Impact of Interferon-Based Treatment on Quality of Life and Work Related Productivity from the Korean Cohort in the MOSAIC Study

( Sang Hoon Ahn ),( Won Hyeok Choe ),( Yoon Jun Kim ),( Jeong Heo ),( Dorota Latarska-smuga ),( Jiho Kang ),( Seung Woon Paik ) 대한간학회 2017 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2017 No.1

Aims: Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection increases the risk for progressive liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma and negatively impacts the patient’s quality of life. HCV treatment is evolving with direct acting antivirals but IFN based therapy has been the standard of care for many years and remains available in some countries. The MOSAIC study aims to characterize patients with chronic HCV infection and assess the impact of IFN-containing treatment on health-related quality of life, work related productivity and health care utilization. Methods: MOSAIC is an international prospective multicenter observational study that has been conducted in 20 countries. Consecutive patients with chronic HCV infection were enrolled and those who initiated an IFN based regimen were prospectively followed for 48 weeks. We report results from the Korean cohort Results: 100 patients were enrolled: 86 were treatment naïve and 14 were treatment experienced. 33 patients initiated an IFN based regimen: 6 patients started IFN + RBV, 26 patients started Peg-IFN + RBV, none started Peg-IFN + RBV + DAA and 1 patient received other treatment. Among the treated cohort, demographic and disease characteristics were the following: the mean age was 54.5 years; 14 patients were male. 14 had minimal or no fibrosis, 2 portal fibrosis, 3 bridging fibrosis and 6 patients suffered from cirrhosis. HCV Genotype distribution was as follows: genotype 1: 11; genotype 2: 19 and genotype 3: 3. Table 1 describes the results at baseline and changes over 4, 12 and 48 weeks and end-of-treatment (EOT) for the quality of life and work productivity outcome measures (EQ-5D-5L, HCV-PRO and WPAI). Conclusions: Results from the Korean cohort of the MOSAIC study show a moderate trend for deterioration of health-related quality of life and work productivity associated with IFN based treatment for patients with chronic HCV infection during treatment period. Acknowledgements: The design, study conduct, analysis, and financial support of MOSAIC study were provided by AbbVie. AbbVie participated in the interpretation of data, review, and approval of the content of the abstract. All authors had access to all relevant data and participated in writing, review, and approval of this abstract. Medical writing support was provided by Olivier Van de Steen of Medeor-consulting, funded by AbbVie. Disclosures: Sang Hoon Ahn: served as an advisor and lecturer for Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, F.Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck, AbbVie, and has received unrestricted grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche for investigator- initiated trials Won Hyeok Choe: Nothing to disclosure Yoon Jun Kim: Nothing to disclosure Jeong Heo: received a grant from GSK; Research support from BMS, and Roche; Advisor for Abbvie, BMS, Gilead Sciences, Pharma Essentia, SillaJen, and Johnson & Johnson. Dorota Latarska-Smuga, Jiho Kang: are employees of AbbVie, Inc. and may hold stock or stock options. Seung Woon Paik: received grant and research support from AbbVie, BMS, Gilead, GSK, Merck, Novartis, and Roche

