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전해산성수를 이용한 새로운 내시경 소독 시스템(Cleantop WM-1??)의 소독효율
이준행,이풍렬,송재훈,이남용,임윤정,장재권,김영호,김재준,백승운,이종철,최규완 대한감염학회 2001 감염 Vol.33 No.2
Background : Electrolyzed acid water (EAW) is a new liquid chemical germicide containing a mixture of oxidizing species and prepared by mixing a small amount of salt with tap water in an electrolyzer. We attempted an in-use evaluation of the high-level disinfection capability of Cleantop WM-1□, a new endoscope reprocessing system using EAW. Methods : Forty-seven flexible endoscopes were randomly collected just after upper endoscopic examinations and were disinfected using Cleantop WM-1□. Parts of the endoscopes without contact to EAW were disinfected with 75% ethyl alcohol. Immediately after the disinfection procedure, samples were taken from the biopsy channel (S-1), tip of the insertion tube (S-2), the umbilical cord (S-3), and the angulation knob (S-4). Results : In EAW-disinfected parts of the endoscopes, the culture-positive rates were 4.3% (2/47) in S-1 samples and 12.8% (6/47) in S-2 samples. In ethyl alcohol-disinfected area, the culture-positive rates were 2.1% (1/47) in S-3 samples and 25.5% (12/47) in S-4 samples. The colony counts of culture-positive samples ranged from 1 to 144. Pseudomonas aerugi-nasa was recovered from the angulation knob of an endoscope, but other contaminating organisms were mostly : normal flora or opportunistic pathogens. Conclusion : Although part of the endoscopes disinfected with 75% ethyl alcohol were contaminated with more organisms than EAW-disinfected areas, Cleantop WM-1□ showed a relatively good disinfection efficacy in reprocessing patient-used endoscopes. (Korean J Infect Dis 33:133∼138, 2001)
이재형,김운중,김경수 全北大學校 1995 論文集 Vol.39 No.-
The physically based heavy rainfall model was developed by Ceon(1994) for storm event. This is a modified version of the model. The input variable of the model are temperature, pressure, dew point temperature on the ground level and cloud top temperature by the satellite. The results show that there is significant deviation between the hourly calculated rainfall rate and the observed data. But the difference is very small in the total rainfall rate. The deviation is due to not well fitted for the saturate evaporation, which are calculated from cloud top temperature, at the lower 253°K.
CuO를 열확산시킨(Sr.Ca)TiO_(3) 입계층 커패시터의 전기적 특성
최운식,강재훈,오남석 대불대학교 2002 大佛大學校大學院 硏究論文集 Vol.- No.1
In this paper, the Sr_(1-x)Ca_(x)TiO_(3)(0≤x≤0.2)-based grain boundary layer ceramics were fabricated to measured dielectric properties with the sintering temperature and the thermal treatment time. The sintering temperature and time were 1420∼1520℃, 4hours, and the thermal treatment temperature and time of the specimen were 1150℃, 1, 2, 3,hours, respectively. The structural and the dielectric properties were investigated by SEM, X-ray, HP4194A and K6517. The average grain size was increased with increasing the sintering temperature, but decreased to 15㏖% with increasing content of Ca. X-ray diffraction analysis results showed that all specimens were the cubic structure, the main peaks were of Ca. The appropriate thermal treatment temperature and time of CuO to obtain dielectric properties of ε_(γ)>50000, tan δ<0.05 and ΔC<±10% were 1150℃ and 2hours, respectively.
