동진강 수계 농업용수 수질평가

한수곤,최정식,문영훈,엄미정,김갑철 한국환경농학회 2000 한국환경농학회지 Vol.19 No.2

동진강 수계의 수질현황을 파악하기 1994∼1998년 까지 4∼9월에 월 1회에 걸쳐 5개년간 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 월별로는 빗물에 의한 희석효과로 7, 8월에 수질이 가장 양호하였으며, 4월이 다소 불량하였으나 수도생육 피해 한계농도에는 미치지 못하는 수준이었다. 지점별 수질현황은 생활하수 유입지인 정읍천과 지천의 폭이 좁은 원평천의 무기성분 함량이 높았으며 동진천 상류지역에서 가장 양호하였다. 연도별 현황은 '94년 이후 '95년까지는 수질이 악화되는 경향을 보였으나 '95년 이후로는 각 성분 함량이 낮았지는 등 점점 양호해지고 있으며 COD함량으로 볼 때 특히, 정읍천의 수질이 개선되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 양이온과 음이온의 총당량온 4월에 가장 높았고 7, 8월에 가장 낮았으며 양이온/음이온의 당량비는 5월에 높았고 7월이 가장 낮았으며 지점에 따라서는 총당량은 정읍천, 원평천, 동진천 하류, 중류, 상류의 순위였으며 양이온/음이온 총당량 비율은 원평천이 상대적으로 작은 수치를 보였지만 지역간 큰 차이는 보이지 않았다. 수질 중 각 성분 상호간의 상관관계를 보면, 대개의 성분 상호간에 유의성이 높게 나타났으나, NO₄^--N는 대개의 성분과 유의성이 없었고, PO₄^(3-)-P도 COD, NH₄^+-N, NO₃^--N, SO₄^(2-)과는 유의성을 보이지 않았다. This study was conducted to monitor the irrigation water qualities along Dong-Jin river watershed. The water quality was surveyed at 6 sites from April to september during 1994∼1998. And the results were as follows : In July and August, water quality was better than that of any other months due to dilution with rainwater. Whereas, it became worse in April but it involved lower contents than limitted contents affected to the crop damage. Content of inorganic components was higher at Jeong-up and Won-pyeong stream. The reason for it that Jeong-up stream was deteriorated with sewage water from Jeong-up city, and Won-pyeong stream has narrow width. Water quality in upstream of Dong-Jin river, was evaluated best conditions in all sampling sites. For investigated period, water quality got worse from 1994 to 1995 but it was getting better to 1998 after 1995, especially at Jeong-up stream. The total equivalent of cation and anion was the highest at April through all months and at Jeong-up stream in sampling sites. Equivalent ratio of cation to anions(∑C/∑A) was higher at May than any other months and lower at Won-pyeong streams than any other sites. The value of most inorganic components was highly correlated with those of other components. But the value of NO₃^--N was not correlated with that of most components, and PO₄^(3-)-P was not correlated with COD, NH₄^+-N, NO₃^--N, SO₄^(2-_.

크세논 램프에 노출된 복합레진의 색조변화

조영곤,서정일,김수미,정진호,이영곤 大韓齒科保存學會 2003 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.28 No.3

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color changes of the composite resin resulting from xenon lamp exposure in different environments. Composite resin (Z 250 ; shade A1, A2, A3.5 and A4) were applied in a cylindrical metal mold. Seventy five specimens according to environments of exposure were made as follows; Group Ⅰ : aluminum foiling of the specimens in the air at 37℃ for 1 day and 7 days. Group Ⅱ : exposure of xenon lamp to the specimens in the air at 37℃ for 1 day and 7 days. Group Ⅲ : exposure of xenon lamp to the specimens in distilled water at 37℃ for 1 day and 7 days. The color characteristics (L^*, a^*, b^*) of the specimens before and after exposure of xenon lamp were measured by spectrophotometer and the total color differences (ΔE^*) were computed. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In all groups except A1 shade of group Ⅲ, the ΔE^* values presented below 2.0, and group Ⅲ showed the highest ΔE^* values followed by group Ⅱ and group Ⅰ in a decreasing order(p<0.05). 2. In all shades and groups, the more the exposure time of xenon lamp and the lighter the shade were, the higher the tendency for discoloration(p<0.05). 3. The composite resins which was exposed to xenon lamp in the distilled water was more discolored than those in the air (p<0.05). 4. The major changes of composite resins which were exposed to xenon lamp in the air were an increase in yellowness through a positive shift of the b^* value, and those in the distilled water were an increase in darkness and yellowness through a negative shift of the L^* value and a positive shift of the b^* value.

