Pulmonary inflammation caused by silica dioxide nanoparticles in mice via TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling pathway

Je‑Oh Lim,Je‑Won Ko,Tae‑Yang Jung,Woong‑Il Kim,So‑Won Pak,In‑Sik Shin,Won‑Kee Yun,Hyoung‑Chin Kim,Jeong‑Doo Heo,Jong‑Choon Kim 대한독성 유전단백체 학회 2020 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.16 No.3

Background Silica dioxide nanoparticles (SiONPs) have been used for various medical applications, including therapeutics and imaging, and the use of SiONPs has increased gradually over the years. However, despite an increase in the use of SiONPs, not much is known about mechanism of action of SiONPs and their pulmonary toxicity. Objective The present study investigated the pulmonary toxicity of SiONPs and explored the underlying mechanism of action, primarily focusing on thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP)/NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) in SiONPs-treated mice. We investigated the toxic effects of SiONPs in the lung of BALB/c mice administered 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg SiONPs for 3 days. Results Exposure to SiONPs markedly increased inflammatory cell counts, including those of neutrophils and macrophages, and levels of inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in a dose-dependent manner in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, the inflammation was verified upon histopathological analysis. In addition, exposure to SiONPs increased the expression of TXNIP in a dose-dependent manner and, in turn, upregulated NLRP3 inflammasome proteins, which subsequently induced IL-1β production. Conclusion Collectively, exposure to SiONPs induced inflammation in the lungs of mice, which resulted in the activation of IL-1β production via the TXNIP-NLRP3 axis. Our results provide useful information on the pulmonary toxicity induced by SiONPs and provide insights into the underlying mechanism of action.

