고차원 색인 구조를 위한 벌크 삽입

복경수,송석일,유재수 충북대학교 컴퓨터정보통신 연구소 2001 컴퓨터정보통신연구 Vol.9 No.1

최근 고차원 데이터를 위한 다양한 색인 구조에 대한 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 지리정보 시스템, 내용기반 이미지 검색 등과 같은 응용분야에서는 일반적으로 색인 구성 후 추가적으로 발생하는 데이터 역시 대량으로 삽입되는 경우가 빈번하다. 대량의 데이터를 하나씩 삽입하게 되면 삽입하기 위해 소요되는 시간과 검색 성능의 저하를 발생시킨다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하고자 다양한 벌크 삽입 기법들이 제시되었다. 벌크 삽입의 목적은 삽입 시간을 단축시키고 검색 성능을 향상시키는 것이다. 그러나 기존의 벌크 삽입 기법들은 한쪽에 군집된 데이터만을 고려하거나 또는 기존의 색인 구조에 존재하는 MBR을 고려하지 않고 있다. 본 논문에서는 일반적인 경우에도 좋은 검색 성능을 보장하고 데이터의 삽입으로 MBR들간의 겹침을 최소화하기 위한 새로운 벌크 삽입 알고리즘을 제안한다. Recently, various high-dimensional index structures have been proposed. Generally, in the applications such as geographic information System, content-based image retrieval and so on, large amount of data are presented to be inserted into existing index structures. Inserting each data item one bye one is very inefficient in terms of insertion time and query performance. In that reason various bulk insertion techniques are proposed to solve the problem. The purpose of bulk insertion speeds up insertion time and improves query performance. However the existing methods perform only for highly skewed data and do not consider existing MBRs of index structures when data objects are inserted. In this paper, we design a bulk insertion algorithm that performs well for general case and minimizes overlap between newly inserted objects and existing MBRs.

정수 슬러지의 복토재 응용에 관한 타당성 연구

이재복, 임성진 경성대학교 환경문제연구소 2000 環境硏報 Vol.10 No.1

The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility on waterworks sludge modification for cover soils in sanitary landfill site. The waterworks sludge was modified to improve material properties by making a single or combined dosing of admixtures such as hydrated lime, loess and activated loess into the sludge produced from the water treatment process, Current disposal systems such as landfill, ocean dumping and incineration were compared with the sludge reuse through modification from the economical and environmental point of view. Cover soils requirement accounts for 20% of the total capacity of sanitary landfill. Environmental and economical benefits of sludge modification include decrease of treatment cost, procurement of cover soils and reduction of landfill area.

입원 기간 중 발생한 첫 경련발작

이훈복,김종흥,김제,이애영,김재문 대한신경과학회 1997 대한신경과학회지 Vol.15 No.2

고차원 색인 구조를 위한 효율적인 벌크 로딩 알고리즘

복경수,이석희,유재수,조기형 충북대학교 컴퓨터 정보통신 연구소 2000 컴퓨터정보통신연구 Vol.8 No.1

고차원 색인 구조를 위한 기존의 벌크 로딩 알고리즘은 색인 구성 시간과 검색 성능 모두를 향상시키지 못하는 문제점을 갖는다. 이 논문은 이와 같은 문제점을 해결한 대량의 고차원 데이터에 대한 색인 구조를 위한 새로운 벌크 로딩 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안하는 알고리즘은 색인을 구성하는 시간을 단축시키기 위해 전체 데이터 집합을 정렬하는 것이 아니라 데이터의 특성을 파악하여 피벗값에 따라 분할하는 기법을 이용한다. 또한 검색 성능을 향상 시키기 위해 데이터들의 분포 특성에 따라 분할 위치를 선택한다. 제안하는 알고리즘에 대한 우수성을 입증하기 위해 실험을 통해 기존에 제안된 알고리즘과 색인 구성 시간 및 검색 성능을 비교한다. Existing bulk loading algorithms for high-dimensional index structures suffer from improving both index construction time and retrieval performance. In this paper, we propose an efficient bulk loading algorithm to construct high dimensional index structures for large data set that overcomes the problem. Although several bulk loading algorithms have been proposed for this purpose, none of them improve both construction time and search performance. To improve the construction time, we don't sort whole data set and use bisection algorithm that divides the whole data set or a subset into two partitions according to the specific pivot value. Also, we improve the search performance by selecting split positions according to the distribution properties of the data set. In order to show superiority of the proposed algorithm, we compare it with existing algorithms in terms of search time and construction time through experiments.

