바 그 結果는 다음과 같다. 1) Hisex의 調査項目中 體重은 35.312±0.324g, 腦의 重量은 0.873±0.009g, 眼球의 重量은 0.866±0.019g, 肺의 重量은 0.348±0.013g, 肝의 重量은 1.108g±0.015g, 心腸의 重量은 0.415g±0.010g, 腎臟의 重量은 0.292g±0.007g, 胃의 重量은 2.502g±0.045g, 卵黃?의 重量은 3.562g±0.186g, 盲腸의 重量은 0.294g±0.018g, 小腸의 重量은 1.200g±0.026g, 結腸과 直腸의 重量은 0.169g±0.009g이였다. 2)Hybro의 調査項目中 體重은 36.569±0.295g, 腦의 重量은 0.912±0.009g, 眼球의 重量은 0.920±0.019g, 肺의 重量은 0.386±0.011g, 肝의 重量은 1.140±0.051g, 心腸의 重量은 0.401±0.013g, 腎臟의 重量은 0.280±0.010g, 胃의 重量은 2.723±0.045g, 卵黃?의 重量은 3.464±0.158g, 盲腸의 重量은 0.446g±0.028g, 小腸의 重量은 1.414±0.040g, 結腸과 直腸의 重量은 0.203g±0.016g이였다. 3) Hisex와 HYbro의 各 測定成績間에서 相關關係를 調査한 結果 正과 負의 相關이 있었다. This study was carried out to measure the weight and correlation between body weight and each visceral organs in commercial day old chicks(Hisex and Hybro). Names of the visceral organs measured are brain, eyeball, llung, liver heart, kidney, stomach, yolk sac, cecum, small intestine and colon and rectum. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Average weight of body, brain, eye-ball, lung, liver, heart, kidney, stomach, yolk sac, cecum, small intestine and colon and rectum of the Hybre chicks(Meat type)and standard error to the items measured were 36.569±0.324g, 0.873±0.009g, 0.860±0.019g, 0.348±0.013g, 1.108±0.015g, 0.415±0.010g, 0.292±0.07g, 2.502±0.045g, 3.562±0.186g,0.294±0.018g, 1.200±0.026g and 0.167±0.009g, respectively. 2. Average weight of body, brain, eye-ball, lung, liver, heart, kidney, stomach, yolk sac, cecum, small intestine and colon and rectum of the Hybre chicks(Meat type) and standard error to the items measured were 36.569±0.295g, 0.912±0.109g, 0.920±0.019g, 0.386±0.011g, 1.140±0.051g, 0.401±0.013g, 0.280±0.010g, 2.723±0.045g, 3.464±0.158g, 0.446±0.028g, 1.414±0.040g and 0.203±0.016g, respectively. 3. Positive correlation and inverse correlation between items investigated in Hybro and Hisex were found.

養鷄 主飼料인 옥수수 代置飼料로서 小麥利用에 關한 硏究 : 第 1報 옥수수 代置飼料로서 小麥의 利用水準 Ⅰ. Utilization Level of Wheat as a Substitute Feed for Corn

河正基,李炳五,郭鍾瀅,安炳弘 慶尙大學校 1972 論文集 Vol.11 No.-

初生雛 育成飼料의 主飼料인 옥수수의 代置飼料로서 밀을 이용한 代置水準을 究明하고저 本 實驗을 實施하였던 바 그 結果는 다음과 같다. 1. 增體量은 옥수수와 밀을 各各 50%씩 使用한 區와 밀보다 옥수수를 많이 使用한 區가 밀 만을 使用한 區에 비해서 增體量이 좋았다. 2. 飼料攝取量은 옥수수를 제일많이 使用한 區가 제일 적었고, 반대로 밀을 많이 사용한 區 일수록 높았다. 3. 飼料效率은 옥수수와 밀을 50%씩 使用한 區가 옥수수와 밀의 單用區 보다는 좋았다. 4. kg增體에 所要된 飼料費는 옥수수와 밀을 50%씩 사용한 區가 제일 낮아 本 試驗에 의하면 養鷄配合飼料의 穀類 60%中 밀을 30%程度 使用할 수 있다고 하겠다. To investigate the substitute level of wheat for corn used as major ration of laying hen, was carried out. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Body weight gain was higher in the treatment of Corn 50% : Wheat 50% and in used more corn than wheat in contrast with the treatment used only wheat. 2. Diet intake was least in the treatment used only corn and on the other hand, the only wheat was higher than other treatment used corn in the diet intake. 3. Feed efficiency was more improved in the treatment used 50% of wheat and corn, respectively than in the treatment used only wheat. 4. Feed cost required per kg body gain was lowest in the treatment used 50% of wheat and corn. Therefore, according to the present experiment it may be to say that s0% of wheat will be substituted for corn in the formulated ration of laying hen using 60% cereals.

