Molecular subtypes of triple-negative breast cancer: understanding of subtype categories and clinical implication

Yong‑Moon Lee,Man Hwan Oh,Jai‑Hyang Go,Kyudong Han,Song‑Yi Choi 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.12

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous entity that encompasses several subtypes with distinct molecular characteristics. The patients with TNBCs show unpredictable response to the chemotherapy, and further there is the lack of effective agents. Thus, many studies have been underway to discover targeted therapy suitable for patients with specific genetic alterations in each molecular subtypes. TNBCs are classified as four major molecular subtypes according to the gene expression patterns. These are luminal androgen receptor (LAR), mesenchymal-like, immunomodulatory (IM), and basal-like types. Conclusion: Here, we discuss the unique molecular features of each subtype as well as promising targets for anti-cancer therapy.

Three Love Poems by Han Yong-un

Han Yong-un,Kim Jai-hiun(번역자) The Academy of Korean Studies 1973 Korea Journal Vol.13 No.4

담석증과 당뇨병

강진경(Jin Kyung Kang),최흥재(Heung Jai Choi),김경희(Kyung Hee Kim),황용(Yong Hwang),김용범(Yong Bum Kim),이원영(Won Yung Lee) 대한소화기학회 1985 대한소화기학회지 Vol.17 No.2

N/A Most authorities agree the higher incidence of gallstones among diabetic patient. Although many reports on gallstones or diabetes mellitus have been published, and actual correlation between gallstones and diabetes mellitus remains obscure. The purpose of this reports is to know the incidence of gallstone in diabetics and of diabetics in the patients with gallstone. Authors studied prospectively and clinically the diabetics in a group of 173 patients with gallstones and gallstone in a group of 98 diabetic patients who were admitted to Yonsei University Yong-Dong Hospital for the same period of April 1983 to May 1984. The results obtained are summarized as follow: The incidence of gallstone to general admission patients is 1.5% and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus to total in-patients is 0.8% The gallstone was found in 11.0% of diabetics and were diabetic 19.4% of patients with gallstones. The age of peak incidence of gallstones is 5th decade and female was more prevalent than male with the ratio of 1.37:1. The age of peak incidence of diabetes mellitus is 6 th decade and female is less prevalent with the ratio of 0.72:l.3, The most common characteristic finding of patients of gallstones with diabetes mellitus is symptomless(42.1%)4, There is no significant difference in serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride between diabetic and non-diabetic groups or with and without gallstones. 5. Comparative study on location of stones revealed, 72.8% in gallbladder only, 12.7% in common bile duct only, 4. 6% in intrahepatic duct only, and remainders in multiple site. There is no significant difference in terms of location of stone between diabetic and nondiabetic group.

전자 서베잉을 이용한 서베이드 금관과 국소의치 프레임워크 디자인

홍용신,박은진,김성균,곽재영,허성주,박지만 大韓齒科保存學會 2011 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.36 No.6

구강 스캐너와 CAD/CAM 기술로 인해 컴퓨터로 제작하는 방식이 활발히 보급된 고정식 보철 증례와는 달리, 의치를 디지털 방식으로 제작하는 데에는 아직 한계가 많다. 촉각을 느낄 수 있는 입력 장비와 전자 서베잉의 개념, 그리고 쾌속 조형법의 적용으로 인해 국소의치를 디지털로 제작할 수 있는 솔루션이 최근 소개되고 있다. 본 증례보고에서는 이러한 국소의치의 디지털 솔루션을 이용하여 총 다섯 명의 환자에서 서베이드 금관 및 국소의치를 제작하였다. 인상 과정상의 문제로 모형과 실제 치아 사이의 형태적 차이가 있었던 경우를 제외하고는 국소의치의 적합도는 우수했으며, 장착 후 안정성과 착탈 시의 유지력 또한 임상에서 적용하는 데에 문제가 없었다. There are still many limitations on fabricating dentures using digital method while computerized production of fixed prostheses utilizing intraoral scanner and CAD/CAM technology has propagated rapidly. Recently the digital solution of fabricating removable partial denture by applying haptic input device, electronic surveying, and rapid prototyping was introduced. In this case presentation, five patients were treated with surveyed crown and removable partial dentures by this digital solution. Fit of dentures was excellent except for one case which showed morphological difference between the actual teeth and that of master cast by the erroneous impression process. There also was not any problem of stability and retention after adaptation in the clinical setting.