영아 보육교사의 직무환경과 교사효능감의 관계

최정선 ( Choi Jeong-sun ),김세곤 ( Kim Se-gon ) 동국대학교 교육연구소 2019 교육연구 Vol.4 No.1

본 연구에서는 영아 보육교사의 직무환경과 보육 효능감 간의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구 대상은 부산광역시 소재 G군의 어린이집 50개소에 재직 중인 보육교사 300명이다. 설문지를 300부를 배포 한 후에 기관을 방문하여 그중 200부를 직접회수 하였다. 영아 보육교사의 직무환경을 측정하기 위하여 선행연구에 기초하여 검사 도구를 본 연구에서 보육교사용으로 문항 내용을 일부 수정, 보완하여 사용하였다. 본 연구를 위한 설문지 초안이 구성된 후, 예비조사를 거쳐 본 조사가 실행되었다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 20.0을 사용하여 통계적 자료 처리를 실시하였다. 빈도분석, 기술통계분석, 신뢰도 분석, t-test, 일원변량분석, 상관분석 및 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 영아보육교사의 직무환경인식과 보육효능감은 보통보다 높았다. 둘째, 영아보육교사의 직무환경인식과 보육효능감 간에는 상관관계가 유의미하였다. 셋째, 영아보육교사의 직무환경 중 ‘시설장과의 관계’와 ‘교사전문성 지원’ 요인이 보육효능감에 유의미한 영향을 미쳤다. The purpose of this study is to find out relationship between early childhood teachers' job environment and child care efficiency. Subjects of this study are 200 early childhood teachers in 50 daycare-centers, G-gun, Busan. Jin-hwa Lee's research tool(2007) which was modified from Ji-young Seo's tool(2002) to apply to early childhood teachers was used in order to measure early childhood teachers' job environment. To measure child care efficiency, Jeong-ae Lee's tool(2012) which used a tool invented by Riggers Enochs(1990) was used after partial modifying. Collected data was processed statistically by using SPSS 20.0. Frequency analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted. Research results about research questions are as follows. First, early childhood teachers' job environmental recognition and child care efficiency were higher than neutral. Second, interrelationship between early childhood teachers' job environmental recognition and child care efficiency had statistical significance. Third, "Relationship with a director of a daycare-center" and "support of teacher professionalism" among early childhood teachers' job environmental factors affected child care efficiency meaningfully.

초등학생 학교 밖 문식 활동 빈도의 종단적 변화 유형 사례 연구

민병곤 ( Min Byeong-gon ),백정이 ( Baik Jeong-yi ) 한국독서학회 2016 독서연구 Vol.0 No.40

본 연구는 정혜승 외(2016)에서 제시된 학교 밖 문식 활동 빈도의 종단적 변화를 바탕으로 하여 학교 밖 문식 활동 빈도가 하향세인 ``전형``, 상향세인 ``특이``, 높은 상태로 유지되는 ``우수``, 낮은 상태로 유지되는 ``미흡``의 네 유형으로 변화 유형을 나누었다. 그리고 종단적 변화의 예측 변인인 학생의 문식태도, 학생의 문식 활동의 어려움, 교사 지도의 세 측면에서 각 유형에 해당하는 학생 1명씩을 선정하여 면담 내용을 분석하였다. 높은 초기값을 가지지만 이것이 하락하는 유자송 학생과 유지되는 오혜림 학생을 비교하고, 낮은 초기값을 가지지만 이것이 유지되는 천정우 학생과 상승하는 손정은 학생을 대비함으로써 이들의 변화에 주목하여 학생들의 학교 밖 문식 활동을 활성화하기 위한 연구에 시사점을 제시하고자 하였다. 본 탐색적 사례 연구를 통한 시사점은 자발성 정도, 문식 태도 하위 요인, 문식 활동 인식 수준, 인식과 실천 간의 관계, 문식 활동 정도 판단 기준, 잠재 성장 모형에서의 초기값 설정의 6가지로 논의되었다. This study is based on the longitudinal changes in out-of-school literacy practices of elementary students and its predictors which took a latent growth curve modeling approach, appeared in Chung et al.(2016). There are 4 types of changes: ‘prototypical’ which shows downward tendency fit to the pattern of ordinary students, ‘peculiar’ which shows upward tendency, ‘superior’, and ‘inferior’. Then interviews of individual students of 4 types are analyzed into 3 parts, students’ literacy attitudes, perceived difficulties of literacy practices, and teachers’ instruction, which are predictors of the change rate. Yu, Ji-Song(prototypical) and O, Hye-Lim(superior), whose initial status are high, are compared with each other, and Cheon, Jeong-U(inferior) and Son, Jeong-Eun(peculiar), whose initial status are low, are compared with each other to reveal what made the changes. Discussions on the degrees of vulnerability, subcomponents of literacy attitude, literacy practices perception levels, the relationship between perception and practices, the standard of amount of literacy practices, and decision of initial status of LGM are provided as implications for further studies.

