U.S. Trade Policy in Transition : An Overview

Pak, Insop;Pak, Myongsop 법무부 2006 통상법률 Vol.- No.69

1980년대 초반 이후 미국의 고질적인 무역적자와 경상수지적자는 대외부문의 불균형을 지속적으로 악화시키고 있는 실정이다. 미국의 이러한 구조적 불균형은 한편으로 미국의 재정수지적자와 일본과 중국등 동남아시아 국가들의 수출경쟁력의 신장에 기인 한다고도 볼 수 있다. 1980년대의 세계부채위기는 미국의 우루과이라운드 협상을 비롯한 통상전략에 커다란 영향을 끼쳤다. 특히 1994년 WTO 출범 이후 미국의 통상정책은 국제통상환경의 변화에 따라 교역상대국과의 통상확대를 통하여 협상력을 제고할 수 있는 유리한 입지확보를 위한 방향으로 수정되어 시행되고 있다. 이에 본 논문은 대외 통상환경의 개선을 위한 미국의 개별적인 노력 및 구제조치를 비롯한 구체적인 통상정책이 어떻게 채택되었는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 논문은 GATT체제에서 미국이 어떠한 통상정책으로 대외균형을 유지해왔는지를 분석하고자 한다. 나아가 현행 WTO의 틀내에서 미국의 통상정책의 조정수준을 고찰하고 적극적인 무역자유화 추진의 전개방향을 전망하고자 한다. Since the early 1980's the U.S. has been suffering large and chronic trade and current account deficits. These have been caused by large U.S. budget deficits, increased industrial competition from many countries. The World debt crisis of the 1980's had a big impact on U.S. trade bargaining strategy, the Uruguay Round―GATT outcomes. The U.S. trade policy has adjusted to new conditions to capture the full gains from the developments with the rapid evolution of global trading relationships. In this paper we examine the adjustment environment in the U.S. as set out by the U.S. trade remedy laws (countervailing duties for subsidies, anti‐dumping duties, Section 201 safeguard relief, Section 301 remedies, and balance of payments relief) under GATT/WTO. How has the U.S. responded to opportunities and challenges associated with the change of global trade relations? Specifically, what options for improved U.S. trade balance operated under the GATT 1947? How does the GATT 1994 and the WTO alter this situation and the scope for U.S. trade remedies? This paper begins with an analysis of the economic situation of the U.S. with respect to foreign trade. Then, it examines how U.S. trade policy could accomplish in response to changes in global market condition by the means provided by GATT 1994, or by the measures provided by GATT 1947, if there would be any need for a change. Based on the review, we will provide prospects of the U.S. trade policy for the future and the implications for global trade relationships.

EARLY CRETACEOUS BIRDS AND PTEROSAURS FROM THE SINUIJU SERIES, AND GEOGRAPHIC EXTENSION OF THE JEHOL BIOTA INTO THE KOREAN PENINSULA

Ke-Qin Gao,Quanguo Ll,MINGRUI WEI,HyonUk Pak,Insop Pak 한국고생물학회 2009 고생물학회지 Vol.25 No.1

The Lower Cretaceous Sinuiju Series of the Jasong Supergroup (=Jasong System of Pak and Kim, 1996) developed in the Amnok River Basin, North Korea, has yielded a potentially important vertebrate fauna, the taxonomic components of which are closely similar to those of the Jehol Biota best known from the Yixian and Chiufotang (=Jiufotang) formations in western Liaoning province, China (Chang et al., 2003; Zhou et al., 2003). The fossil-bearing beds of the Sinuiju Series consist of lacustrine fine-grained sandstones, mudstones, tuffaceous shales and andesites with a total thickness of over 2500 meters (Pak and Kim, 1996). Stratigraphically, the Sinuiju Series rests unconformably on top of Paleo-proterozoic metamorphic rocks, and underlies the Cretaceous Taebo Supergroup and Palaeogene strata. The age of the Sinuiju Series was thought to be Late Jurassic (Pak and Kim, 1996), but the strata contain the characteristic Eosestheria-Ephemeropsis-Lycoptera complex of the Jehol Biota, supporting an Early Cretaceous age of the Series (see also Lee et al., 2001). Accordingly, the Sinuiju fauna signifies the geographic extension of the Jehol Biota from northeast China into the Korean Peninsula. Vertebrate fossils were found at a road-cut approximately six kilometers south of the city of Sinuiju (Figure 1). The fossil specimens already excavated from this site include Lycoptera and sturgeon fishes, anuran amphibians, several birds, possible theropod dinosaurs, and pterosaurs; none of these have been described in scientific publication, and the taxonomic status has remained uncertain ever since their discovery. Most of the fossils are preserved as dorso-ventral compressions as commonly seen in the Liaoning beds, but occur in dark shales that denote a slightly different depositional environment than the Yixian and Chiufotang formations in western Liaoning, China.

