The SSP4: A world of deepening inequality

Calvin, Katherine,Bond-Lamberty, Ben,Clarke, Leon,Edmonds, James,Eom, Jiyong,Hartin, Corinne,Kim, Sonny,Kyle, Page,Link, Robert,Moss, Richard,McJeon, Haewon,Patel, Pralit,Smith, Steve,Waldhoff, Stepha Elsevier 2017 Global environmental change Vol.42 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Five new scenarios, or Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), have been developed, spanning a range of challenges to mitigation and challenges to adaptation. The Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 4 (SSP4), “Inequality” or “A Road Divided,” is one of these scenarios, characterized by low challenges to mitigation and high challenges to adaptation. We describe, in quantitative terms, the SSP4 as implemented by the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), the marker model for this scenario. We use demographic and economic assumptions, in combination with technology and non-climate policy assumptions to develop a quantitative representation of energy, land-use and land-cover, and emissions consistent with the SSP4 narrative. The scenario is one with stark differences within and across regions. High-income regions prosper, continuing to increase their demand for energy and food. Electrification increases in these regions, with the increased generation being met by nuclear and renewables. Low-income regions, however, stagnate due to limited economic growth. Growth in total consumption is dominated by increases in population, not increases in per capita consumption. Due to failures in energy access policies, these regions continue to depend on traditional biofuels, leading to high pollutant emissions. Declining dependence on fossil fuels in all regions means that total radiative forcing absent the inclusion of mitigation or impacts only reaches 6.4Wm<SUP>−2</SUP> in 2100, making this a world with relatively low challenges to mitigation. We explore the effects of mitigation effort on the SSP4 world, finding that the imposition of a carbon price has a varied effect across regions. In particular, the SSP4 mitigation scenarios are characterized by afforestation in the high-income regions and deforestation in the low-income regions. Furthermore, we find that the SSP4 is a world with low challenges to mitigation, but only to a point due to incomplete mitigation of land-related emissions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Describes the quantification of the SSP4 storyline by the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), the marker model for the SSP4. </LI> <LI> Examines the implications of the SSP4 world on energy, land, emissions, and climate, with and without efforts to mitigate. </LI> <LI> Compares the GCAM SSP4 to other scenarios. </LI> </UL> </P>

Effects of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin, Flunixin Meglumin, Lidocane on Pregnancy Rate with Hanwoo IVF Embryo Transfer

윤도중,김계웅,김건중,james-Bond Ham,김남형,이종완 사단법인 한국동물생명공학회 2011 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.26 No.2

This study was carried out to confirm the effects of luteotrophin, human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and an anti-luteolytic agent, flunixin meglumin (FM), on pregnancy rates in Hanwoo with in vitro produced (IVP) embryo transfers (ET), and to research the effects on the estrus cycle. Treatments included hCG and FM administration 3~10 minutes prior to ET. Also, pregnancy rates were compared with lidocane treatment and FM treatment prior to ET. The results are shown below. 30-day pregnancy rate was 76.7% in the hCG-treated group and 75.7% in the FM-treated group. Both rates were higher than the 70% rate for the control group. 42-day pregnancy rate was 76.7% in the FM-treated group. This was higher than 66.7% recorded for both the hCG-treated and control groups. The pregnancy rate of the hCG-treated group was high at Day 30 (76.7%) but low at Day 40 (66.7%), and there were no differences from the FM-treated and control groups. The recurrent estrus rate of infertile individuals at 2 weeks after ET was 36.4% in the hCG-treated group, under 71.4% in the FM-treated group and 80.0% in the control group. The non-pregnancy rate of individuals without recurrent estrus was 18.2% in the hCG-treated group, which was higher than the 0% rate in both the FM-treated and control groups. The pregnancy rates were higher in the FM-treated group than the Lidocane-treated group with 72.3% versus 67.5% in the heifers and 48.9% versus 43.6% in the cows. From the above results, the FM treatment proved more effective than the hCG treatment and no treatment whatsoever in increasing pregnancy rates after ET. In addition, hCG treatment was shown to be undesirable due to the deviations it caused in the reproductive physiology of the hCG-treated recipients. Therefore, in our study, the FM treatment resulted in a higher pregnancy rate than either lidocaine treatment or no-treatment in the trials of ET.