쥐노래미 Hexagrammos otakii 난의 부화에 미치는 수온의 영향 및 자치어의 성장과 생존에 미치는 수온과 먹이의 영향

강희웅,정의영,이창훈,이정열 한국어류학회 2002 韓國魚類學會誌 Vol.14 No.2

쥐노래미 Hexagrammos otakii의 부호조건 및 자치어의 성장 및 생존에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수온에 따른 부화 소요시간 및 부화율, 자치어의 성장과 생존에 미치는 수온과 먹이조건을 조사하였다. 쥐노래미 수정란의 수온별 부화 소요시간은 수온이 높을수록 짧았다. 부화율은 12℃에서 가장 높았으나, 반면 수온이 14℃ 이상으로 상승하면 급격히 감소되었으며 18.0℃이상에서는 비정상 기형 개체들이 출현하였다. 부화 후 70일 경과 후 수온별 자치어의 초기 성장과 생존율(%)은 수온이 높은 조건(16℃)일수록 낮은 수온조건보다 성장이 빨랐던(P<0.01) 반면, 생존율은 낮은 수온(10℃)조건에서 높게 나타났다. 70일간 먹이공급계열이 따른 자치어 사육실험에서 최적 성장과 높은 생존 조건은 윤충류(Brachionus plicatilis, 부화 후 1~10일) + Artemia nauplii(부화 후 10~20일) + 배합사료(부화 후 15~70일)를 공급한 실험군으로 나타났다. 자치어의 빠른 성장과 생존율을 높이기 위해서는 되도록 일찍 배합사료에 먹이붙임을 하는 것이 바람직하다고 판단된다. To obtain optimal rearing conditions for seedling production of the greenling Hexagrammos otakii, the effects of seawater temperature on hatching of egg, and seawater temperature and feeding regime on growth and survival of hatched larvae were studied. The hatching time of fertilized eggs of H. otakii decreased with increasing seawater temperature. Total length of hatched larvae was in the range of 7.21~8.16㎜. The highest hatching rate was found at 12℃. As seawater temperature increased higher than 14℃, the hatching rate sharply decreased. Abnormal larvae were found at 18.0℃. Seawater temperature affected significantly the growth and survival of H. otakii larvae(P<0.001). After rearing larvae for 70 days after hatching, we found the growth rate highest when seawater temperature was highest(16℃), whereas survival was highest when seawater temperature was lowest(10℃). Feeding regime also affected significantly the growth and survival of H. otakii larvae(P<0.001). The most efficient feeding regime was under the conditions of feeding rotifer(Brachionus plicatilis) during days 1~10 after hatching+ Artemia nauplii during days 10~20 after hatching+commercial feeds during days 15~70 after hatching. To ensure rapid growth and higher survival of H. otakii larvae, commercial feeds should be provided as early as possible.

갱신 효율을 위한 엘리먼트 ID 상속 기반의 XML 저장

강인석,권훈,김정희,곽호영 제주대학교 공과대학 첨단기술연구소 2004 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.15 No.2

In this thesis, ID inheritance storage system modelbase on XML document and information of schema element structure has proposed. proposed system parse XML document and read in DOM type then assign ID to element by using analysis module.at this time, ID assigned to child element is inherited from parent element ID and assigned ID will be saved to database as form of defined schema structure proposed for efficient search and updates of document. As results, when specific element has inserted or updated, location information are not required to configured again.