이동객체의 미래 위치 검색을 위한 공간 분할 방식의 색인 구조

복경수,유재수 충북대학교 컴퓨터정보통신 연구소 2005 컴퓨터정보통신연구 Vol.13 No.1

최근 위치 기반 서비스의 급속한 발전과 함께 이동 객체 데이터베이스에 대한 많은 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이동 객체의 미래 위치 검색을 지원하는 색인 구조를 제안한다. 제안하는 색인 구조는 기존의 공간 분할 방식 색인 구조를 변형하여 이동 객체의 미래 위치를 검색을 지원한다. 제안하는 색인 구조의 중간 노드에는 자식 노드를 포함하는 영역 정보와 함께 이동 객체의 미래 위치 검색을 지원하기 위해 정보를 저장한다. 노드에 오버플로우가 발생할 경우 분할을 방지하기 위해 병합 분할을 수행한다. 병합 분할이 가능하지 않을 때에는 객체의 이동성을 고려하여 분할을 수행한다. 제안하는 색인 구조의 우수성을 입증하기 위해 기존에 제안된 색인 구조와 검색 성능을 비교한다. With the rapid development of location-based services, moving objects databases have become an important research issue. In this paper, we propose a new index structure which supports the future position retrieval of the moving objects. The proposed index structure is a space partitioning index structure that retrieves the future location of the moving objects. The proposed index structure stores the region information on the current positions and velocities of moving objects to efficiently support the future position retrieval in the internal node. If the overflow occurs in nodes, the index structure processes a merge split to avoid a split. If a merge split is impossible, a split is processed with considering moving features of object. We show through the various experiments that our index structure outperforms the existing index structures in terms of retrieval performance.

장치 및 미디어 관리를 통한 네트워크 기방 백업 및 복구

복경수,강태호,윤종현,유재수 충북대학교 컴퓨터정보통신 연구소 2005 컴퓨터정보통신연구 Vol.13 No.1

저장 매체의 대용량화가 가속화되면서 대용량의 데이터를 효과적으로 백업하기 위한 요구가 증가되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 네트워크 장치 및 미디어 관리를 통해 네트워크 기반 백업 및 복구를 지원하는 백업 소프트웨어를 설계하고 구현한다. 제안하는 백업 소프트웨어는 디스크 기반 백업을 지원하기 위해 NDMP 프로토콜을 확장한다. 제안하는 백업 소프트웨어는 전체 또는 부분 백업, 수동 또는 자동백업 기능을 제공한다. 또한, 사용자에 의해 요청되는 부가적인 작업을 처리하기 위해 pre/post 스크립트 기능을 제공한다. 제안하는 백업 소프트웨어는 백업 장치 및 미디어를 효과적으로 관리하고 이를 풀(pool)이라는 논리적인 단위로 관리하는 장치 및 미디어 관리 기능을 제공한다. As the size of storage media is growing, the efficient backup for the huge capacity data are required. In this paper, we design and implement the backup software that supports network based backup and restore with management of network devices and media. The proposed backup software extends NDMP protocol for the disk to disk backup. In addition, the proposed backup software has various features such as partial or full backup, immediate or automatic backup, and so on. It supports pre/post script to process additional actions for users. It also provides devices and medium management features that efficiently manages a large number of backup devices and media, and groups devices and media management functions that are managed by logical units called pools.