응급실에서 시행된 기관내 삽관의 현황

김병철,강보승,송형곤,이정훈,송근정,정연권 대한응급의학회 1999 대한응급의학회지 Vol.10 No.4

Background : The purpose of this study was to analyze the endotracheal intubation cases performed in the emergency department. Methods : We investigated retrospectively 326 cases of endotracheal intubation performed in the emergency department of a tertiary care center form April 1, 1998 to March 31, 1999. We focused on operators, medications used, its success rate and immediate complications, and the relationship between its success rate and medications. Results : Of 326 consecutive intubations, 193 patients(59.2%) were done by emergency medicine residents or attending physician. While 320 patients(98.2%) were successfully intubated, 6 patients could not be intubated and 2 patients underwent tracheostomy. Of 50 cases of intubations(15.3%) attempted with paralyzing agents, 48 cases were done with succinylcholine and 46 cases underwent by emergency physicians. Intubations with neuromuscular paralysis resulted in high success rates at the first attempt. Of 55 immediate adverse events were encountered in 47 patients(desaturation=17, bronchial intubation=15, hypotension=8, bradycardia=4, cardiac arrest=2, others=5). Conclusion : At this institution, paralyzing agents were used infrequently, but almost all of them were used by emergency physicians.

기니픽에서 Magnesium의 혈관 이완과 혈압 하강 효과

김정곤,강형섭,김진상 한국수의공중보건학회 2003 예방수의학회지 Vol.27 No.2

The present study evaluated the effects of various agents on magnesium sulfate (Mg^(2+))-induced relaxation in aorta and blood pressure lowering in anesthetized guinea pigs. Mg^(2+) inhibited phenylephrine (PE)- or 40 mM KC1-induced sustained contraction of endothelium-intact (+E) guinea pig aortic rings in concentration-dependent manner. In preparations preconstricted with PE or KC1, Mg^(2+)-induced concentration-dependent relaxations. In preparations preconstricted with PE or KCl, Mg^(2+)-induced relaxations were not affected by the removal of endothelium (-E) and by the pretreatment of aortic rings with NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors (L-NAME and LNNA), guanylate cyclase inhibitors (methylene blue and ODQ, adenylate cyclase inhibitor (MDL), K^(+) channel blockers (glibenclamide and tetrabutylammonium), nifedipine or ryanodine. However, Mg^(2+)-induced relaxations were inhibited by Na^(+)-Mg^(2+) exchange inhibitor (imipramine) or removal (or attenuation) of extracellular Ca^(2+) in +E aortic rings. PE-induced contraction was not inhibited by nifedipine. In addition, Mg^(2+)-induced relaxations were inhibited by phospholipase C inhibitor (NCDC) or inositol monophosphatase inhibitor (lithium), but not by protein kinase C inhibitor (staurosporine). In vi패 infusion of Mg^(2+), directly into the femoral veins of guinea pigs, elicited sustained decrease in arterial blood pressure. The Mg^(2+)-lowered blood pressure was attenuated by intravenous administration of imipramine or lithium, but not by methylene blue, indomethacin, tetrabutylammonium nifedipine, LNNA, L-NAME or saponin (as an endothelium removal agent). These results suggest that endothelium independent vasorelaxant effect of Mg^(2+) on aortic ring appear to play important roles on the antihypertensive action in guinea pig, most likely via the inhibitory action of Mg^(2+) on the intracellular C^(2+) involve in PLC-IP pathway and influx (through the Na^(+)-Mg^(2+) exchanger) into the cell in guinea pig aorta.