水稻增收에 關한 硏究

河浩成,金明燦,金正敎,朴愚喆 진주농과대학 1968 진주농과대학 연구논문집 Vol.- No.7

本試驗 結果 米穀 增收의 要件으로 客土와 深耕에 依한 作土層을 增加시킴과 아울러 有機物의 含量을 높이고, 따라서 水?生育에 重要한 要素로 알려진 珪酸質 肥料의 施用 및 不足 ?類를 보충함과 同時에 灌排水 管理 및 耕種關係를 合理的으로 함으로서 現在의 平均 玄米收量 보다 높은 數値의 結果를 얻었다. (1) 客土를 反當 7,500kg 程度 施用함과 有機物 및 ?類 補充으로 莖數, 穗數가 10%, 玄米收量이 12% 增加하였다. (2) 深耕에 依한 作土層의 깊이를 10∼12cm에서 18cm 程度 깊게 함과 同時에 有機物 및 ?類補充으로 客土와 같은 傾向의 成績을 얻었다. (3) 客土와 深耕을 같이 處理한 結果, 客土, 深耕, 單用區에 比하여 莖數, 穗數의 增加는 약간 보았으나 收量面에서는 크게 增加를 보지 못하였다. 이는 當年에 客土, 深耕으로 作土層을 增加시켰다 하드라도, 土壤의 熱度가 잘 이루어 지지 못하였기 때문에 야기된 것으로 본다. (4) 二條竝木區로 坪當 株數를 늘이므로써 收量增加는 認定되지 않았다. 이는 3의 경우와 같다고 하겠으나 他區 역시 坪當 株數가 90株였기 때문으로 본다. To study about an increased yield of rice, this experiment was carried out at five county selected in Kyung Nan province. The essential conditions of increased yield obtained from this experiment were as follows: 1) Supplying with red clay soil to 7,500kg per 10are some of organic matter and mineral nutrition into each field, the stem and ear was increased in number to ten per cent and an unpolished rice to twelve per cent. 2) The coincident results were obtained in deep plowing treatment in order to plow more deep the sub-soil floor of 10∼12㎝ to 18㎝ with supplement of organic matter and mineral nutrition. 3) When the above mentioned two treatments were done together, the stem and ear was moderately increased in number compare with each if the depth of sub-soil was increased according to the supplement of red clay soil and decper plowing, howerer, the soil was not efficiently development during one year for plant to grow well. 4) The two strips planting to increase the number of plant per 0.245 acre was not increased in yield of an unpolished rice. It was seems that the reason also was same as in 3., and that the number of plant was epually ninety in the other all experimental treatment.

공격적 일방주의의 협상 이론적 분석

정하용 서울대학교 한국정치연구소 2003 韓國 政治 硏究 Vol.12 No.2

1980년대 초반 부터 미국은 다자간 협상에 의한 상호주의의 원칙을 사실상 폐기하고, 일련의 양자간 협상을 통하여 주요 무역 상대국가들에게 통상정책의 변화를 강요하기 시작하였다. 미국의 패권적 지위를 이용한 공격적이고 일방적인 강요가 주요 교역 국가들 통상 정책 변화의 요인으로 작용하였는 지는 분명하지가 않다. 미국이 상대적 힘의 우위를 통해서 보호무역 장벽을 제거하기 위한 양자간 협상에 상대 국가들을 이끌어 낼 수 있음은 분명해 보이지만, 패권적 지위가 어떻게 자유 무역 협상의 성공을 보장할 수 있는 지는 대해서는 명확한 이론적 설명이 요구된다. 이 글에서는 정치경제학자들에 의해 발전된 협상이론(the theory of bargaining)을 기본 분석틀로 하여, 패권 국가가 강요할 수 있는 통상 정책 변화의 가능성과 한계를 분석한다. 협상 상대국들은 미국의 보복 조치로 인해 예상되는 피해를 막기 위해 강요된 통상 협상에 응하기는 하지만, 보호주의 장벽을 낮추려는 약속이나 협정이 미국의 요구 수준에 미칠 수 없음을 협상 모델을 통해 설명한다. 국제 경제 체제하의 상대적 힘의 분포에 기반한 협상이 담보할 수 있는 협약의 한계가 명확할 경우, 미국은 협상 대상 국가와 미국이 갖는 특수한 정치적 관계를 최대한 이용할 필요가 있다. 성공적인 이슈 연계 전략은 정치적 관계를 활용하여 상대 국가의 경제적 손실에 대한 효용을 바꾸는 것이다. 당면한 통상 분쟁에 관한 상대 국가의 가치 평가를 변화시킬 수 있다면, 미국은 협상에서 더 많은 양보를 얻어낼 수 있는 동시에 협상의 갈등 수준 또한 낮춤으로써 협상의 타결 가능성 또한 높아진다. 경제력을 이용하여 이끌어 낼 수 있는 양보의 제한과 이에 따른 양국간 정치적 관계의 동원으로 강화된 자유 무역 체제는 협정의 이행과 그 체제의 유지에 어려움을 내포할 수 있다. The bargaining setting of a forced trade talk can be created only when the US possesses relatively dominant power. A hegemonic state is, in this sense, one that possesses the ability to make others share its burdens by spreading its economic losses onto others’ shoulders. I suggest a bargaining model of forced trade talk that examines the strength and limits of hegemonic power in obtaining concessions. In the bargaining, the US can gain a full concession from a target if the partner state is extremely weak. When the bargaining is wholly driven by the US economic power, smaller economies would give more concessions to US demands. The amount of benefits, however, can be negligible compared to potential benefits from larger targets. The US surely can benefit more from opening larger markets, but larger economies are less afraid of retaliation than smaller states. The US needs to consider tactics to increase its share from the bargaining. In the quest to increase the amount of total gains from negotiations and to enhance the chance of reaching agreements, there arises the possibility of utilizing linkage politics. The US may look for strategies that can alter a partner’s evaluation of economic gains. When the US succeeds in finding an issue to link with an economic issue, both the chance of reaching agreement and the potential gains from bargaining increase for the US. The economic power asymmetry structures the terms of concessions from the target. The political relationship between the US and the target changes the single dimensional conflict of the win-lose game into a linkage game in which additional benefits exist.