qEEG Measures of Attentional and Memory Network Functions in Medical Students: Novel Targets for Pharmacopuncture to Improve Cognition and Academic Performance

Vasavi R Gorantla,Vernon Bond Jr,James Dorsey,Sarah Tedesco,Tanisha Kaur,Matthew Simpson,Sudhakar Pemminati,Richard M. Millis 대한약침학회 2019 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.22 No.3

Objectives: Attentional and memory functions are important aspects of neural plasticity that, theoretically, should be amenable to pharmacopuncture treatments. A previous study from our laboratory suggested that quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) measurements of theta/beta ratio (TBR), an index of attentional control, may be indicative of academic performance in a first-semester medical school course. The present study expands our prior report by extracting and analyzing data on frontal theta and beta asymmetries. We test the hypothesis that the amount of frontal theta and beta asymmetries (fTA, fBA), are correlated with TBR and academic performance, thereby providing novel targets for pharmacopuncture treatments to improve cognitive performance. Methods: Ten healthy male volunteers were subjected to 5-10 min of qEEG measurements under eyes-closed conditions. The qEEG measurements were performed 3 days before each of first two block examinations in anatomy-physiology, separated by five weeks. Amplitudes of the theta and beta waveforms, expressed in μV, were used to compute TBR, fTA and fBA. Significance of changes in theta and beta EEG wave amplitude was assessed by ANOVA with post-hoc t-testing. Correlations between TBR, fTA, fBA and the raw examination scores were evaluated by Pearson’s product-moment coefficients and linear regression analysis. Results: fTA and fBA were found to be negatively correlated with TBR (P<0.03, P<0.05, respectively) and were positively correlated with the second examination score (P<0.03, P=0.1, respectively). Conclusion: Smaller fTA and fBA were associated with lower academic performance in the second of two first-semester medical school anatomy-physiology block examination. Future studies should determine whether these qEEG metrics are useful for monitoring changes associated with the brain’s cognitive adaptations to academic challenges, for predicting academic performance and for targeting phamacopuncture treatments to improve cognitive performance.

qEEG Measures of Attentional and Memory Network Functions in Medical Students: Novel Targets for Pharmacopuncture to Improve Cognition and Academic Performance

Gorantla, Vasavi R.,Bond, Vernon Jr.,Dorsey, James,Tedesco, Sarah,Kaur, Tanisha,Simpson, Matthew,Pemminati, Sudhakar,Millis, Richard M. KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2019 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.22 No.3

Objectives: Attentional and memory functions are important aspects of neural plasticity that, theoretically, should be amenable to pharmacopuncture treatments. A previous study from our laboratory suggested that quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) measurements of theta/beta ratio (TBR), an index of attentional control, may be indicative of academic performance in a first-semester medical school course. The present study expands our prior report by extracting and analyzing data on frontal theta and beta asymmetries. We test the hypothesis that the amount of frontal theta and beta asymmetries (fTA, fBA), are correlated with TBR and academic performance, thereby providing novel targets for pharmacopuncture treatments to improve cognitive performance. Methods: Ten healthy male volunteers were subjected to 5-10 min of qEEG measurements under eyes-closed conditions. The qEEG measurements were performed 3 days before each of first two block examinations in anatomy-physiology, separated by five weeks. Amplitudes of the theta and beta waveforms, expressed in ${\mu}V$, were used to compute TBR, fTA and fBA. Significance of changes in theta and beta EEG wave amplitude was assessed by ANOVA with post-hoc t-testing. Correlations between TBR, fTA, fBA and the raw examination scores were evaluated by Pearson's product-moment coefficients and linear regression analysis. Results: fTA and fBA were found to be negatively correlated with TBR (P<0.03, P<0.05, respectively) and were positively correlated with the second examination score (P<0.03, P=0.1, respectively). Conclusion: Smaller fTA and fBA were associated with lower academic performance in the second of two first-semester medical school anatomy-physiology block examination. Future studies should determine whether these qEEG metrics are useful for monitoring changes associated with the brain's cognitive adaptations to academic challenges, for predicting academic performance and for targeting phamacopuncture treatments to improve cognitive performance.