경상남도 함안군 여항산 일대의 조류분포

강정훈,함규황 경희대학교 한국조류연구소 2002 연구보고 Vol.8 No.1

1994년 1월부터 12월까지 총 12회에 걸쳐 경상남도 함안군 여항산 일대를 조사한바, 관찰된 조류는 총 11목 28과 76종 평균 455개체로 나타났고, 우점종은 직박구리, 붉은머리오목눈이, 박새 등으로 나타났다. 조류의 이동유형별 분포는 텃새 36.5%, 겨울새 25.1%, 여름새 23.8%, 나그네새 14.6%로 텃새가 많은 비율을 차지했다. 계절별 분포는 봄철인 3ㆍ4ㆍ5월에 총 50종 평균 420개체, 여름철인 6ㆍ7ㆍ8월에 총 43종 평균 311개체, 가을철인 9ㆍ10ㆍ11월에 총 41종 평균 624개체 그리고 겨울철인 12ㆍ1ㆍ2월에는 총 36종 평균 464개체로 나타났다. A지역(봉화산)과 B지역의 H'는 모두 5월이 가장 높았고, e^(H')는 A지역에서 2월이 가장 낮았고, B지역은 3월이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 그리고 지역별 H'와 e^(H')는 B지역의 평균이 높게 나타났으나, 지역간에 유의치는 없었고(ANOVA, p>0.05), 연화산, 화왕산, 지리산 등 타 지역의 H'와 e^(H')를 비교한바, H'는 지역간 유의차가 없었으나(ANOVA, p>0.05), e^(H')는 지역간 유의차를 보였고(ANOVA, p<0.01), 사후검정을 위해서 DMRT를 실시한 결과, 연화산, 화왕산 그리고 지리산이 하나의 group으로 나타났고, 여항산은 고도로 유의하였다. 1994년 6월부터 8월까지의 여항산 하계 조류와 타지역(주흘산, 월악산, 조령산, 칠갑산, 계방산, 연화산)과의 유사도 지수를 비교한 결과, 여항산과 연화산이 0.69로 높게 나타났다. 생태학적 보전 필요성이 높은 여항산의 환경보전을 위해서 지속적인 조사와 연구가 이루어 져야 하는 동시에 적극적인 보호와 관리가 요구되는 바이다. 1. The numbers of birds in the Mt. Y??hang were recorded as 455 average individuals birds, 76 species, 27 families, and 11 order birds. 2. The characteristic species of their habit was Brown-eared Bulbul, Hypsipetes amaurotis 13.17% and then Crow Tit, Paradoxornis webbiana 11.54%, Great Tit, Parus major 11.38%, Yellow-throated Bunting, Emberiza elegans 9.99%, Long-tailed Tit, Aegithalos caudatus 8.13%, with sequence. 3. Community of birds were 28 average species in 4 seasons, abundant in spring and density of individuals were rich in autumn and winter. 4. The numbers of species and individuals in each area were recorded in the survey area; 59 species 189 average individuals birds in A area (Mt. Bonghwa), 64 species 243 average individuals birds in B area (Mt. Y??hang). 5. Moving a type distribution of birds were Resident 28 species (36.5%), Winter visitor 19 species (25.1%) Summer visitor 18 species (23.8%) and Passage migrant 11 species (14.6%). 6. Means of species diversity (H') and equally common species (e^(H')) was recorded better B area (H': 2.49, e^(H'): 12.42) than the A area, but none significant (ANOVA, p>0.05). Comparing H' and eH of Mt. Y??hang with Mt. Yeonhwa, Mt. Hwawang, Mt. Jiri., etc. of area, H' were none significant (ANOVA, p>0.05), but e^(H) were significant (ANOVA, p<0.01). The result of DMRT for Post censorship, Mt. Yeonhwa, Mt. Hwawang and Mt. Jiri were one group, Mt. Y??hang was high significant. 7. Coefficient of similarity (Sφrensen Index) was Mt. Y??hang-Mt Juheul (0.55), Mt. Y??hang-Mt. Wolak (0.45), Mt. Y??hang-Mt. Choryeong (0.47), Mt. Y??hang-Mt. Chilgab (0.58), Mt. Y??hang-Mt. Gyebang (0.43) Mt. Y??hang-Mt. Yeonhwa (0.69) among seven mountains. 8. The Endangered birds (a natural monument) of 9 species (Chinese Sparrow Hawk, Accipiter soloensis, Sparrow Hawk, A. nisus, Hen Harrier, Circus cyaneus, Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus, Kestrel, F. tinnunculus, Eagle Owl, Bubo bubo, Scops Owl, Otus scops, Brown Hawk, Ninox scutulata, Fairy Pitta, Pitta brachyura) were recorded in this study.

마라톤후 발생한 열사병 1례

강보승,이정훈,송형곤,송근정,정연권 대한응급의학회 2000 대한응급의학회지 Vol.11 No.3

Heat stroke, a medical emergency, occurs when the body's thermal regulation is upset and unable to dissipate adequate amounts of heat with a rise in body temperature. It is characterized by hyperpyrexia, with a core temperature of 40˚C or more. hot dry skin, and central nervous system disturbance and usually results in rhabdomyolysis and multiorgan failure. Our case, a 43-year-old healthy male, was caused by a marathon, half course, on a sunny day in late summer. He suddenly fell down on the road and was delivered to a nearby hospital, where a seizure developed. He was transfered to our hospital and then displayed Central Nervous System disturbance, hot dry skin, acute liver failure, rhabdomyolysis, anurlc acute renal failure, and disseminated intravasculular coagulopathy. He was treated with general supportive care and hemofiltration. Despite the aggressive management, he died of shock on the fifth day after admission.