급ㆍ배기구 위치변화에 따른 실내의 기류변화에 관한 연구

한용수,정성욱,박흥재 인제대학교기초과학연구소 1999 자연과학 Vol.3 No.-

본 연구의 목적은 실내 대기질의 조절과 관리에 필요한 환기 시스템을 디자인하는데 사용되는 실험 데이터의 산출에 있다. 단순화된 모형실에서의 급기와 배기구의 위치에 따른 기류변화의 분포가 구해진다. This research has a purpose to achieve experiment data used for design of ventilation systems necessary for Indoor Air quality control and management. Distribution of flow pattern according to supply and exhaust outlets in a simplified model chamber was evaluated.

0.8μm CMOS 표준 셀 라이브러리의 설계와 검증

이재철,이충훈,오용호 圓光大學校 基礎自然科學硏究所 1997 基礎科學硏究誌 Vol.15 No.2

0.8㎛ CMOS 공정 기술을 사용하여 셀 라이브러리를 개발하고 성능을 평가하였다. 셀 라이브러리는 150여 개의 기본 리프 셀(leaf cell)과 이들의 상호 연결만 기록한 마크로 기능(macro function) 블럭으로 구성하였다. 셀 라이브러리의 성능을 측정하고 논리 시뮬레이션 모델을 개발하기 위하여 평가 칩을 설계하여 제작하였다. 셀 배치 및 배선 프로그램으로 설계한 마크로 기능(82C37)칩을 실제 제작하여 시뮬레이션 모델의 정확성을 측정하고 라이브러리의 신뢰도를 평가하였다. We developed a standard cell library using 0.8㎛ CMOS process technology and evaluated the performance of the library. The library is consisted of 150 basic leaf cells and the macro functions which have the connection information of leaf cells. Also, we designed and produced a performance chip to evaluate the cell library and to develop a logic simulation model. Finally, we designed and macro function chip with a cell placement and routing program to measure the accuracy of the simulation model and the reliability of the library.

生産柔軟性의 測定模型에 관한 硏究

金容纂,尹在漢 西原大學校 經營科學硏究所 1993 經營硏究 Vol.2 No.1

카드뮴 중독 흰쥐에 대한 Noninvasive Biomarker로서의 요중 Ascorbic Acid에 관한 연구

이용우,김용호,안승주,류재두 THE KOREAN SOCIETY FOR BIOMEDICAL LABORATORY SCIEN 1997 Journal of biomedical laboratory sciences Vol.3 No.2

본 연구는 카드뮴의 이용 및 환경오염의 증가로 일어날 수 있는 카드뮴 중독에 대한 새로운 생물학적 지표로서의 요중 ascorbic acid를 평가하기 위하여 실험적으로 중독시킨 Sprague-Dawley종의 흰쥐를 이용하여 요중 ascorbic acid측정, 신장의 조직병리학적 조사 및 생화학적 간 기능 검사를 실시하였다. 측정된 요중 ascorbic acid농도의 전 실험기간 (50일) 평균치는 실험군Ⅰ(카드뮴 100ppm)이 214.0㎎/dl, 실험군Ⅱ(카드뮴 200ppm)가 254.3㎎/dl로 대조군 9.0㎎/dl에 비해 각각 24배 및 28배의 증가를 보였다. 조직병리학적 소견으로는 신장의 근위 세뇨관에서 단백뇨의 원인으로 추정되는 호산성 초자양 물질이 관찰되어 신장의 손상이 있었고, 생화학적 분석에서 실험군Ⅰ에서 AST, ALT의 수치가 대조군의 143㎎/dl, 50㎎/dl에 비해 각각 199㎎/dl, 88㎎/dl, 실험군Ⅱ가 270㎎/dl,226㎎/dl로 나타나 간 기능의 손상이 있었음을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로 실험동물이 카드뮴에 노출됨에 따라 그 아만성 독성으로서 간장 및 신장 기능의 손상이 있었고 또한 요중의 ascorbic acid가 현저하게 증가되어 요중 ascorbic acid가 실험동물의 카드뮴 노출에 대한 noninvasive진단 지표로서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. This study was planned to evaluate the urinary ascorbic acid as a new bilolgical marker for the intoxication of cadmium, which could possibly be driven by its increased utilization and environmental pollution. In order to meet this goal, we have performed measurement of urinary ascorbic acid concentration, histopathological examination of the kidney, and biochemical test for the liver function using cadmium-intoxicated rats by oral administration. The average concentrations of urinary ascorbic acid in the CdCl₂-treated rats were 214.0㎎/dl for 100ppm group and 254.3㎎/dl for 200ppm group during experimental period of 50 days. These levels are 24 and 28 times higher than one in the control group (9.0㎎/dl), respectively. Ultrastructural study showed the eosinophilic hyaline cast and focal effacement, fusion in the renal tubules, as well as loss of foot processes on the glomerular epithelial cells. These results suggested that cadmium may be responsible for renal glomerular injury. The blood levels of AST, ALT and LDH in the treated groups (199 IU/I, 88 IU/I, 1190 U/I for the 100 ppm group and 270 IU/I, 226 IU/I, 760 U/I for the 200 ppm group) were higher than ones in the control group(143 IU/I, 50 IU/I, 334 U/I). These results indicated the cadmium induced the damage of liver function. In conclusion, the administration of cadmium showed a remarkable increase of urinary ascorbic acid with renal and hepatic damage. Therefore, it is expected that measurement of urinary ascorbic acid would be an powerful method as a noninvasive biomarker for cadmium intoxication.