절제된 백서의 좌골 신경에서 절제 원위부의 변화에 따른 신경재생의 비교 실험연구

김정태,엄기일,김잉곤,류재만,이혜성 大韓成形外科學會 1991 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.18 No.2

성숙 백서 좌골신경의 분지전 근위부에서 7㎜가량을 절제하여 신경 간격을 만든뒤 실라스틱도관 근위단에 절단된 신경의 근위부를 관통고정하고 원위부에는 아무것도 열결하지 않거나 좌골신경 절편, 종골건 절편, 안면신경 절편을 각각 관통고정시켜 제4주 및 8주에 신경 축색수를 대조군과 혹은 각 실험군끼리 비교하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 신경 절편을 연결헌 2,4군의 신경재생은 대조군과 거의 차이가 없었고(P>0.05) 아무것도 연결하지 않은 1군, 건절편을 연결한 3군에 비해 현격한 신경재생을 보였다.(P<0.01). 2. 신경 절편의공여부에 관계없이 2,4군의 실험군에서 각각 비슷한 신경재생을 보여 일단 신경이 손상되면 신경 성장인자가 손상된 신경단으로 부터 분비되며 종류에 관계없이 그 근위부의 신경 재생을 자극할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 3. 건절편을 연결한 3군의 실험군에서는 일부 신경재생이 일어나는 것으로 보아 여러가지 가능성을 제시할 수 있었다. 이상에서 같이 신경 재생에 대한 기전은 아직까지 밝혀지지 않고 많은 논란의 대상이 되고 있는 것이 사실이나 저자들은 이에 조금이라도 접근해보고자 본 실험을 시도하였고 많은 의문점이 제시되었으나 만족할 만한 결과를 얻었다. 앞으로 보다 더 세밀한 비교관찰과 많은 개체수를 이용한 실험이 필요하겠고 축색수 이외에도 수초의 두께, 수초와 축색의 비율, 유수 및 무수신경수의 비율등도 함께 비교하는 정확한 결과의 분석이 필요하리라 생각된다. An experimental model was presented for studying nerve regeneration over constant gaps of various distal stumps such as, empty tube(GroupⅠ), sciatic nerve segment(GroupⅡ), calcaneal tendon segment(Group Ⅲ), facial nerve segment(Group Ⅳ), to ascertain how the regenerating fibers of the proximal stump of the severed sciatic nerves of the rats are oriented and processed. In this experiment, the silastic tube was used as a guide to observe the sprouting of the regenerating fibers from proximal stump and then the regenerating fibers in the tubes were obtained and analyzed by light microcope, electron microscope and axon counts at 4 weeks and 8 weeks with the evoked action potential at 8 weeks. The results were as follows. 1. The axon counts of experimental group Ⅱ and Ⅳ with nerve segment stump were similar to those of their control groups(P>0.05) and were greater than those of experimental groupⅠ and Ⅲ(P<0.01). 2. The axon counts between the experimental group Ⅱ and Ⅳ were nearly indistinguishable and so nerve segments, irrespective of donor site in the same rat, induced the regenerating stimulus to their proximal stump of resected sciatic nerve. 3. In experimental group Ⅲ, the obtaining results of axon counts were not negligible, in spite of tendon stump, and the author could propose various possibilities. In conclusion, we could approach to the regenerating process of the nerve through the analysis of the above results but yet can not explain the exact mechanism. Anyway when the results are applied to the clinical situation, we would be helped much.

정부회계와 기업회계의 비교분석

曺延煥,李明坤 慶北大學校 1992 論文集 Vol.52 No.-

This paper attempts to analyze and synthesize the numerous differences that have evolved over the years between the governmental accounting and the financial accounting. A chronological approach is used to extricate the divergence between the governmental and the financial accounting practices, concepts, and statements. The comparatively analyzed conceptual differences include revenued and expenses or expenditure, assets, liabilities, going-concern assumptions, matching of revenues and expenses, accounting entities, and budgetary controls. Based on these analysis, this paper suggests ways for improving Korean governmental accounting system. These suggestions include the establishment of the governmental accounting standards through the political process of collecting interest group and external expert opinions, the adoption of the modified accrual basis through the double entry bookkeeping, the preparation of the combined financial statements integrating every funds.