The Globalization of Finance : Opportunities and Challenges

Insop Pak 한국무역학회 2006 Journal of Korea trade Vol.10 No.1

Now that globalization is in the air, it is discernible in various forms and assuming varying contacts and ramifications. Globalization already affects national treatment and practice. It raises a number of questions that cannot be readily and easily answered. In particular, the globalization of finance has created a significant evolution of the international financial system in recent years. The information revolution has reduced the costs of borrowing and lending across traditional national boundaries and thereby led to a dramatic expansion of cross-border financial flows. Notably, global financial integration has eroded economic and regulatory barriers to competition across the marketplace for financial services. The growing global financial system is demonstrated to be far more efficient today than ever before in that it has significantly facilitated cross-border trade in goods and services, and thus has substantially contributed to standards of living worldwide. However, as shown in the recent financial crisis episodes in East Asia and Mexico, the globalization of finance has become a challenge to the participants of the financial markets. In this regard, this paper analyzes the process of financial globalization to better understand how the global financial community can maximize the benefits from the globalization of finance while recognizing the challenges.

다국적 기업의 조세 회피 규제: 유럽 연합의 조세 개혁을 중심으로

박인섭(Insop Pak),토이로바 무비나(Mubina Toirova) 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2016 인문사회과학연구 Vol.17 No.2

2012년 이후 조세 회피 관련 문제가 전 세계 언론에서 주요기사로 자주 다뤄지고 있다. 최근 구글, 아마존, 스타박스는 물론 애플, 이베이, 페이팔, 페이스북 등 대다수의 다국적 기업이 조세를 회피하고 있다는 의혹이 제기 되어 각국의 조세 당국자 등 관련 기관들이 이를 주시하고 있다. 이는 2005년 마이크로소프트사가 조세를 회피했다는 월스트리트저널의 보도에 대한 국제 사회의 관심이 거의 없었던 데 비해 현격한 차이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 다국적 기업의 조세 회피 행위와 조세 피난처 이용은 글로벌 기업경영의 필수 전략으로 악용되어 개별 국가의 세원존립기반에 위협을 주 는 등 국제사회의 심각한 문제로 부각되었다. 이와 같은 문제에 대한 해결책으로 최근 유럽연합은 경제협력개발기구 (OECD)의 “국가 간 소득이전을 통한 세원잠식” (BEPS) 대응방안(통칭 구 글세)과 “통합법인세하한기준” (CCCTB) 두 가지 프로젝트를 기초로 마련한 법인세제 개혁안을 유럽의회에서 입법화해 28개 전 회원국에 적용할 방침이다. 이에 본 논문은 동 프로젝트의 특징과 목적 등에 대해 심층 분 석하고 있다. 그러나 여전히 동 프로젝트와 관련해 몇 가지 난제가 남아 있다. 즉 동 프로젝트의 향후 다국적기업의 법인세 회피 방지 효과 여부와 국가 간 소 득이전을 통한 세원잠식 대응 방안과 통합법인세 하한기준의 분리 여부에 대한 결론은 추후 동 프로젝트의 최초 성과가 나오기 전까지는 현 상황에 서 내리기가 어렵다. 이와 같은 난제의 해결책을 강구하기 위해서는 향후 지속적인 관련 연구가 요구되는 바이다. Starting from 2012 the phrase “tax avoidance” became frequent in headlines. Many multinationals, such as Google, Amazon and Starbucks were mentioned in tax dodging claims, but were not, however, alone. Apple, eBay, PayPal, Facebook and other multinationals have all been subject to comment. The first claim was against Microsoft and appeared in The Wall Street Journal in 2005. However, it was encountered with nearly null reaction. Tax avoidance practices and the use of tax havens by multinational enterprises have become commonplace and even an essential part of modern business operations. Today it becomes a serious issue for national governments of developed countries. Two projects were introduced in EU, in order to suppress corporate tax avoidance: the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project of OECD and the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) project. The features and particular objects of these projects are studied in future research. However, it will take reasonable period of time, until both projects will present first results.