Identification of Genomic Differences between Hanwoo and Holstein Breeds Using the Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip

Hailu Dadi Melka,전은경,김상욱,James-Bond Han,윤두학,김관석 한국유전체학회 2011 Genomics & informatics Vol.9 No.2

The use of genomic information in genomic selection programs for dairy and beef cattle breeds has become a reality in recent years. In this investigation, we analyzed single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for Hanwoo (n=50) and Holstein (n=50) breeds using the Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip to facilitate genomic selection and utilization of the Hanwoo breed in Korea. Analysis of the entire genomes showed different spectra of SNP frequencies for Hanwoo and Holstein cattle. The study revealed a highly significant (p<0.001) difference between Hanwoo and Holstein cattle in minor allele frequency (MAF). The average MAFs were 0.19±0.16 and 0.22±0.16 for Hanwoo and Holstein, respectively. From the total of 52,337 SNPs that were successfully identified,about 72% and 79% were polymorphic in Hanwoos and Holsteins, respectively. Polymorphic and fixed SNPs were not distributed uniformly across the chromosomes within breeds or between the two breeds. The number of fixed SNPs on all chromosomes was higher in Hanwoo cattle, reflecting the genetic uniqueness of the Hanwoo breed. In general, the rate of polymorphisms detected in these two breeds suggests that the SNPs can be used for different applications, such as whole-genome association and comparative genetic studies, and are a helpful tool in developing breed identification genetic markers.

Identification of Genomic Differences between Hanwoo and Holstein Breeds Using the Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip

Melka, Hailu Dadi,Jeon, Eun-Kyeong,Kim, Sang-Wook,Han, James-Bond,Yoon, Du-Hak,Kim, Kwan-Suk Korea Genome Organization 2011 Genomics & informatics Vol.9 No.2

The use of genomic information in genomic selection programs for dairy and beef cattle breeds has become a reality in recent years. In this investigation, we analyzed single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for Hanwoo (n=50) and Holstein (n=50) breeds using the Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip to facilitate genomic selection and utilization of the Hanwoo breed in Korea. Analysis of the entire genomes showed different spectra of SNP frequencies for Hanwoo and Holstein cattle. The study revealed a highly significant (p<0.001) difference between Hanwoo and Holstein cattle in minor allele frequency (MAF). The average MAFs were $0.19{\pm}0.16$ and $0.22{\pm}0.16$ for Hanwoo and Holstein, respectively. From the total of 52,337 SNPs that were successfully identified, about 72% and 79% were polymorphic in Hanwoos and Holsteins, respectively. Polymorphic and fixed SNPs were not distributed uniformly across the chromosomes within breeds or between the two breeds. The number of fixed SNPs on all chromosomes was higher in Hanwoo cattle, reflecting the genetic uniqueness of the Hanwoo breed. In general, the rate of polymorphisms detected in these two breeds suggests that the SNPs can be used for different applications, such as whole-genome association and comparative genetic studies, and are a helpful tool in developing breed identification genetic markers.