國民倫理敎育을 위한 大學生 및 새마을 指導者의 價値觀 硏究

金仁濟 제주대학교 1977 논문집 Vol.9 No.1

1) Eight years have passed since a course of "National Ethics" was established as one of the required subjects of the liberal arts course at a university. When it was first established in 1970, the Ministry of Education made an attempt to divide this course into four parts, such as "Ethics", "Korean History", "Democracy", and "Criticism on Communism". However, a lot of changes have been made not only in the domestic and international situation but in view of the value of the younger generation during the time. Especially, Saemaul Movement has aimed at our efforts to be well off economically. This movement was originally to increase the income in rural areas, but nowdays it is flowing into the city as well. Moreover, owing to the instability and change of the Cold War trends. it is required that we should ourselves seek to achieve our own national independence. 2) Under this situation we should cultivate our ability to adapt wisely and inevitably the contents of "National Ethics" must be more or less revamped for the peaceful unification of our father-land. For this emphasis must be placed first on the establishment of the national identity. What education should undertake in establish-ing it is to focus its attention both on the creative development of the educational and cultural inheritance and on the consciousness of national community. Second, emphasis must also be placed on the quality formation of the Ssemaul leader that is inevitable in driving Saenlaul Movement, Saemaul Movement is to development merely the people's spirit but their community, and what is more to develop nation's economy, so whether this movement ends in success depends largely on the qualities of the leader. Thus it is really necessary to instil into the university students the real picture of the Saemaul leader and to make them contribute to building the better community. Third, the attitude and spirit of loyalty and filial piety should be realized in our daily life. As tradition plays a role not only in the preservative function of society but also in the creative funcion of society, the succession of tradition is the most important educational task of a nation. Creation is not made from nothing, but it is made upon tradition. Our present educational feint of view is much influenced by the Western European philosophy of universality and materialism, but when we create a new history in our tradition, then we shall be on the way of finding ourselves. 3) We should perhaps regard the direction of a nation's development as being depended on the nation's point of view on value. What is the most valuable is the most important to think of. Accordingly this paper aims at, through the measurement of the attainment gained from the past eight years of "National Ethics" education, contributing to the preparation of a newer educational curriculum. Ⅱ 1) Point of view on a Saemaul movement leader ① When you become a Saemaul Movement leader, what field will you especially emphasize ? The response to this question is as follows: To place emphasis on the spiritual enlightment…………61% ② To the qestion as to the quality of a Saemaul leader Should bf an owner of iron will …36.2% Should have faithful personality and honesty…29.5% ③ To the question as to how to manage a Saemaul leader it is necessary to educate and train him to improve his leadership…58.2% A policy is necessary to encourage him…21.4% (21.4%) 2) The responses to the new point of view on value To the question as to how our new moral principles Should be built ? Most respond favorably to the fact that our new moral principles should be built on a moral sense of the traditional East. And with respect to the old teachings of Confucius a large majority show favors to their principle but on the other hand their principle should be amended in being appleid actually. 3) An outlook on a nation ① The future prospect of fatherland, that is the judgment of university students and of the Saemaul Movement leaders who direct how to do for their fatherland, will affect their future behavior to a great extent. The young men's prospect for the future of fatherland are positive and hopeful. It is very encouraging that they express the will of hard work for the modernization of fatherland even if it remains poor and unstable. ② Cultivation of loyalty to the nation There are some who are looking upon their own benefits all the tire as their highest goal in our society. They misunderstand that the struggle for existance is normal attitude of life after leaving school. This was due to the present school education which stimulate the students' individual competition through evaluation and entrance exams. A consciousness and a sense of community are not able to grow in such atmosphere. Young men express their opinions in the responses that school education should contain the curricula which cultivate a sense of lovalty the nation and community. 4) A viewpoint on politics The opinions of the young majority to maintain social ordfr effectively are that the affairs of state should be conducted so as to reduce the people's dissatisfaction and should build up the trust climate as well. It is asserted that the faithful tendency resulted from the current of an almighty dollar principle should be changed into the faithful attitude of life. Therefore it is of opinion that the reform of life climate should be placed preferentially than the work to clean up society by enacting several laws. The majority of respondents take a negative attitude about critical Posture, namely, their views are the affairs of state should be administered by the professional, politicians. 5) Natuure protection and environment preservation ① The responses of the younger generation to the preservation of the cultural assests are that when they are going to be removed, they should be preserved at any case even though the city planning itself is changed. It comes from the consideration that when they are lost they can never be revived. ③ About the preservation of the tourist resources, eighty eight percent of the respondents claim that the natural environment should be protected as it is. Ⅲ To sumarize, be giving students systematized knowledge a change should be made in the present teaching method of Ethics which makes much of an effective training of logical and reasonable thinking. Thus even during an hour's lesson they should be taught in such a way that they may feel something, have some psychological change. Teaching value cannot be successfully attained with the ideas and verbal promises of one person or two. Its successful attainment can be made possible only through continued efforts of many peop1e in many fields. In this respect this paper can be said to be the starting point of the issue.

한국인 알코올 의존 환자에서 알코올 대사 효소 유전자형 빈도의 남녀 차이

김성곤,김철민,이덕기,황인복,이현숙,김성연,전은숙,송영상,박제민,최병무,김명정 大韓神經精神醫學會 2005 신경정신의학 Vol.44 No.2

Objectives : There are a number of preceding epidemiological studies reporting gender differences in the genetic etiology of alcohol dependence. The author investigated gender difference in the frequencies of ADH2 and ALDH2 genoypes between the patients with alcohol dependence and normal control. Methods : The subjects were 141 alcohol dependent patients (104 males, 37 females) and 138 normal control (79 males, 59 females). The frequencies of 1/1 and 1/2+2/2 (2+ afterward) genotypes for ADH2 and ALDH2 were investigated in male and female between alcohol dependence and normal control group. DNA was extracted from WBC in peripheral venous blood and PCR-RFLP method was used out for genotyping. Results : First, the frequency of ADH2 1/1 genotype was significantly higher in alcohol dependent patients than normal control in both genders. Second, while there was no gender difference in the frequency of ADH2 1/1 genotype in normal controls, in the patient group however, the frequency was significantly higher in females than males. Third, in male subjects with alcohol dependence, the frequency of ALDH2 1/1 genotype was significantly higher than in male normal control subjects. On the other hand, in female subjects with alcohol dependence, the frequency of ALDH2 2+ genotype was significantly higher than in female normal control subjects. Conclusion : These results suggest that while the risk of alcohol dependence is predominantly affected by ALDH2 1/1 geno-type in male, the female ADH2 1/1 genotype is mainly associated with the risk of alcohol dependence. This means that there are gender differences in the genetic etiology of alcohol dependence.