백서의 일과성 국소허혈-재괄류 모델에서 U-74389G와 MK-801이 뇌경색 크기에 미치는 효과

김재일,김종민,양대웅,이근호,윤병우,노재규,이상복 대한신경과학회 1999 대한신경과학회지 Vol.17 No.1

가드너의 실존 및 도덕지능 계발을 위한 어린이 도덕철학하기

허재복 대구교육대학교 2004 論文集 Vol.39 No.-

韓國 傳統住宅의 溫熱環境에 對한 硏究

尹在雄,金命福 효성여자대학교 새마을연구소 1988 새마을硏究論文集 Vol.8 No.-

韓美 어린이의 調音發達에 關한 比較硏究

金載福 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1980 연구논문집 Vol.22 No.1

1. The objectives of this thesis are fourfold: through the articulation test for the Korean Children ranging from 2 to 6 years of age, the author aims to 1) distinguish the children's correct and incorrect articulation of speech sounds; 2) analize and classify their types of misarticulation; 3) determiner the order of children's acquisition of correct articulation of speech sounds, measure the difficulty of articulating each speech sounds and establish the standardization of correct articulation of speech sounds according to different ages; 4) compare the results of the tests of American children with those of Korean. 2. Research on children's development of articulation of speech sounds has been done in many directions. To name a few examples the following types of studies were done in the past in the United States: 1) the studies of the development of articulation in individual children; 2) reports of freequency of use of sounds in speech; 3) surveys of types of speech defects found among particular groups of children; 4) surveys of speech defects in normal children. The author's research methods follow the example of (4), namely to survey and analize children's misarticulation of speech sounds and the process of improvement to correct articulation. Since all the subjects belong to pre-reading ages, among many methods the picture and imitation tests were found to be most effective to test the children's articulation. 3. Children's misarticulation can be categorized into three types: omissions, subjectutions and distortions, In omissions, a child leaves out a phoneme at a place where it should occur and it is not replaced by any other sound. In substitutions a child substitutes one standard speech sound. In distortion the child's production of the speech sound is modified in some way so that the acoustic result only approximates the standard sound. The frequency of children's misarticulation accordint to the above mentioned three types is usually put in the following order: substitution, distortion and omission (Templin 1957 and others). The order of development in manners of articulation is: nasals, stops and fricatives. The order of development in manners of articulation is: nasals, stops and fricatives. The order of development in sound context in words is: initial, medial and final positions. The standard ages of children when they can acquire the articulation of each sound are as follows: 3 years of age:[m, n, ??, p, f, w]; 3½:[j]; 4:[k, b, d, g, r]; 4½: [s, ??, t]; 6:[t, ??, v, l]; 7: [??, z, ??, ??]; after 7 years of age: [w]. The percentage of children's acquisition of English consonant phonemes according to different ages are as follows: 3 years: 53%; 3½: 63%; 4: 71%; 4½: 72%; 5½ 76%; 6: 84%; 7: 91%; 8: 94%. (Templin 1957). 4. Ninety-six Korean children from Taegu City were chosen as subjects. They were 51 boys and 45 girls ranging from 2 to 6 years of age. The subjects were divided into 8 groups: 2-2½, 2½-3,3-3½,3½-4,4-4½,4½-5,5-5½,5½-6. The tested sounds cover the whole inventory of Korean consonants: 9 stops, 3 affricates, 3 fricatives, 3 nasals, 2 liquids (one trilled, one lateral) and 2 semivowels. One hundred fifty-five words from children's language were chosen as test words. Consonants elements in the test words can be categorezed as follows according to the positions in which they appeared: Initial: [k, k', ??, n, t, t', ??, r, m, p, p', ??, s, s', ??, ??, h, w, j] (20 sounds) Medial: [k, k', ??, n, t, t', ??, r, l, m, p, p', ??, s, s', ??, ??, h, w, j, ??] (22 sounds) Final : [k, n, t, l, m, p, ??] (7 sounds) The author adopted the methods of transversal study in which the test is given only to the children of the same age groups. Also the author used compact test in which more than one sound elements were testes with a single word. The methods of picture and imitation tests were used, the examinees sitting face to face with the examiner. 5. How a child develops his articulation of human speech sound is the matter of interest for linguists. The established theory so far goes that very young children undergo the same and universal process regardless of the linguistic society in which they are born. But after a certain period as the child becomesd physically exposed to the language environment of his mother tongue he develops the articulation according to the sound system of his mother tongue. From this research the author found the order of easiness for children's articulation in Korean consonants is as follow: stops, nasals, affricates and fricatives, while wellman(1931), Templin (1957) state that the order in English is nasals, stops and fricatives. Also the order of easiness of articulation according to the positional occurence is: final, initial and medial in Korean, while initial, medial and final in English. The standard ages for acquisition of correct articulation