가토 발치와내에 이식된 자가 막성골과 자가 연골내 골화골의 조직반응에 관한 실험적 비교 연구

강정훈,김경욱 단국대학교 치의학연구소 1992 논문집 Vol.4 No.-

The purpose of this study was to compare the tissue response between the autogenous intramembranous bone and the autogenous endochondral bone grafted into the extraction socket of the rabbit. After the anterior teeth extraction, sockets were filled by the particulated cranial bone or by the particulated iliac bone. The rabbits were sacrificed at the 1st day, 3rd day, 1st week, 2nd week, 4th and 6th week after bone grafting. And the specimens were examined with light microscope. The results were as follows : 1. New bone formation with osteoblastic activity was observed on the cranial bone grafting area. 2. Trabecular patterns were shown in the 1st week specimen of the cranial bone grafting group, and were shown in the 2nd week specimen of the iliac bone grafting group. 3. 6th week after iliac grafting, maturation of endochondral bone with compact collagen deposition was observed. 4. 6th week after cranial bone grafting, compact bone pattern with dense fibrous tissue was observed.

뇌혈관질환을 동반한 당뇨병 환자에서 지속적 혈당측정의 유용성 평가

정성훈,강인구,박철영,류미숙,우정택,김성운,김진우,김영설 대한당뇨병학회 2002 임상당뇨병 Vol.3 No.2

연구배경: 뇌혈관질환을 동반한 고령의 당뇨병환자는 이들의 신경학적 결손으로 경고 증상없이 심한 저혈당에 노출될 가능성이 크다. 실제로 하루 4번 정도의 자가 혈당 측정으로는 이를 감지하기 어려울 뿐 아니라 검사에 따른 고통으로 적극적인 혈당 조절에 제한이 따르게 된다. 이에 저자들은 Mini Med사의 지속적 혈당측정기(CGMS, continuous glucose monitoring system)를 이용하여 뇌혈관질환을 동반한 당뇨병 환자에서 24시간 혈당의 변동양상을 알아보고 각기 다른 인슐린 치료방침에 따른 혈당조절의 효율성을 비교하고자 하였다. 방법: 2001년 1월부터 6월까지 경희대학교 부속병원에 입원해 있는 10명의 뇌혈관질환을 동반한 제 2형 당뇨병환자를 대상으로 하였다. 이 들은 모두 튜브식이를 받고 있엇고 최소 1개월 이상 인슐린 치료를 시행 받았다. 지속적 혈당측정기를 착용하고 3일간의 연속적인 혈당을 측정하였고, 치료 첫 날은 NPH, 둘째 날은 속효성 인슐린과 NPH, 마지막 날은 혼합형 인슐린제제로 치료하여 그 효과를 비교하였다. 이들 각기 다른 인슐린 제재의 하루 총량에 차이는 없었다. 혈당치가 3.3mmol/L 미만이거나 7.8mmol/L를 초과하는 경우 그 차이값의 총합을 시간으로 나누어 이 값(△Glu)이 적을수록 치료효과가 우수한 것으로 판정하였다. 또한 당 수치가 3.3mmol/L 미만인 경우를 저혈당 event, 16.7mmol/L 초과한 경우를 고혈당 event로 임의로 정의하였고, 이를 통해 지속적 혈당측정의 유용성을 간접적으로 평가하고자 하였다. 결과: 평균 △Glu값은 첫째 날이 0.93 ± 0.43mmol/Lㆍmin?¹, 둘째날이 0.71 ± 0.29mmol/Lㆍmin?¹ 마지막 날이 0.58 ± 0.29mmol/Lㆍmin?¹로서 서로 다른 3가지 치료방침사이에 통계학적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다(p=0.115). 10명의 환자들 중 자가 혈당측정기로는 1명에서 저혈당 event, 2명에서 고혈당 event를 인지하였으나 지속적 혈당측정기로는 각각 9명에서 event를 확인하였다. 결론: 지속적 혈당측정기를 이용한 각각의 인슐린 치료방침에 따른 혈당조절 효율성의 차이는 없었으나, 자가혈당 측정기로는 알 수 없었던 일 중 혈당 변동사항을 정확하게 알 수 있어, 뇌혈관질환을 동반한 당뇨병 환자에서 보다 적극적인 인슐린 치료 및 관리를 할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Background: Diabetic stroke patients are susceptible to hypoglycemia. However, there are many limitations in detecting hypoglycemic events, even though glucoses levels are checked 3 to 4 times per day using the fingerstick method. Therefore, we investigated the glycemic excursions and pattern in diabetic stroke patients using the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS, MiniMed) and its clinical utility. The other objective was to compare the treatment dfficacy between insulin regimens. Methods: From jan 2001 to jun 2001, 10 adult type 2 diabetic stroke patients wore CGMS for consecutive 3 days, which continuously checked the glucose level. NPH insulin, multiple daily injection of regular insulin ± NPH and the mixed type(Novolet 30/70, Novo Nordisk) were used on the first, second and third days of the study, respectively. If the mean delta glucose(△Glu = A+B/time, A=∑(hlucose-7.8), glucose > 7.8 