China′s Rare Earth Industry Policy and Its Global Impact

Mubina Toirova(토이로바 무비나),Insop Pak(박인섭) 강원대학교 사회과학연구원 2015 사회과학연구 Vol.54 No.2

“첨단산업의 비타민”으로 불리는 희토류는 그 희소성으로 최근 전 세계의 주목을 받고 있다. 중국은 희토류 자원 매장량이 가장 많은 국가로서 세계 최대의 생산국이지만 최근에 환경보호와 자원보존을 이유로 국가 전략적 산업구조조정과 함께 수출 쿼터를 통제하는 수출규제조치를 강화하여 희토류 산업을 정비하게 되었다. 한편 중국은 2010년 댜오위다오(센카쿠열도) 영토 분쟁 이후 불거진 자국의 희토류 산업정책과 수출규제 및 수출량 제한조치로 공급물량 부족과 가격급등을 우려한 서방세계의 WTO 분쟁해결기구 제소에서 1심 패널 판결에 불복, 항소에도 불구 2014년 8월 패소함으로써 희토류 수출 쿼터 폐지등 후속 조치를 취할 수밖에 없는 상황에 직면하게 되었다. 이에 본 연구는 최근 전 세계적으로 주목을 받고 있는 중국의 희토류 산업정책과 수출규제 및 수출제한조치가 전 세계에 어떠한 영향을 끼쳤는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 특히 중국이 희토류 산업 정책을 통해 얻을 수 있는 효과 및 “중국의 희토류 수출제한조치”와 “희토류 가격”간의 연관성에 대해 분석하고 그 시사점을 도출하고자 한다. Rare earths which are called as the vitamin of high-tech industry are indispensable part of high-tech devices, and eco-friendly products such as smart phones, laptops, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. As the world"s dominant rare earth provider China has suffered from severe environmental pollution in their production areas due to Chinese government"s inappropriate supervision, and thus the excessive development by rarer earth producers. In response China"s government has overhauled its rare earth industry regime by way of its restructuring as a national strategic industry, and strengthening the pollutant emission standard and export restrictions including export quotas. China"s Diaoyu Dao island territory dispute with Japan in 2010 has led to tighten its export control over rare earth materials, which caused the USA, EU and Japan"s serious concern over a undersupply and sudden price rise of rare earth, and thereby filing suit with the WTO. Despite China"s defense, in March 2014 the panel of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body(DSB) held that China violated the GATT rules. Moreover, China"s appeal was rejected by the appellate body of the WTO DSB in August 2014. This paper examines China’s rare earth industry policies and its global impact. In order to fulfil the research, global rare earth reserves and history of Chinese rare earth production has been reviewed. Moreover, the aspects of implementing rare earth industry policies by the Chinese government have been analyzed. China being one of the major exporter of rare earths faced several problems, such as illegal mining activities and severe environmental problems associated with extraction and production of rare earthmetals. As a result, Chinese government implemented export restrictions(export quotas, export taxes) on rare earths in order to tackle environmental problems. In the circumstances, major rare earth consuming countries strongly argued that the regulatory measures increased rare earth prices globally. In this context, this paper explores the nexus between China"s rare earth industry policies and rare earth prices, that is China"s influence on the formation of rare earth price.