페라이트 도금법으로 제작된 Ni_(x)Fe_(3-x)O₄박막의 자외선차단 효과에 대한 연구

하태욱,이용희,최종정,차정원 한국공업화학회 2003 응용화학 Vol.7 No.2

Nickel-ferrite Ni_(x)Fe_(3-x)O₄ thin film was fabricated by ferrite plating method in order to make sunglass which intercept ultraviolet ray and electromagnetic field. The transmittance of nickel-ferrite Ni_(x)Fe_(3-x)O₄ thin film is down clearly below 400㎚. And it shows that the nickel-ferrite thin film of x=0.09 in nickel composition rate was intercepted ultraviolet ray. We expect that sunglass coated with Ni_(x)Fe_(3-x)O₄ thin film will use for interception of ultraviolet ray and electromagnetic field.

農村地域 診療所에 登錄된 영유아의 身體成長에 關한 硏究

朴正夏 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1978 충남의대잡지 Vol.5 No.1

In an effort to evaluate the physical growth of children, the author conducted surveys for the past five years from 1971 to 1975 for 1,297 children registered at Well Baby Clinic of Maigok Clinic, Thangjung-myon, Asan-kun, Chungnam province. The average values of the children's height, weight, head and chest circumference were measured and analyzed in comparison with the Korean standard values prepared by the authorities concerned as follows. 1. Height At the age of zero month, the average male children's height was 50.1cm, the female 50.0cm, while at the 24 months, the male 84.4cm and the female 80.9cm, respectively. The variation, compared with the Korean standard value, showed 1.0-2.0cm in male and 1.5-2.5cm in female. But the variation was not significant after 18 months in both sexes. 2. Weight At the age of zero month, the average male children's weight was 3.34kg and female 3.27kg, and at the age of 24 months, male 11.36kg, female 10.86kg, respectively. The variation, compared with the Korean standard value, was greatest in 1 month. The growth pattern, after 5 months in male and 21 months in female, was faster than the average Korean standard pattern. Statistically, the variation was not significant after 5 months in male and 8 months in female. 3. Head circumference At the age of zero month, the male children's head circumference was 34.3cm in male and 33.7cm in female. The variation, in comparison with the Korean standard, was greatest in 1-2 months in both sexes. The gap showed a gradual decrease and the growth pattern of the male children after 12 months was faster than those of the Korean standard. But in the case of the female children, however, the growth pattern was slower and the variation became lessened. Statistically, the variation, in comparison with the Korean standard, was not significant after 12 months in both sexes. 4. Chest circumference At the age of zero month, the male children's chest circumference was 33.3cm and female 33.0cm, while at the age of 24 months, male 50.4cm and female 49.2cm, respectively. From birth to 15 months, the growth pattern was slower than that of the Korean standard. Statistically, the variation was not significant after 12 months in male and 15 months in female. 5. As a whole, the growth pattern of the male children at the age of zero month was similar to the Korean standard, while the female children showed rather slower patterns. At the age of 1 month, the growth pattern of both sexes showed retardation and then approached the Korean standard on the gradual basis. After the age of 12-18 months, the variation was not significant.