mmol/l, B=∑(3.3-glucose) if, glucose < 3.3 mmol/l) was calculated in order to recognize the degree of individual glycemic changes and to compare the efficacy of each treatment diverse insulin regimen. We arbitrarily defined a glucose level less than 3.3mmol/l, as a hypoglycemic event, and more than 16.7mmol/l as a hyperglycemic event. Results: Variable patterns of glycemic changes were observed among patients with the same dosage, but a different insulin regimen. The mean △Glu was 0.93±0.43 on the first day, 0.71±0.29 on the second day and 0.58±0.29 on the third. There was no significant difference in treatment efficacy between the 3 different insulin modalities(p=0.115). Of the 10 patients, a hypoglycemic event was detected in 1 with the fingerstick method, in contrast to 9 with CGMS, with hyperglycemic events being detedted in 2 and 9, respectively. Conclusion: Continuous glucose monitoring maybe useful in providing the information necessary for optimal glycemic control in the diabetic stroke patients.

아연 전처치가 카드뮴 급성 중독에 미치는 영향에 대한 실험적 연구

이정훈,최정목,강대영 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1996 충남의대잡지 Vol.23 No.2

In an attempt to elucidate the effects of zinc on rat tissue changes induced by cadmium, the present study was undertaken in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were intraperitoneally pretreated with zinc chloride(15.0mg/kg) for 3 days, and then were intraperitoneally given CdCl_2(3.0mg/kg). The body and organ weights of the experimental rats were weighed on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 15th, 30th and 60th day after CdC_12 injection. The lungs, livers, kidneys and testes were microscopically illuminated and examined under the electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. The cadmium induced toxicity were most prominent in the testes. The testes showed diffuse hemorrhage, followed by massive hemorrhagic necrosis, calcification and complete disappearance of normal parenchymal tissue(severe atrophy). 2. In the zinc treated group, there were no specific light microscopic changes in the organs. Marked ultrastructural changes were not observed, however the number of glycogen particles increased. 3. The cadmium toxicity to the lung was proportional to the number of days. The lung changes showed chronic bronchitis and progressive interstitial fibrosis of the alveoli. 4. In the cadmium treated group, the liver showed ultrastructural changes such as mitochondrial swelling, dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, myelin figure formation, and decreased number of glycogen particles. The degree of ultrastructural changes slightly decreased in the zinc pretreated group. Also nuclear membrane irregularity was noted after experimental 30th day. 5. After 30th experimental day in the cadmium treated group, ultrastructural appearence of the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys showed detachment of microvilli, absence of basal cytoplasmic membrane invagination and irregular mitochondrial shape. In the zinc pretreated group, the degree of ultrastructural changes were mild compared to those of the cadmium only treated group. In conclusion, these experimental results suggest that cadmium toxicity was most prominent in the testes and can be the cause of infertility, and that zinc reduces ultrastructural cellular damage induced by cadmium in the rat tissues.