朴在云,朴鍾善 관동대학교 1997 關大論文集 Vol.25 No.2
One of the most important elements of any structural frame is the column. This element is usually under the action of combined axial load and bending moment. Columns with small slenderness ratios are usually analysed by simple consideration of the equilibrium of forces and compatibility of strains. On the other hand, for columns with large slenderness ratios, the compound effect of the axial load and column deflection adds to the column bending moment, thus reducing of the column ultimate capacity. In this study, the analytical method for the Behavior and ultimate strength of Eccentrically Loaded Restrained PC slender Columns is developed, including the material and geometrical nonlinearities and the nonlinear behavior of restrained end of a column in a frame. Accordingly, the objectives of this investigation are to use the method developed to conduct a parametric study of the different variable (Rotational Restraints, Ratio of End Restraints, End Eccentricity, Ratio of End Eccentricities, Lateral Restraints, Concrete Strength) influencing the behavior and the ultimate strength for PC columns.
혐기-무산소-호기공정에 의한 도시하수의 질소·인제거에 관한 연구
양용운,김재현 啓明專門大學 産業開發硏究所 1999 啓明硏究論叢 Vol.17 No.2
본 연구는 질소와 인을 동시에 제거할 수 있는 생물학적 질소-인제거 공정인 혐기-무산소-호기공정을 산업폐수가 포함된 도시하수에 적용한 경우의 유기물 및 질소·인의 제거특성에 대하여 조사하였다. 원수의 특성은 유기물의 농도가 CODCr 120∼230mg/ι로 평균 178mg/ι을 나타내었으나 무기성 탄소원의 농도가 매우 높았으며 이에 따라 생물학적 제거 가능한 유기물의 비율은 낮아 충분한 질산화와 탈질화가 이루어지지 않았다. CODCr/NH_(3)-N이 평균 10이상으로 높았지만 무기성 탄소원이 높아 탈질에 필요한 추가적인 에너지원의 투입을 고려해야 하며, 또한 alkalinity/NH_(3)-N의 비가 2.3정도로 낮게 나타나 완전한 질산화를 위해서는 alkalinity의 공급이 필요한 것으로 조사되었다. 유기물에 대한 평균 제거율은 BOD 84%, CODCr 53%를 나타내었으며, NH_(3)-N의 제거율은 평균 76%이었고 T-N의 제거율은 60%이었다. 그리고 T-P 제거율은 50%정도를 나타내었다. The anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process was used for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal of municipal sewage. The CODCr concentration of municipal sewage was 120∼230mg/ι and its average CODCr concentration was 178mg/ι. But because of the high inorganic concentration of municipal sewage, the biological nitrification and denitrification were not accomplished successfully. The alkalinity/NH_(3)-N was 2.3 and under those conditions the additional carbon source and lime should be added The removal efficiency BOD and CODCr were 84% and 53% respectively. The removal efficiencies T-N and T-P were 60% and 50% respectively.
노동계약법 실시 이후 중국 노사관계의 변화와 재중 기업의 대응전략
이희운;강재식 경희대학교 산업관계연구소 2011 産硏論叢 Vol.36 No.-
중국은 경제체제개혁에서 나타나는 노동문제를 해결하고, 계획경제시기와 다른 노사관계를 수립하는 한편 노동자의 권익을 보호하기 위하여 2008년부터 노동계약법을 전면적으로 시행하였다. 노동계약법은 중국의 시장경제가 점차적으로 성숙해지는 시기에 노동쟁의가 날로 증가되는 상황에서 탄생된 법률로서 중국 노사관계가 새로운 변화를 가져올 것으로 보인다. 노동관련 정책과 법률이 “親기업”에서 “親노동자”로 변함에 따라 중국이 가공무역과 저임 노동력의 매력을 점점 상실하게 되고 중국진출 외자기업은 원가관리, 인력자원관리 등 면에서 새로운 도전에 직면하게 된다. 이 연구는 중국의 노동계약법 실시로 인한 노사관계의 변화를 살펴보고, 중국진출 외자기업의 대응전략을 제시하는 데 주목적을 두었다. 결과적으로 외자기업들은 첫째, 국제적 역량의 이전과 능력 향상 및 교육훈련을 강화하고, 주재원을 현지 경영 인력이나 기술 인력으로 간접적으로 대체하여야 한다. 둘째, 중국 공회를 통한 경영 및 관리방식의 개선을 실시하여야 한다. 셋째, 생산성 향상으로 임금상승을 상쇄하고 성과주의 인사제도를 도입하여야 한다. 넷째, 생산거점을 중국내륙으로 이전하거나, 중국에서의 철수 또는 타국으로의 이전을 고려하여야 한다. Since innovation and opening in 1978, China has been industrialized and urbanized through expansion of market economy and accomplishment of rapid economical growth for more than 30 years but labor-management relations have been significantly changed, too. Especially, as the Labor Agreement Law was enforced in January, 2008, the labor market and labor environment of China faced on important changes. The largest change was that the labor law system, which had been focused on the development of enterprises in the past, was changed to the direction