여러가지 수복물의 polishing조건에 따른 치수 온도변화

김재곤,이승영,박종하,백병주,양종숙 大韓小兒齒科學會 1999 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.26 No.2

수복물의 연마의 중요성에 대하여 많은 연구들이 이루어져 왔으며, 이는 수복물의 금속성질의 개선, 변연적합성의 증가 그리고 치태축적의 감소 등을 이유로 시행된다. 그러나 불행하게도 수복물에 대한 연마시 열의 발생으로 인하여 치수부위에 손상을 초래하므로 열의 발생을 최소화하려는 노력이 뒤따라야 할 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 수복물의 연마시 회전속도의 차이, 냉각제의 적용 유무, 여러 종류의 수복물의 차이, 간헐적인 연마와 연속적인 연마의 차이 그리고 잔존 상아질의 두께의 정도에 따른 치수내부에서의 열의 변화를 알아보기 위하여 발거된 구치에 5급 와동을 형성한 후 복합레진(Z100, 3M co), resin-mod-ified GLC(Dyract, Fuji II LC), 그리고 아말감(Degussa)등으로 충전하였으며, 다양한 조건에서의 연마를 시행, 치수내부에서의 열의 변화를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Amalgam을 건조한 상태에서 연마시 다른 재료에 비해 큰 치수내 온도 상승을 보였다.(P<0.05). 그러나 Z100, Dyract, Fuji II LC간에는 간헐적 수복물 연마와 연속적인 수복물 연마 모두 어떤 경우든 유의차가 없었다.(P>0.05). 2. 같은 조건으로 연마를 시행했을 때, 간헐적인 연마보다 연속적인 연마를 한 경우가 치수내 온도가 더 크게 상승하였다.(p<0.01). 3. 아말감과 Dyract에 있어서는 잔존 상아질의 차이에 따른 치수내 온도변화에 유의한 차이를 보였으나(P<0.01), Fuji II LC에 있어서는 유의성이 없었다(P>0.01). 4. 냉각제의 유무에는 관계없이 어떤 경우든 시간에 따른 온도 상승을 보였다. 그러나, 냉각제를 사용한 경우가 냉각제를 사용하지 않은 경우에 비해 온도 상승값이 훨씬 작았다.(P<0.01) The importance of finishing and polishing the restoration has been described by several authors. The final step provides for improved metallurgical properties, better marginal adaptation, reduced plaque accumulation. Unfortunately, finishing of the restorations can produce damage from temperature rises at the pulpal wall. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in temperature can be occurred during the use of finishing and polishing instruments under a variety of conditions. ; with or without a water coolant, intermittent or continuous operation, high or low rotation speed, remaining dentin thickness, and various restorative materials. Class V preparations were cut on extracted molars and restored with composite resin(Z 100), resin-modified glass ionomer cements(Dyract, Fuji II LC), and amalgam. Finishing was done with aluminum oxide coated disc(Sof-lex polishing disc, 3M, USA). The following results were obtained. 1. The rise of temperature during polishing of amalgam restorations was the highest among the all experimental groups except polishing with water coolant(P<0.05). However, there were no statictical differences in temperature rises between Z 100, Dyract and Fuji II LC(P>0.05). 2. The intrapulpal temperature was greatly influenced by the applied time, and intermittent polishing was showed significantly lower temperature rises than continuous polishing(p<0.01). 3. The intrapulpal temperature was increased according to the application of polishing regardless of using water coolant. However, polishing with water coolant showed significantly lower temperature in the pulp than not used water coolant(P<0.01).

Cariostat를 이용한 아동의 우식활성에 관한 임상적 연구

김재곤,이영수,양정숙,양연미,백병주 大韓小兒齒科學會 1998 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.25 No.3

The purpose of the study was to determine the ability of the caries activity test, 'Car-iostat'to identify preschool children with dental caries, The subjects of this study were 76 children of 3 to 5 years of age. Oral examination was carried out to out to assess the caries experience using a mirror and explorer. In all subjects buccal plaque samples were obtained, incubated. and scored as the manufacturer's instructions for the cariostat test. statistical analyses were used with the Crosstabulation. The test group exhibited mean dft index 5.21, while 27.63% of subjects were caries free and had no restorations. The sensitivity of the Cariostat test was found to be 98.8% while the specifioity was found to be 19.05% The results showed that caries activity measured by visual reading was highly significant to the Cariostat score and dft index(P<0.001). the Cariostat method has indicated the future possible occurrence of caries. The use of this method is meant to require in the caries prevention program.