are as follows: 2:[k', ??, t, t', ??, m, p, p', ??];2½:[k, ??, ??];3:[h];3½:[n];4:[??, j, ??]; 4½;[l,s];5½:[w]; after 6years:[r,s']. THe easiest sound is [k'] and the most difficult sound for the children to acquire is [r]. Comparing with Templin(1957), the following table shows the children's ages at which they acquire the correct articulation among the total invent- tory of Korean consonants. The comprison shows that Korean children acquire the correct articulation of the total consonant phonemes one yoar earlier than American children, the main reason for this comes from the fact ?? that English has more consonants with difficult articul- (표) ation than Korean. The types of misarticulation are: omissions, substitu- tions and distortions. Also additions, metatheses, and dissimilations can be added to this list. The occurrence frequency of misarticulation types in Korean was in the following order: sub- stitution, omission and distortion, while the order in English is substitution, distortion and omission. The most severe case of misarticulation is omission. Twenty-six percents of misarticulation belongs to this category. However, one sound omission never occurred in bisyllabic words. They occurred in the words with more than 2 syllables. Omission seldom occurred in initial positions, but it frequently occurred in medial and final positions. The reason for medial omission is that medial position is influenced by sound context. The omission of syllable occurred among the words with more than 3 syllables. This occurred in children younger than 3 years of age but seldom withchildren older than 4 tears of age. The most frequent syllasble omission was in the syllabic form of [r]V. Substitution occupied 59% of all the occurrences of misarticulation and occurred in the following manner: [s']>[s] (109), [r]>[n] (75), [??]>[t] (37), [s]>[??] (29), [??]>[??] (18), [r]>[t] (17), [s]>[t'] (15), [??]>[n] (12), [??]>[t'] (11), [k]>[??] (11), [j ]>[n] (10), [s]>[??] (9), [??]>[m] (9), [n]>[??] (8), [r]>[j ] (8), [r]>[w] (7), [l]>[m] (7), [s]>[??] (7), l]>[k] (7), [t]>[r] (6)_, [s]>[t] (6), [??]>[t'] (6), [h]>[k] (6). Especially Kyeongsangdo dialect speakers have difficulty in pronouncing fortis sound[s'] such as in [s'al] 'rice', and Korean phonotactic system does not allow the inital [r] such as in [roin],'old man', [ripal] 'haircut'. They tend to be [noin] and [ipal]. Distortion can be categorized as mild misarticulation compared with omissions and substitutions. Here in distortion regularity and cionsistency can be found in articulation. They sound pretty similar to certain existing phonemes but not exactly the same. The distortion which attracts our attention is found in the occurrence of [r]-colored [t] and [t]-colored [r] and this tendency in creases as a child grows older. Addition occurred in particular sound contexts. A [k] was inserted between a [??] and a vowel which never occurred with children older than 4 years of age: [so??at??i]>[so??kat??i] 'calf'. A [j] addition occurred in [son]>[sjon] 'hand' and [manil]>[manjul] 'garlic'... The phenomena of metathesis is seen in vowels, consonants, and syllables. Meathesis in child articulation occurrs perhaps because children perceive the sounds as a whole, not in their linear order of the sounds uttered by the speaker. Even if the children perceived the sounds in the linear order. They simply do not have ability to reproduce them in the same order presumably because of their incomplete growth of neurophysiological system: [ratio]>[tario] 'radio', [h??paraki]>[h??rapaki]'sunflower.' Dissimilation occurres in order not to duplicate the same or similar sounds in a word: [talnare]>[talnawa] or [talnaka]'moon', [k??kuri]>[k??uri]'frog'... 6. As stated earlier the purpose of this thesis is to examine the phenomena in Korean children's development of articulation as they grow older. Comparison was made between American children and Korean children. The most outstanding results from the research were as follows: Korean children acquire the correct articulation of consonant sounds one year earlier than American children. The reason for this can be stated in respect to the number of consonant phonemes and their phonotactic nature. Labiodentals, interdentals, voiced and voiceless contrasts, consonant clusters exist in English, which Korean consonant system lacks. The difficulty of pronouncing the consonant clusters in English sound system is outrageous for both English and non-English children. The order of children's acquisition of correct articulation of consonants according to their manners are nasals, stops, affricates and fricatives in English while stops, nasals, affricates and fricatives in Korean. And according to their position in words are initial, medial and final in English while final, initial and vedial in Korean. The reason for this is that Korean has only 7 sounds in final and they include 6 easiest consonants to pronounce such as 3 stops and 3 nasals. Finally it can observed that both American and Korean children develop the articulation with the same process. And the differences found in the results of the tests are only on accounts of differences of the sound systems between languages.