한국인 집단의 효소의 다형현상에 대한 연구 : 태반과 혈액에서의 MDH, LDH 그리고 GPI에 대하여 MDH, LDH and GPI in Placental and Blood

鄭瑢載,姜順子,金甲英 이화여자대학교 생명과학연구소 1990 생명과학연구논문집 Vol.1 No.-

한국인 집단의 태반조직과 혈액 내에서의 Malate dehydrogenase(MDH), Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) alc Glucose phosphate isomerase(GPI)에 대한 다형현상을 알아 보고자 horizontal starchgel 전기영동법을 이용하여 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. MDH 동위 효소는 혈액에서는 , 한가지 표현형, HDHs1이 나타났으며, 태반에서는 SolubleMDH와 Mitochondial-MDH의 두 form이 모두 나타나는데 태반조직의 MDHs locus에서는 MDHs1 유형만이 나타났고 MDHs locus에서도 보편적 유형인MDHm1 표현형이 나타났다. 2. LDH 동위 효소는 표현형이 혈액에서 normal LDH isozyme인 LDH1, LDH2, LDH3, isozyme이 나타났고, 태반에서는 LDH1(LDHB4) isozyme 한가지 유형만 나타났다. 3. GPI 동위 효소는 혈액과 태반에서 표현형이 모두 같은 형인 GPI1으로 나타났으며 변이형은 한국인 집단에서 발견되지 않았다. 4. 따라서 한국인 집단의 혈액과 태반에서 MDH, LDH, GPI 효소는 모두 monomorphic한 것으로 나타났으나 LDH의 경우만은 혈액과 태반에서 검출된 isozyme의 종류가 상이하였다. Genetic polymorphisms of three placental and blood cell enzymes malate dehydrogenase(MDH),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and glucose phosphate isomerase(GPI) in Korean population was studied by starch gel electrophoresis. The results obtained were as follows: 1. MDH phenotype was found to be only MDHs 1 in blood cells. Both of MDHs and MDHm were found in the placental. Only MDHs 1 was found at the MDHs I locus. 2. LDH phenotype was found to be the normal LDH isozyme-LDH1, LDH2 and LDH3 isozyme in blood cells. And DH1(LDHB4) isozyme was found only in the placental extracts. 3. GPI phenotype was found to be only GPI 1 in blood cells and the placental extracts, and no variant type was ound in Korean population. 4. Based on the above results, MDH, LDH and GPI isozymes are monomorphic in blood cells and placental extracts of Korean population.

습동면유 겸용 수용성 금속가공유제의 제조 및 특성 연구

윤을용,노정석,김해원,김선덕,진경록,김재권 한국공업화학회 2004 응용화학 Vol.8 No.2

At processing of a metal process, much problems are happening by mixing between slide-way fluid and water-solubility metal-working fluid(MWF). In this study, measure physical & chemical properties and biodegradable properties of base stock and additives that is used to lubricant, and developed water-soluble metal working fluid by slide-way fluid combined use. Biodegradability of developed combined use fluid for 28 days is displayed lower than 10 ppm, and more superior performance than similar fluids in lubrication special quality test.