Reaction of Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistant Plant Introductions to Root-Knot and Reniform Nematodes

( Jeong Dong Lee ),( Hyun Jee Kim ),( Robert T. Robbins ),( James A. Wrather ),( Jason Bond ),( Henry T. Nguyen ),( J. Grover Shannon ) 한국육종학회 2015 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.3 No.4

Soybean cyst [SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe], southern root-knot [RKN, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood] and reniform nematodes [RN, Rotylenchlus reniformis (Linford and Oliveria)] are common plant-parasitic nematode species in southern US fields. Each nematode individually or collectively causes significant economic losses to field grown soybean. A subset of 120 soybean plant introductions (PIs) selected from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection have been shown to be resistant to one or more SCN populations (HG Types); however, many of these PIs have not been screened for resistance to either RKN or RN. The objective of this research was to evaluate these germplasm accessions for resistance to RKN and RN. The evaluation for RKN resistance was conducted in RKN infested field plantings after potatoes near Charleston, MO in 2006 and 2007. The evaluation for RN resistance was performed in a greenhouse at Fayetteville, AR, in 2007. Out of these accessions, 64 PIs were identified with high or moderate resistance to RKN. Of these 64 lines, 24 accessions showed good resistance to both RKN and RN. These new sources of resistance to multiple nematodes will be valuable materials for soybean breeding programs to develop new resistant cultivars that can overcome yield losses caused by one or more of these nematode species.

Effects of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin, Flunixin Meglumin, Lidocane on Pregnancy Rate with Hanwoo IVF Embryo Transfer

Yoon, Do-Joong,Kim, Gye-Woong,Kim, Kon-Joong,Han, James-Bond,Kim, Nam-Hyung,Lee, Jong-Wan 韓國受精卵移植學會 2011 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.26 No.2

This study was carried out to confirm the effects of luteotrophin, human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and an anti-luteolytic agent, flunixin meglumin (FM), on pregnancy rates in Hanwoo with in vitro produced (IVP) embryo transfers (ET), and to research the effects on the estrus cycle. Treatments included hCG and FM administration 3~10 minutes prior to ET. Also, pregnancy rates were compared with lidocane treatment and FM treatment prior to ET. The results are shown below. 30-day pregnancy rate was 76.7% in the hCG-treated group and 75.7% in the FM-treated group. Both rates were higher than the 70% rate for the control group. 42-day pregnancy rate was 76.7% in the FM-treated group. This was higher than 66.7% recorded for both the hCG-treated and control groups. The pregnancy rate of the hCG-treated group was high at Day 30 (76.7%) but low at Day 40 (66.7%), and there were no differences from the FM-treated and control groups. The recurrent estrus rate of infertile individuals at 2 weeks after ET was 36.4% in the hCG-treated group, under 71.4% in the FM-treated group and 80.0% in the control group. The non-pregnancy rate of individuals without recurrent estrus was 18.2% in the hCG-treated group, which was higher than the 0% rate in both the FM-treated and control groups. The pregnancy rates were higher in the FM-treated group than the Lidocane-treated group with 72.3% versus 67.5% in the heifers and 48.9% versus 43.6% in the cows. From the above results, the FM treatment proved more effective than the hCG treatment and no treatment whatsoever in increasing pregnancy rates after ET. In addition, hCG treatment was shown to be undesirable due to the deviations it caused in the reproductive physiology of the hCG-treated recipients. Therefore, in our study, the FM treatment resulted in a higher pregnancy rate than either lidocaine treatment or no-treatment in the trials of ET.

Activation of Glibenclamide-Sensitive ATP-Sensitive K ⁺ Channels During β-Adrenergically Induced Metabolic Stress Produces a Substrate for Atrial Tachyarrhythmia

Kim, Shang-Jin,Zhang, Haifei,Khaliulin, Igor,Choisy, Sté,phanie C.M.,Bond, Richard,Lin, Hua,El Haou, Said,Milnes, James T.,Hancox, Jules C.,Suleiman, M. Saadeh,James, Andrew F. Ovid Technologies Wolters Kluwer -American Heart A 2012 Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology Vol.5 No.6

<P>Cardiac ATP-sensitive K(+) channels have been suggested to contribute to the adaptive physiological response to metabolic challenge after β-adrenoceptor stimulation. However, an increased atrial K(+)-conductance might be expected to be proarrhythmic. We investigated the effect of ATP-sensitive K(+) channel blockade on the electrophysiological responses to β-adrenoceptor-induced metabolic challenge in intact atria.</P>