교통사고후 정신과로 장애감정 의뢰된 환자의 임상적 특징

김병철,김성곤,박제민,김명정,정영인 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.2

1994년 1월부터 1996년 12월까지 3년간에 걸쳐 교통사고후 법원으로부터 장애감정 의뢰되어, 부산대 학교병원 정신과에서 정신장애감정을 받았던 88명의 환자를 대상으로 임상적 특징을 조사하였던 바. 그 결과를 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있었다 1) 대상 환자 88명 가운데 58명(65.9%)이 남자, 30명(34.1%)이 여자였다. 낮은 교육과 사회경제적 수준을 가진 환자가 많았으며, 21세에서 50세까지의 사회 활동층이 과반수를 넘었다. 2) 수상당시 환자의 71.6%에서 뇌37상이 있었고, 다음으로 두개골 골절(36.4%), 뇌출혈(33.7%), 뇌혈종(26.1%). 뇌진탕(12.6%) , 축삭손상(10.2%) 등이 있었으며. 대상 환자의 9.1%에서는 뇌손상의 증거가 없었다. 3) 환자나 환자의 보호자가 주관적으로 호소하는'자각적 증상은 인지증상이 가장 많아 전체 대상 환자의 85.2%에서 있었고. 다음으로 신체증상(83.0%), 행동증상(69.3%), 정서증상(58.0%) 순이었던 반면에, 감정의가 판단한 탄각적 증상은 정서증상(80.7%7)이 가장 많았고, 다음으로 행동중상(77.3%). 인지 증상(63.6%), 신체증상(40.9%) 순이었다 4) 대상 환자의 48.8%에서 수상후 1개월과 6개월 사이에 정신의학적 증상이 발현하였고.6개월 이후에 나타난 경우는 9.1%에 불과하였다. 또한, 대상 환자의 61.4%에서는 증상이 있음에도 불구하고 감정 당시까지 정신의학적 치료를 받은 적이 없었고. 정신의학적 치료를 받았던 환자의 23.5%에서는 증상 발현 후 6개월이 경과한 뒤에야 치료를 받았다. 5) 감정시 모든 대상 환자에서 뇌영상겋사와 뇌파검사가 실시되었고, 이들 가운데 47.7%에서 비정상적인 뇌영상 소견을 보였다. 이상소견으로서는 뇌연화증이 가장 많았고, 다음으로 뇌위축, 축삭손상. 낭종 등의 순이었다. 뇌파는 환자의 86.4%에서 정상소견을 보였고, 뇌파 소견과 뇌영상 소견간에는 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 6) 감정당시 대상 환자의 95.5%에서 최종적으로 정신장애가 확인되었고, 이중 두부외상에 의한 인격 변화가 가장 많았으며, 다음으로 두부외상에 의한 치매, 적응장애, 두부외상에 의한 우울장애, 뇌진탕후장애. 외상후 스트레스 장애 등의 순으로 많았다. 정신장애가 확인되었던 환자의 38.1%에서는 추후 계속적인 정신의학적 치료의 필요성이 인정되었다. 7) 외상 후유증으로 인한 지능의 변화 정도에 있어서 두부외상 관련인자 유무간에 차이가 있는지를 알아본 결과. 수상당시의 의식소실 유무간이나 외상후 섬망 유무간에는 차이가 있었고, 감정당시 실시되었던 뇌 영상검사상의 이상소견 유무간에도 차이가 있었다. In an attempt to obtain the basic data for mental disability evaluation in psychiatric casualties by traffic accidents,88 cases referred from the court for the purpose of mental disability evaluation for 3 years from 1974 to 1996 were surveyed. The results are summarized as fellows : 1) Among the 88 cases, 58 cases(65.9%) were male and 30(34.1%) were female. Cases with low educational and socioeconomic levels outnumbered those with high educational and socioeconomic levels. More than half of the cases were in socially active group with ages of 21 to 50years. , 2) At the time of accidents,11.6% of the whole cases were diagnosed as cerebral contusion, Which was the most common diagnosis. The next common diagnoses were skull 7acture(36.4%), brain hemorrhage(33.0%), brain hematoma(26.1%), cerebral concussion(12.6%), and axonal injury(107%) in order of frequency. In 9.1% of the cases there was no definite evidence of head injury was found. 3) During talc period of mental disability evaluation, the most common symptom was cognitive symptom(85.2%), and the next common symptoms were somatic(83.0%), behavioral(69.3%), and affective(58.0%) ones in order of frequency. On the other side, the most common psychopathology recognized by talc psychiatrists was affective symptom, which was present in 80.7% of the cases manifested during the period of evaluation, and the next common psycho-pathologies were behavioral(77.3%), cognitive(63.6%), and somatic(40.9%) symptoms in order of frequency. 4) Nearly half(48.8%) of oft whole patients manifested psychiatric symptoms such as cognitive, affective, behavioral, and somatic symptoms between the first and sixth months after traffic accidents. Only 9.1% of the cases developed psychiatric symptoms after six months of traffic accidents. Meanwhile,61.4% of the cases were never given psychiatric treatments despite the presence of psychiatric symptoms, and 23.5% of the cases given psychiatric treatments visited psychiatrists after six months of symptom development. 5) All of the cases took neuroimging studies such as brain CT or MRI and EEG during the period of mental disability evaluation. In 47.7% of the cases there were abnormal findings in neuroimaging studies among which encephalomalacia was the most frequent. The next abnormal findings were brain atrophy, axonal injury, cyst, and so on in order of frequency. On file other hand, in 86.4% of the cases EEG findings were within normal limit. 6) In 95.5% of the cases, mental disorders were confirmed, among which personality change due to head trauma was the most common, and the next common mental disorders were dementia due to head trauma, adjustment disorder, depressive disorder due to head trauma, postconcussional disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and so on in order of frequency. Mere than one third of the casts(38.1%) given psychiatric diagnoses were considered to need continuous psychiatric treatments at the time of mental disability evaluation. 7). Posttraumatic decline in intelligence tended to be affected by loss of consciousness and delirium, but not b? skull fracture and brain surgery. In brain imaging .and EEG studies performed during the period of mental disability evaluation, posttraumatic decrease in intelligence tended to be influenced by abnormal findings on brain imaging, but not EEG findings.