Clozapine이 백서의 억제된 자발적 교대 행동에 미치는 영향

천강훈,이기철,이정호,최영민,전성일,정홍경,류정환,최미 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.5

연구목적 : 강박장애의 생물학적 원인론중 세로토닌-도파민 상호작용 가설에 적합한 5-HT₂ 수용체와 도파민 D₂수용체를 동시에 차단하는 약물의 일종인 cloazpine과 세라토닌 재흡수 차단약물인 clomipramine, 그리고 도파민 D₂수용체 차단 약물인 haloperidol을 실험백서의 강박장애 동물모형에 투여하여 자발적 교대 행동에 미치는 영향을 비교, 측정하였다. 그 결과로서 1) 세라토닌 수용체와 도파민 수용체를 동시에 차단하는 약물의 효과를 확인하고, 2) 세라토닌과 도파민 수용체 동시차단 약물의 효과가 확인되면 임상적으로 기존의 세라토닌 재흡수 차단약물에 반응을 보이지 않는 강박장애 환자 치료에 세라토닌 수용체와 도파민 수용체를 동시에 차단하는 비전형적인 항정신병 약물들이 강박장애의 치료에 유용하게 사용될 수 있는 가능성을 제시하고자 하였다. 실험재료 및 연구방법 : 실험동물은 동일한 배에서 출생한 수컷 Spraque-Dawley 백서를 사용하였다. 자발적 교대 행동(spontaneous alternation behaviour : 이하 SAB)을 시험하기 위해 SAB의 기준치를 구하고 난 후, SAB을 차단하기 위한 방법으로 비선택적 세라토닌 순응제인 5-MeODMT(5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltrytamine)를 투여하였다. 실험백서들을 clomipramine(5㎎/㎏), clozapine(10㎎/㎏), clozapine(20㎎/㎏), haloperidol(0.1㎎/㎏), 그리고 saline(0.2cc) 투여군으로 나누고 21일에 걸쳐서 복강내 주사하였다. 실험약물 투여가 끝난 다음날인 22일째에 5-MeODMT(5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine : 1.25㎎/㎏/IP)를 각각의 실험동물군에게 투여하고 실험약물의 만성투여가 5-MeODMT 투여로 억제되는 SAB을 얼마나 호전시키는 지를 측정하였다. 모든 자료는 SPSS for window 7.5으로 통계처리 하였다. SAB의 기준치 5-MeODMT 투여로 억제되는 SAB의 효과, 실험약물의 만성투여에 따른 SAB의 변화는 일원분산분석을 사용하였으며, 사후검증은 Scheffe 검증을 적용하였다. 각 군내에서 기준치와 5-MeODMT 투여로 억제되는 SAB의 변화, 그리고 실험약물의 만성투여에 따른 SAB의 변화는 다중변량분석을 시행하였다. 결과 및 결론 : 역구결과 실험동물은 T-형 미로의 SAB에서 평균 1.33±0.36회의 훈련 기준치를 보였다. 5-MeODMT 주사후 , 실험동물의 SAB치는 3.12±0.63회를 보여 강박행동이 유발하였다. 21일간의 실험약물 투여후, 22일째에 5-MeODMT 주사에 대한 SAB의 반응은 clozapine 투여군과 clomipramine 투여군이 halo-peridol 투여군과 saline 투여군에 비하여 유의하게 낮은 수치를 보여 5-MeODMT투여로 억제된 SAB을 호전시키는 소견을 나타냈다. 각 실험동물군 내에서 각각의 SAB 훈련 기준치와 실험약물 투여 전후에 5-MeODMT 투여로 인한 SAB을 비교한 바, clomipramine 투여군은 약물투여 전에 5-MeODMT로 억제된 SAB이 약물투여후 의미있게 호전되었다. 한편, clozapine 투여군도 약물 투여전에 5-MeODMT로 억제된 SAB가 약물투여후 의미있게 호전되었으며, 이런 SAB의 호전은 clomipramine 투여군보다 우수하였다. 이상의 연구결과로 보아, 강박장애의 생물학적 병리론을 이해하는데 있어 세라토닌-도파민 상호작용 가설이 의미가 있음을 추정할 수 있었다. 향후, 강박장애의 임상치료에서 전형적인 SSRIs 치료에 반응치 않는 환자들에게 세라토닌-도파민 동시차단제인 비전형적인 약물의 단독투여를 시행하는 후속연구를 기대해 본다. Objectives : This study was designed to evaluate the role of the 5-HT₂and dopamine D₂antagonist on spontaneous alteration behaviour which is an animal modal of obsessive-compulsive disorder in rat. On the basis of serotonin-dopamine interaction hypothesis, the effect of clozapine was evaluated by applying the suppressed spontaneous alternation behaviour model. Methods : The apparatus for spontaneous alternation behaviour was a black plexiglas T-maze with distinctive black and white goal boxes. Black guillotine doors separated the start box and the goal boxes from