to protect the rights and benefits of the laborers. The purpose of this study is to suggest counter strategies to the enterprises, which run business in China, against the new changes by studying and analyzing the changed Labor Agreement Law. The counter measures of the foreign-invested enterprises in China may be summarized as follows. The first is to minimize the employed manpower through equipment automation, outsourcing non-essential work, and expanded outsourcing in order to meet the elevated labor cost. The second is to take measures to meet the new labor environment through rearrangement of manpower and structural reorganization. The third is to try in order to construct cooperative relations with labor unions. And, the last is to improve the personnel affairs and labor management systems. Many foreign-invested enterprises in China, which is called as the factor of the world due to its rich manpower, could be comfortable in China in relation to the requests for wage increase and labor unions’ strikes which had been frequent in their native countries but, as the Labor Agreement Law was enforced, they are surprised at the change to the labor market that cannot be easily controlled due to requests for wage increase by almost 20 % every year, group suicide of Foxconn, and the large scale strike of Honda Motors Factory. The foreign-invested enterprises in China should strictly manage personnel affairs and labor to meet the changed Labor Agreement Law, should possess specified technology, and should practice ethical management in order to survive in Chinese market with competition priority.
다결정을 이용한 실온에서의 분광 홀버닝 광메모리 구현에 관한 연구
조재헌,백운식,장기완 경희대학교 레이저공학연구소 2001 레이저공학 Vol.12 No.-
The extremely high data densities can be obtained by spectral holeburning, so persistent holeburning has been studied on crystal that doped sm2+ ions at room temperature. To improve performance of persistent spectral holeburning system, we replace a dye laser system by our Littman type external cavity tunable laser diode system.
崔海雲,金在衡 대한치과교정학회 1987 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.17 No.1
To investigate the relationship between craniofacial growth and bone maturity of the hand wrist in normal occlusion, the author took cephalogram and handwrist radiogram of 391 students (male 192, female 199) and assessed the measurements of cephalogram according to skeletal maturity stages of the hand and wrist. In this study, four skeketal stages and 36 linear, angular measurements of the cephalometrics were selected. In hand-wrist X-ray the bones used to determine skeletal maturity were the middle phalanges of the third finger, and distal epiphysis of the radius. In cephalogram, the landmark used to measure the angle and length were N, S, Po., Ar., Go., Me., Gn., Pog., Point B, Point A, ANS, PNS, Or., U1, L1, U6, L6 etc. The results were as follows, 1. The table of mean, standard deviation, p-value from measurements were made in each group and both sex. 2. The increased measurements according to skeletal maturity were anterior cranial bese length, posterior cranial base length, ramus height, anterior facial height, posterior facial height, L1 to mandibular plane (mm), facial plane angle. In contrast to, decreased measurements were gonial angle, facial cnvexity and facial plane angle. 3. Denture pattern measurements (IMPA, FMIA, occlusal plane to Go-Gn, interincisal angle, U1 to SN plane, U1 to SN plane, U1 to facial plane, L1 to facial plane etc.) had nothing to do withskeletal maturity. 4. Skeletal maturity had close relationship with craniofacial growth, but had little to do with tooth development.