대형정신병원 입원환자의 수면제 처방에 관련된 인자

김현숙,서혜수,송인제,손진욱 대한생물치료정신의학회 1997 생물치료정신의학 Vol.3 No.1

만성화된 환자들이 주로 입원하여 있는 대형정신병원에서 수면제의 처방에 영향을 미치는 요소들을 조사해 보고자 하였다. 1996년 10월 2일 국립부곡정신병원에 입원해 있는 환자 402명을 대상으로 병록지조사를 통해 입원시부터 조사당일까지의 수면제 사용을 조사였다. 담당의사의 routine order에 의한 수면제 처방의 여부, 담당의사의 p.r.n. order에 의한 처방 여부, 당직의사에 의한 수면제 처방 여부를 조사하여 환자의 나이, 성별, 진단, 입원횟수, 유병기간, 담당의사의 정신과 근무 연수 등의 변수에 따라 비교해 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 207명(51.5%)이 재원기간동안 최소한 일회 이상 수면제를 복용하였고, 195명(48.5%)은 수면제를 복용한 적이 없었다. 2) 담당의사의 routine order에 의한 수면제 처방의 빈도는 남자에 비해 여자에서 높았다. 3) 담당의사의 routine order에 의한 수면제 처방의 빈도는 전문의가 담당의사인 환자군에서 높았다. 4) 담당의사의 p.r.n. order에 의한 수면제 처방의 빈도는 전공의 1년차가 담당하는 환자나 전문의가 담당하는 환자에서 높았다. 5) 연령, 진단, 유병기간, 입원횟수 등은 수면제 처방의 빈도와 유의한 관계가 없었다. 이상의 결과를 통해 국립부곡정신병원의 입원환자에서 수면제의 처방이 환자의 성별과 담당의사의 정신과 근무 연수와 관계됨을 알 수 있었다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that were associated with the prescription of hypnotics in inpatients of a large mental hospital. The medical records were reviewed in 402 inpatients who were admitting in Bugok National Mental Hospital at October 2, 1996. The results were as follows: 1) Fifty-one percent of the whole group received a hypnotics at least once during hospitalization. 2) The prescription of hypnotics by routine order of doctor in charge was more frequent in female patients than male patients. 3) The prescription of hypnotics by routine order of doctor in change was more frequent in patients whose doctor in charge was a psychiatric specialist than patients whose doctor in charge was a psychiatric resident. 4) The prescription of hypnotics by p.r.n. order of doctor in charge was more frequent in patients whose doctor in charge was a first-year psychiatric resident or a psychiatric specialist than a second, a third, or a forth-year psychiatric resident. 5) Age, duration of illness, frequency of admission, and diagnosis were not significantly associated with frequency of hypnotics prescription. These findings suggest that the prescription of hypnotics in inpatients of Bugok National Mental Hospital was positively associated with patient's sex and duration of service of doctor in charge.