水稻 主要品種의 窒素反應 試驗

金正敎,河浩成 진주농과대학 1971 진주농과대학 연구논문집 Vol.- No.10

몇가지 主要 水稻 品種-農林6號, 八錦, 시라누이, 기비요시, 金南風, Calady40을 供試하여 이들 品種이 10, 13, 16, 19kg/10a의 질소 수준에서 질소비료에 對한 反應程度를 알아보기 위하여 試驗한 結果를 要約하면; 1. 窒素 施肥量의 增加에 따라 대체로 16kg/10a까지는 收量이 增加하였으며 處理間에는 有意性이 認定되었다. 2. 各 品種의 施肥量에 對한 反應은 같지 않으며, 金南風, 八錦, Calady40, 農林6號는 13kg/10a 水準에서, 시라누이, 기비요시는 16kg/10a 水準에서 最大의 收量을 나타내었으며 각 品種의 收量差에는 高度의 有意性이 認定되었다. 3. 草長과 分蘖數는 질소비료의 增施에 따라 증가하였으며, 그중 極短稈種인 시라누이의 分蘖數는 현저한 增加를 나타내었으나 長稈 品種인 Calady40은 增肥에 따라 별로 큰 差異가 없었다. 4. 稈長은 品種에 따라 그 差異가 심하며 질소비료량을 增加함에 따라 各 品種 모두 길어진 편이었다. 5. 穗長은 질소비료의 증가에 따라 一定한 경향을 나타내지 않았으며 品種別로는 Calady40과 기비요시가 길었고 시라누이가 가장 짧았다. 6. 穗數는 질소 增施에 따라 增加된 경향이며 穗當 粒數는 一定한 경향이 없었다. 7. 倒伏은 질소 增肥에 따라 增加하였으며 農林6號 八錦, Calady40이 질소 16kg/10a에서 19kg/10a에 이르기까지 그 倒伏度가 約3에서 5程度로 增加하였으며 短稈인 시라누이는 질소 19kg/10a에서도 倒伏이 일어나지 않았다. 8. 病蟲害는 增肥에 따라 例外없이 그 被害度가 增加하였으며 蟲害에 比하여 病害가 特히 질소비료의 증시에 따라 그 被害度가 높았다. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the responses of nitrogen on the several leading varities of rice, Oryza sativa L. The varieties used in this experiment were Norin 6, Palkeum, Shiranui, Kibjyoshi, Kimmaze and Calady 40, which were consisted of short, medium and long culm length. The nitrogen levels applied were 10, 13, 16 and 19 kg/10 a, and 8 kg/10 a of ?? and 10 kg/10 a of K₂O were also applied at each nitrogen level. The results obtained in this experiment were summarized as follows: 1. The yields was increased by increasing the nitrogen level at 16 kg/10 a and highly significant differences were noticed between the different nitrogen levels applied. 2. Even though there were not found any trends among the responses of variety to the nitrogen levels, Kimmaze, Palkeum, Calady 40 and Norm 6 showed the highest yields at the level of 13 kg/10a, and shiranui and Kibjyoshi at 16 kg/10a of nitrogen. And the varietal differences of yields were highly significant. 3. Plant height and No. of tillers were increased by increasing the nitrogen level, and the No. of tillers of Shiranui was more increased than that of Calady 40, the former is a variety which has an extra short culm, and the latter long culm. 4. Panicle length and No. of grains per panicle were not shown any trends in each variety at the different nitrogen levels, while No. of panicles were increased a little. And No. of grains per panicle was shown the maximum at 13 kg/10a for Norm 6, Palkeum, and Kimmaze, at 16 kg/10a for Shiranui and Kibiyoshi, and at 19kg/10a for Calady 40. 5. Lodging indices of Norm 6, Palkeum and Calady 40 were increased from 3 to 5 by increasing the nitrogen level from 16 kg to 19 kg/10 a, however, a short varity, Shiranui, showed no lodging at the highest nitrogen level of 19 kg/10a. 6. Disease and insect damage were increased by increasing the nitrogen amounts in every varity and the disease damage was more serious than insect one.

氣體一液體 크로마토그래피에 의한 C_1-C_5 탄화수소류의 同時分析과 그 適用

李善行,李華心,徐幀起 경북대학교 과학교육연구소 1989 科學敎育硏究誌 Vol.13 No.-

The 18 components of C_1-C_5 hydrocarbons were well separated on a single, packed column operated around 40℃ within 20 min. The chromatographic column is 25% sebaconitrile/chromosorb P-AW(10m x 0.3㎝, 60-80 mesh). The optimum flow rate was determined by making a simple Van Deemter plot of the number of theoretical plates VS. Iinear gas velocity. The most efficient flow-rate of N_2 carrier gas was at 35㎖/min, and the mumber of theoretical plates was 5,000-10,000. The linearity of calibration curves were checked ranging ppm to % concentration of CH_4 and C_3 H_8. Peak area was used for quantitating the C_1 hydrocarbon through C_5 hydrocarbons, and relative standard deviations of 10 measures were less than 2.1%.