the main body of the T-maze. Small cups of chocolate milk were placed in the corners of both goal boxes. At 24 hours prior to experiment, rats(Spraque-Dawley) food-deprived. The food-deprived rats were put into T-maze, in which both goal boxes were baited with small amounts of chocolate milk. Each rat was given 2 set of 7 trials during which it was placed in the start box and allowed to choose one of the goal boxes for each time. The mean number of choices until the occurrence of spontaneous alternation behaviour were checked. After baseline of the number of choices of spontaneous alternation behaviour was stabilized, the spontaneous alternation was disrupted by nonselective 5-HT agonist, 5-MeODMT(1.25mg/Kg/IP), The experimental animals were stratified into 5 groups :clomipramine(5mg/Kg/IP), clozapine(10mg/Kg/IP), clozapine(20mg/Kg/IP), haloperidol(0.1mg/Kg /IP), and saline(0.2cc/IP) control groups. They all went through 21 days fo treatment(intraperitoneal). The protective effects against the 5-MeODMT-induced disruption of spontaneous alternation behaviour were evaluated on the next day of drug treatment in each group. Results : 1) SAB was suppressed by 5-MeODMT injection. 2) After 21 days of the drug treatment, the clozapine and the clomipramine groups showed significant difference from the haloperidol and the saline control groups in the reversal of 5-MeODMT-induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour. 3) The clozapine (20mg/kg/IP) group was superior to the clomipramine group in the protective effect of 5-MeODMT-induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour. Conclusion : In clinical situation, the we think that atypical antipsychotic drugs those acting as serotonin and dopamine receptor antagonist with no extrapyramidal side effect can be beneficial to improve the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Al-Mg합금(Al-5wt%Mg-3wt%Zn-1wt%Mn)의 T6 열처리에 따른 미세조직 및 기계적 특성변화

유정훈,신기삼,허성강,김정민 국립7개대학공동논문집간행위원회 2005 공업기술연구 Vol.5 No.-

Al-Mg base alloys are attractive for aircraft. automobile and leisure applications because of their properties of low density, high intensity and wear resistance. The effect of Zn and Mn on the properties was studied in an Al-Mg base alloy. After T6 heat-treatment, the change of the microstructure and mechanical property was examined. Our investigations show that after T6 heat-treatment, the elongation was improved. The microstructures are investigated by TEM, which shows that the size of Al6Mn, Al57Mn12 phase is 100~500nm, and it also appears presence of the very small size MgZn₂ phase about 30nm.