한국 일 도시지역 청소년의 우울 증상 유병률과 관련요인에 대한 연구

조성진,전홍진,김무진,김장규,김선욱,류인균,조맹제 大韓神經精神醫學會 2001 신경정신의학 Vol.40 No.4

연구 목적 : 한국의 일 도시지역에 거주하는 청소년의 우울 증상의 유병률과 관련요인을 밝힘으로써 청소년 정신건강 증진을 위한 기초 자료를 수집하기 위하여 실시되었다. 방 법 : 연구 대상은 부천시에 거주하는 중학교나 고등학교에 재학중인 청소년 71,102명 가운데에서 무작위 집락 표본 추출법에 의해 선정된 2,203명이었으며, 이들에 대해서 CES-D(the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale)와 사회인구학적 정보에 대한 문항이 들어 있는 설문을 실시하였다. 설문은 직접 학교를 방문하여 수행하였다. 선정된 2,203명의 청소년 가운데에 CES-D문항을 완성한 학생은 1,972명으로 반응률은 89.5%였다. 결 과 : 1) CES-D의 절단점을 16점으로 하여 계산한 '가능한' 우울 증상의 유병률은 중학생의 경우에 남학생 34.6%, 여학생 44.7%였으며, 고등학생의 경우에는 남학생 43.8%, 여학생 49.6%였다. 2) CES-D의 절단점을 25점으로 하여 계산한 '명확한' 우울증 증상의 유별률은 중학생의 경우에 남학생 18.4%, 여학생 20.7%였으며, 고등학생의 경우에는 남학생 21.4%, 여학생 23.9%였다. 3)종교, 인문계와 실업계의 여부에 따라서 우울 증상의 유병률에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 4) 성,학년, 생활수준에 대한 자신의 평가, 가족의 구조, 성적에 대한 만족도의 다섯 가지 변수에 대해 CES-D점수가 16점 이상인 우울 증상의 유무에 따라서 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 시행하였을 때 성적에 대해 불만적 하는 군에서 매우 만족하는 군에 비해서 8.850배의 상대 위험도를 보였다. 생활 수준을 중하정도라고 대답한 군은 상이라고 대답한 군에 비해서 2.007배의 상대 위험도를 보였다. 여학생은 남학생에 비해서 1.307배의 상대 위험도를 보였다. 5) 우울 증상에 있어서 남학생과 여학생의 비율은 전체 군에서 1:1.38이며 중학생의 경우에는 1:1.88, 고등학생의 경우에는 1:1.13으로 나타났다. 고등학생에 있어 남학생의 우울 증상이 증가하는 것은 학업과 입시에 대한 부담과 관련된 것으로 생각되었다. 결 론 : 한국 일 도시거주 중고등학생에서 CES-D로 측정한 우울 증상은 남학생의 34.3%, 여학생의 47.5%에서 나타날 정도로 흔하다. 특히 학업 성적에 대해 불만족 하는 군에서 높은 우울 증상의 상대 위험률을 보이며, 고등학생에서 남학생의 우울증의 유병률이 높아지는 것은 이 지역 학생들이 학업에 대한 높은 부담을 가지고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 이들에 대한 특별한 관심이 요구된다. Objective : We tried to see the prevalence and correlates of symptoms of depression in an adolescent population in Korea, and collected the basal data for mental health promotion of adolescents. Method : We sampled 2,203 adolescents among 71,102 adolescents living in Puchon City in Korea by the randomized clustered sampling method. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale(CES-D) was used to measure depressive symptoms. The measurements were conducted through visiting schools. Of the 2,203 adolescents(aged 13 to 18) who were sampled, 1,972 persons completed CES-D and sociodemographic questions. The response rate was 89.5%. Result : 1) The prevalence rate of 'probable' depressive symptoms with cutoff point 16 was 34.3% in the boys and 47.5% in the girls. 2) The prevalence rate of 'definite' depression symptoms with cutoff point 25 was 17.4% in the boys and 20.6% in the girls. 3) We could not find any meaningful difference in the average of CES-D from the districts where they live, the course of their education, and their religions. 4) We used the logistic regression analysis to find the risk factor for adolescent depression in these samples. Among the variables degree, it was most important risk factor in adolescent depression to dissatisfy with their school degrees. Compared it with fully satisfied group, the odds ratio was 8.850. The group of mid to low socioeconomic status had the odds ratio 2.007 compared with high socioeconomic status. The girls had the odds ratio 1.307 compared with the boys. 5) The male versus female ratio was 1: 1.38 in the total students and 1 : 1.88 in the middle school students, and 1 : 1.13 in the high school students. The male versus female ratio was relatively low in the high school students. It was the result of the high prevalence of depressive symptoms in the high school boys, and it was due to the large burden to their school degrees. Conclusion : The depressive symptoms checked by CES-D were very common among adolescents in Korean urban area. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 34.3% in the boys and 47.5% in the girls. The result that male versus female ratio was relatively low in the high school adolescents, and the group that were dissatisfied with the school degrees had high risk of depressive symptoms, revealed that the students had large burden to their school degrees and so they needed special concerns.

