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병역을 통한 시민자격의 형성 ― 1960년대 병역미필자 축출과 구제
강인화 ( Kang¸ Inhwa ) 한국사회사학회 2021 사회와 역사 Vol.- No.131
이 글은 1960년대 4·19에서 5·16으로 이어지는 시기, 병역미필자에 대한 축출 및 구제의 과정과 미필자 구제를 이유로 제시된 병역 ‘대체’ 개념에 주목하여, 병역에 기초한 시민자격의 형성 과정을 밝히려는 시도이다. 한국전쟁 기간을 포함하는 1950년대 병역제도 운영 과정에서 가중된 군복무 부담은 이후 당사자 운동을 야기하는 배경이 되었다. 1960년 4·19를 전후로 병역의무의 당사자들은 ‘병역미필 공직자를 축출’하고, 이를 ‘제대군인으로 교체하라’며, 병역 부담의 공정성과 병역이행자의 사회·경제적 지위 개선을 공개적으로 요구하였다. 1961년 5·16으로 등장한 박정희 정부는 아래로부터의 요구에 적극적으로 호응하면서, 병역미필자축출 방침을 전면화하였다. 정부는 병역미필자 집단을 축출·배제의 대상으로 지목하는 동시에 구제·포섭 대상으로 상정하였다. 그리고 국토건설을 위한 노동력 제공을 미필자 구제를 위한 병역 ‘대체’ 의무로 제시하였다. 이와 같은 병역미필자축출과 구제의 과정에서 병역의무의 시민권적 지위와 병역이행자의 시민자격이 (재)정립되기 시작하였다. This study focuses on the expulsion and rescue movements for the un-drafted and un-enlisted of the 1960s. The paper elucidates the processes involved and their effects on legitimating military service as an obligation of citizenship. Namely, as military burdens increased during the 1950s with the Korean War, society moved toward more stringent rules with military enlistment. In the April 19 Revolution, society demanded the expulsion of officials who had not completed their military duties. It ordered fair and universal conscription of all able-bodied men and improved veterans’ social and economic treatment. The Park Chung-hee government, which emerged after the May 16 coup d’état in 1961, actively responded to requests from the below. It promoted social reform and social integration to oust un-drafted men and rescue those who had not yet served military service. The government targeted those men who had not completed their military duties with government expulsion from posts or exclusion. Still, through a series of policy adjustments, it also found ways to incorporate those it desired to keep. The provision of the labor force for “national land construction” served as a backdoor “replacement” for military service, which provided relief the un-drafted and un-enlisted persons. By the 1960s, the expulsion/rescue movements had begun to reestablish citizenship rights for those men who had served the military and to make a connection between citizenship and military service.
Inhwa Jung,Gunok Jung,Janghoon Song,Moo-Young Kim,Junyoung Park,Sung Bae Park,Chulwoo Kim IEEE 2008 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS PART 2 E Vol.55 No.2
<P>Portable multiphase clock generators capable of adjusting its clock phase according to input clock frequencies have been developed both in a 0.18-mum and in a 0.13-mum CMOS technologies. They consist of a full-digital CMOS circuit design that leads to a simple, robust, and portable IP. In addition, their open-loop architecture lead to no jitter accumulation and one-cycle lock characteristic that enables clock-on-demand circuit structures. The implemented low power clock generator tile in a 0.13-mum CMOS technology occupies only 0.004 mm <SUP>2</SUP> and operates at variable input frequencies ranging from 625 MHz to 1.2 GHz within a plusmn 2% phase error having one-cycle lock time.</P>
A 140-Mb/s to 1.82-Gb/s Continuous-Rate Embedded Clock Receiver for Flat-Panel Displays
Inhwa Jung,Daejung Shin,Taejin Kim,Chulwoo Kim IEEE 2009 IEEE transactions on circuits and systems. a publi Vol.56 No.10
<P>A wide-range fast-locking embedded clock receiver, which can provide a continuous data rate of 140 Mb/s to 1.82 Gb/s in a 0.25-mum CMOS process, is presented. A fast lock time of 7.5 mus and a small root-mean-square jitter of 15 ps are achieved by using the proposed frequency-band selection and frequency acquisition schemes, as well as a simple linear-phase detector. The implemented embedded clock receiver occupies 2.00 mm<SUP>2</SUP> and consumes currents of 44 and 137 mA at 140 Mb/s and 1.82 Gb/s, respectively, including input/output currents.</P>
Survival analysis for colon subsite and rectal cancers
Inhwa Lee(이인화),Seung-Hyun Baek(백승현),Hyunsung Kim(김현성),Hong-Jae Jo(조홍재),Nahm-Gun Oh(오남건),Sanghwa Ko(고상화) 대한종양외과학회 2015 Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology Vol.11 No.2
Purpose: The survival rates of patients with colorectal cancers have been well documented in many studies. Some studies have shown that proximal colon cancers have inferior survival rates when compared with distal colon cancers. However, the prognostic significance of tumor location with respect to survival remains controversial. By using data from a single physician, we analysed patient survival rates based on colon cancer subsite location, including rectal cancers. Methods: We retrospectively analysed 881 patients with colorectal cancers between 1987 and 2008. Colon subsite locations were defined as cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. Subsite-specific survival analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards ratios. The median follow-up time was 93 months. Results: A total of 689 colorectal cancer cases were included in our analysis, of which 14 were cecum (2.0%), 95 were ascending colon (13.8%), 21 were transverse colon (3.0%), 25 were descending colon (3.6%), 129 were sigmoid colon (18.7%), and 405 were rectum (58.8%) cancers. The 5-year overall survival rates were 77.8% for all colorectal cancers, which consisted of 92.9% for cecal cancer, 69.5% for ascending colon cancer, 76.2% for transverse colon cancer, 84.0% for descending colon cancer, 82.2% for sigmoid colon cancer, and 77.5% for rectal cancer. Conclusion: Ascending colon cancer was associated with the poorest survival outcome, whereas descending colon cancer was associated with the best survival outcome except cecal cancer. Moreover, the survival rate associated with left colon cancer was better than the survival for right colon and rectal cancer.
Inhwa Kim,Jee Hyun Ma 한국중원언어학회 2016 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.38
This study examined how noticing the function of L2 model texts affects the subsequent revision process in L2 writing. With this research purpose, the following research questions are formulated: 1) what language features L2 learners notice during their initial L2 writing while comparing their L2 writing with L2 model texts, and 2) what types of revision L2 learners report. For this study, 30 Korean secondary school students were divided into three groups according to English writing proficiency levels. All the data were collected from a picture description task with three stages: the initial writing, the comparison, and the revision stage. The findings showed that the participants largely noticed problematic L2 linguistic features in lexical areas initially. In the comparison stage, they frequently reported their L2 problems, revealing the noticing-triggering function of L2 model texts. At the revision stage, they revised their initial L2 writing with or without preceding noticing conditions. However, the effects of L2 model writing as noticing appeared different depending on L2 proficiency levels, suggesting the necessity of level-differentiated instruction using L2 model texts in L2 educational settings.