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Jaecheol Kim,Brankica Turalija 한국영미문학교육학회 2016 영미문학교육 Vol.20 No.2
The primary purpose of this essay is to survey the textual functions of clothes and proper names in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles and to examine their relations to the Victorian identity politics. Critics have attempted to show that Hardy’s narrator tends to identify Tess with a text emphasizing that she is a textualized subject in the novel, open to male readers and their critical hermeneutics. Yet few critics have examined how her clothes and proper names are violently attributed to or inscribed on her body and psyche as a way of writing. In addition, this act of writing constructs her subjective identity via a “socio-linguistic classification.” Thus, Hardy uses Tess’s textual body together with her clothes and proper names to show how the process of female subjugation is constructed and how Victorian identity politics operates. Tess as a text, however, is resistant to interpretations by her male readers and writers, including the narrator, as the novel represents a constant interpretive instability and uncertainty lingering around her; she is, indeed, a text resistant to the masculine interpretative closure. Yet her strategy of subversion pushes those limits further. Tess is fully aware of the textual effects of the clothes and proper names she receives from men. This awareness, toward the end of the novel, compels her to de-face and re-clothe herself in her own fashion by becoming a textual scribe herself. The recurrent motif of this essay “Tess as a text” is not only a critical issue but also a pedagogical one in the classroom; this is because without textualizing Tess’s body (or her subjectivity) teachers find that it is impossible to grasp the Victorian values and politics through Hardy’s work.
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Symmetric and Asymmetric Aspects in Superiority Effects
Jaecheol Lee 현대문법학회 2012 현대문법연구 Vol.68 No.-
This paper is to argue that Superiority effects and non-Superiority effects in multiple wh-questions follow from the Minimality Condition that the u[F] is (bi-directionally) valued by the closest valued matching feature. This Minimality Condition covers both single Agree and multiple Agree, regardless of whether multiple Agree takes place simultaneously or not. This paper will show that Superiority effects take place only in case there are multiple goals (i.e., WHs) for a single unvalued probe u[F], while no Superiority effects arise in case there is only a single valued probe i[F] for multiple unvalued goals (i.e., WHs). In the former case there is a minimality among WHs while in the latter case there is no minimality among WHs, according to the Minimality Condition.
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Free Relatives and Projections
Jaecheol Lee 한국영미어문학회 2013 영미어문학 Vol.- No.110
This paper illustrates that whether the embedded clause is the free relative or the indirect Question is determined during the derivation. The matrix verb is in a c- selectional relation with the embedded C (i.e., the V-C relation). It is with the embedded C bearing the [Q, wh, phi] features rather than with the wh- item occupying [Spec,CP] that the matrix verb enters into the selection relation. If the C[ wh, Q] is selected by the matrix verb, it is chosen as the label of the Focus(or QP) that leads to the indirect Question. If the C[phi] is selected by the matrix verb, it is chosen as the label of the DP that leads to the free relative. I further argue that wh-movement takes place to determine the unspecified label of the C.
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The Intervention Effects and the Typology of Wh-Specifiers
Jaecheol Lee 현대문법학회 2000 현대문법연구 Vol.20 No.-
In this paper, we examine whether the tax-paying strategy proposed by Norvin (1998) is justified in both the Wh-feature movement and the phrasal Wh-movement. Following the tax-paying strategy, once the first instance of movement to α has obeyed Attract Closest(AC), the other instances of movement to α need not satisfy it since the first operation to α has already paid AC tax. We assume that Wh-phrasal movement pays AC tax and Subjacency tax while Wh-feature movement pays only AC tax. They are supported by the following facts.: (i) multiple Wh-questions in Bulgarian, or (ii) the Superiority effects, Island phenomena and Weak Crossover constructions in English. We argue that the typology of Wh-Comlementizers play a crucial role in explaining the multiple questions in Bulgarian and English, the lack of the Superiority effects in German, and the Intervention effects in Korean and Japanese. Finally, we argue that the scope-bearing elements such as negations and quantifiers induce the Intervention effects only when they cause the separation construction of Wh-phrase through the Wh-feature movement or the Wh-operator movement without Pied-Piping of the whole DP. They are evidenced by the data in English, Korean, and Japanese.
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Auctoritas and Sovereignty in Julius Caesar
( Jaecheol Kim ) 한국영어영문학회 2019 영어 영문학 Vol.65 No.1
This essay surveys the Roman concept of “auctoritas” as a supra-juridi cal power in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar. Critics have contextualized the play within Shakespeare’s contemporary regicidal discourses, but, histori cally, Caesar’s official position before his death was as a dictator perpet uo, who could monopolize or silence the auctoritas of the Senate. In republican Rome, auctoritas signified the power of the Senate as fathers of the nation that could claim a justitium, the Roman version of the state of exception. The Senate’s declaration of senatus consultum ultimum sus pended existing political powers (potestas) by creating a juridical vacu um. This basic premise allows us to read the play as a conflict between two supra-juridical powers―the Senate’s auctoritas and the singular sov ereignty Caesar might claim. Seen from the perspective of sovereignty, Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar is a peculiar narrative as it shows a series of sovereign acts of violence and exceptional states that can hardly be con tained within juridical norms. The Lupercalia that foregrounds the main action of the play―the assassination of Caesar―demonstrates that Caesar is a wargus, a banned wolf. This is due to his sovereignty, a posi tion located outside the legal body. The following Forum scene and the Roman deaths that fill the stage show that the clash between the Senate’s auctoritas and singular sovereignty can cause extended constitutional vacuums and anomie states. However, the result of the clash is more than an anomie as it generates a new political order by ultimately forming the very foundation of a new nomos, Augustus’s sovereign Empire.
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