카알·야스퍼스의「哲學的 信仰」연구

金仁濟 제주대학 1980 논문집 Vol.12 No.1

An essential part of Karl Jaspers' philosophical "system" is his philosophy of religion and we are entirely correct by placing him among the leading philosophers of religion of our time. To prove this assertion one must, however, realize what is meant by philosophy of religion, and on this point opinions have differed greatly. Among theologians it is regarded as an introduction to systematic theology, or as a system of dogamtic principles. Jaspers realizes that the age of myths is past. while philosophy and religion originally had myths for this common vehicle, philosophy has now freed itself from myth and employs reflection instead. Inasmach as religion has not yet passed through this transformation, a conflict has arisen between the two. In this dispute religion is compelled to defend its case with only spiritual weapons, and out of consideration for nothing but truth. Philosophy, however, is not an indisputable quantity which can he employed for passing judgment on religion. The two disciplines are merely the historic garments concealing eternal truth. No one can know anything with certainty about religious truth, and no one any longer believes in the possiblity of a philosophia pernnis, the validity of which Roman Catholicism has so long maintained. There is no third standpoint outside of religion and philosophy from which those two might be judged, and we are thus placed in a relation of polarity. Standing on one side we speak of the other without sufficient experience. A philosopher must, therfore, be careful not to speak of religion, unless he is he is himself engaged in it and possesses religious experience; nor is he to regard religion as an enemy, since religion to a considerable extent appertains to philosophy and keeps the latter in the necessary state of unrest. Religion differs from philosophy by possessing a myth and a cult, but it is allied to philosophy by its religion to transcendence, and the transcendence of religion is something sacred and distinguishable from the profane. Where this is no longer the case, all that is characteristic of religion has disappeared. Philosophy, by contrast, has neither myths nor rites, and it does not have the idea of congregation, because it is always the concern of the individual. Whereas religion expresses itself in concrete terms philosophy speaks in abstract terms; this is true, too, with regard to the idea of God. To philosophy the religious view of God seems too massive and too seductive to the senses; Whereas, inversely, the philosophicial view of God appears to religion as being too pale, too remote, and too abstract. According to Jaspers, it is belief which establishes the contact between philosophy and religion. In his book, The Perennial Scope of Philosophy he aims to demonstrate that a true philosophy without belief is impossible, and that philosophilcal faith is mconceivable except in union with knowledge. It desires to 1:now what can be known, and to look through and illuminate itself. But belief is not a purely intellectual or personal act, beause we cannot distinguish between belief the act I comsummate and that which I grasp through this act. In other words, we cannot distinguish between subject and objects, between "fides gua" and "fide guae Creditur", because the objective and the subjective sides of faith form a whole. The fact that it is sometimes a little difficult to distinguish between reality and difficult to distinguish beween reality and symsol in Jaspers' phiosophy is probably a consequence of his "existential" thinking. I should not call Jaspers' philosophy pure existentialism, as we find it, for example, in the philosophy of Jean-paul Sartre. Jaspers is after all, too much of a kinsman of [platon], as is also true of Soren Kierkegaard. Existentialism is always "as attitude towards", and is, then, of practical nature.

하악골 신연술 후 생성된 신생골의 조직학적 및 면역화학적 소견

윤경인,박재억 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2001 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.23 No.3

Distraction osteogenesis(DO) can be performed in the bony defect associated with trauma, anomaly, and various kinds of disease. The gap generated by DO is filled with growing callus : during the period of distraction, the osteogenesis is continued. However, there have been few reports about expression pattern of growth factors in newly formed bone during the consolidation periods. We performed DO in the mandibular defect case and studied the expressed pattern of growth factors. Its pattern was compared to that of the same patient. BMP-2 and -4 were strongly expressed in the DO site. Particularly, BMP-4 was not expressed in the normal mature bone, but expressed in new bone in DO. However, there was no difference in the FGF-7 expression between the sites. Therefore, strong expression of BMP-4 are related to new bone formation in DO and they may not be related to the normal homeostasis in human bone. Though FGF-7 is related to the growth of keratinocyte, it may have minimal role in the DO and normal mature bone.

적외선 센서 냉각용 맥동관 극저온 냉동기의 성능특성에 관한 실험적 연구

박성제(Seong-Je Park),홍용주(Yong-Ju Hong),고준석(Jun-Seok Ko),김효봉(Hyo-Bong Kim),염한길(Han-Kil Yeom),인세환(Se-Hwan In) 대한설비공학회 2016 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.11

A pulse tube refrigerator is a small scale cryocooler which was invented by Gifford and Longsworth in 1963. It has the advantages of high reliability and low vibration because it has no moving part in the cold part. In recent years, the pulse tube cryocooler have cooling capacities and thermal efficiencies comparable with the Stirling cryocooler. These advantages promote the widespread use of the pulse tube cryocooler in many fields, specially in space-borne application that require a long life and stable temperature. An in-line pulse tube cryocooler has been designed and tested in our laboratory. The main part of the cryocooler, consisting of an in-line assembly of aftercooler, regenerator, cold heat exchanger, inertance tube, buffer and hot heat exchanger. Generally, a long tube with small diameter is used as an inertance tube and it imposes resistance and impedance to gas flow simultaneously. Phase between pressure and flow at cold-end is adjusted by length of the inertance tube with fixed diameter. This paper presents the results of a series of performance tests for the in-line type pulse tube cryocooler. Experimental investigations have been conducted to evaluate their performance characteristics with respect to several parameters such as the phase shifter, operating pressure and operating frequency of the linear compressor.

국내육성 오차드그라스 품종들의 캘러스 형성율 및 식물체 재분화 효율

김기용,강경민,배은경,이인애,임용우,최기준,박근제,손대영,조진기 Plant molecular biology and biotechnology research 2003 Plant molecular biology and biotechnology research Vol.2003 No.-

Comparisons of callus formation ratios from seed explants, callus sizes, regeneration ratios from callus and regeneration efficiency for 4 orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) varieties (Three were developed in Korea and one was imported from foreign nation) are as follows; Jangbeol 102 (67.0%) has the highest callus formation ratio in 4 weeks incubated callus after bedding the seed explants, but Potomac (68.4%) has the highest ratio in 6-seek callus. Potomac (3.93cm) has the highest callus size in 4-week callus, but Jangbeol 101 (4.32cm) has the highest size in 6-week callus. Jangbeol 101 (17.7%) has the highest plant regeneration ratio in 4-week callus, but Potomac (37.4%) has the highest raion in 6-week callus. Jangbeol 102 (11.5%) has the highest plant regeneration efficiency in 4-week callus, but Potomac (25.6%) has the highest efficiency in 6-week callus.