신소설에 나타난 novel의 징후 : 「치악산」과 「쟝화홍련젼」의 비교연구 Comparative Study on "Chiaksan" and "Story of Janghwa Hongryun"

강인숙 건국대학교 1996 學術誌 Vol.40 No.1

In Korean literature, we have a genre named 'new novel' between romance and novel. To clarify the characteristic feature of new novel, 1 want to compare the structures of "Chiaksan" and "Story of Janghwa Hongryun". Both of these novels share many thing in common. For example, both of them are step mother story, but they also have certain differences. In this article, I would like to demon-strate the symptoms of novel in new novel by clarifying the different phase of these two novels. 1.Character A) Similar phase (1) protagonist a) social class: yangban b) moral phase: superior class c) role in the story: good suffering step children d) typicality of characters: their assistants are also good (2) antagonist a) social class: yangban, however, economic and moral phases are inferior than protagonist. b) role in the story: bad step mother with bad assistant B) difference (1) In "Story of Janghwa Hongryun," the helper of antagonist is her own son. "Chiaksan" is different. Helpers of antagonist are her servants. Unlike the blood relationship in "Story of Janghwa Hongryun," these servants help the antagonist because of the money and the land she offer. They are market oriented type, suitable characters for novel. 2.The method of characterization. In terms of character roles, there are many similarities in both stories. But the method of characterization in them are much different. In "Story of Janghwa Hongryun," characters are very simple. In other word, they are one dimensional. Good person is always good and also beautiful. Morality and the beauty is unseparable in this story. "Chiakson" is different. Characters of this story has more complex dimensions as follow. (1) Protagonist has a a lot of virtues yet she also has bad side. Antagonist is bad. but also has some nice element. The good and the evil blended in each character so the characters in "Chiaksan" are more realistic than "Story of Janghwa Hongryun". (2) Beauty and the virtue of characters are not combined in this story. Antagonist of "Story of Janghwa Hongryun" is ugly, but the step mother of "Chiaksan" is beautiful even though she is bad. Her husband knows very well about her badness, yet he cannot help loving her. These kinds of complexity make characters more realistic. 3.Chronotopos The locational setting of "Story of Janghwa Hongryun" is not vague, but the name of the place has almost no meaning in this story, Same is true in terms of the temporal dimension. Chronotopos in "Chiaksan" is more realistic. The location is the place the author knows very well. So is the same in case of temporal dimension. The chronotopos in this story is "here and now" type, similar to novel, Enlargement of spatial scale, the concreteness of the locational description, interest of characters' manners and costumes and type of the chronotopos are symptoms of novel found in "Chiaksan". Unlike novel, however, where most of action happen in the 'community', locations of action in "Chiaksan" are usually outside of the 'village' touch as mountain and water mill cottage, etc. The market oriented characters are not protagonist yet in this novel, they are only assistant characters. These means the conditions of novel are not matured enough in "Chiaksan." 4. The causal relationship in the plot The author of "Chiaksan" is too conscious about the probability of the story. He explains too much for each event. This kind of expositions disturb the profess of the story, thus drive the reader's interest out from it. For example, when the father in law informed that his daughter in law has a lover, he ordered his servant bring to him some poison for punish her. In this critical scene, the author spend too much time explaining about the process of getting the poison which destroy the tension of the scene. This is common trait of new novel. Writers are too conscious about the causality of the action, so the readers become distracted. The elements of novel and romance are intermingled in new novel. Even though it is not matured enough to become novel, there are many symptoms of novel found in new novel which initiated the development of novel eventually. The writer of new novel were longing for new ara and new genre of writing, that they wanted rejecte the old narrative method.

韓國石塔의 佛舍利 安置位置와 莊嚴內容에 對한 考察

李仁淑 한양대학교 한국학연구소 1988 韓國學論集 Vol.13 No.-

The Pagoda (in Sanskrit, "Stupa") is the place in which sacred remains of Buddha are enshrined. Pagoda is classified into three kinds according to the materials of which it is built; wood, brick or stone. The stone pagodas are the most prevailed type of pagoda in Korea. The stone pagoda in the Unified Silla period is elieved to have been derived from the wooden pagoda and also was preceded by brick pagodas, as shown in the formers which retain elements of wood or brick pagoda styles. The famous early examples of stone pagodas which were built after the style of wood and birck are stone pagoda in Miruksa temple, five story stone pagoda in Jeongrimsa temple and stone pagoda in Punwhangsa temple. After that, a unique style of stone pagodas emerged from the time when Silla unifed the Tree Kingdoms, the style became the typical Korean Stone pagoda whch is Characterized in several aspects. From the first period of the stone pagods which were built in Korea, we could notice the style f pagoda changed, besically, in the numbers of corner and center pillars of the double platform and in the types of roofing stone of each story which is supported by a reversed staircase of five, four or three steps. So we are able to classify the stone pagoda style according to these two eminant elements into Ⅰ, Ⅱ. Ⅲ. Ⅳ period from the beginning of the stone pagoda in Korea untill the end of the Unified Silla. I here studied in which story of the stone pagoda Sarira Case was put, and concluded the places where Sarira cases were installed were changed according to the period. Before the Korean typical three story stone pagoda style prevailed. Sarira cases were placed underground of the wooden pagoda that might be-the chinese idea of underground burial. From the I to the Ⅱ period Sarira cases were enshrined at the upper story of stone pagoda. And the-tendency began from the Ⅲ period that Sarira Cases were installed in the first story of the stone pagoda was dominated in the Ⅳ Period in general. About Sarira Case itself, I can notice that Sets of vessels made of gold, silver, gilt-bronze and crystal or glass bottles in the manner of putting one-upon another were prevailed until the Ⅲ period. These Sarira Cases made-of metal or glass were the representative examples of Korean ancient craftsmanship, because they were the finest arifacts on which were extrmely reflected their religious mind and sense of art. But from the Ⅳ period, one bowl with a lid made of steatie, in a very simplified way com-paring with the preceding period became the popular Sarira Case type. I hope this small research should be helpful for the more future researches about these related topics.

임신성 당뇨와 임신성 내당능장애에 관한 연구

윤인숙,이종국 대구보건대학 2005 대구보건대학 論文集 Vol.25 No.-

Some of the most common metabolic disorders that are complicated by pregnancy are gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and gestational impaired gluscose tolerance (GIGT). Many studies on GDM and GIGT have been conducted actively in or outside of Korea recently. This study was conducted to compare maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes in groups of GDM or GIGT with normal pregnant women, and on 759 pregnant women delivered at the one of general hospitals in Daegu city during the period of July 1, 2001, through June 31, 2003. We performed 50gm oral glucose tolerance test (50gm GTT) to screen GIGT and GDM in 759 pregnant women at 24~28 weeks of gestation. Among 181 women with plasma glucose level over 140mg/dl in 50gm GTT, 179 women underwent 100gm oral glucose tolerance test (100gm GTT) and National Diabetes Data Group thresholds were used to diagnose GIGT and GDM. We also examined and analysed some maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes retrospectively in groups of GDM, GIGT, and normal pregnant women. T-test was used to determine the statistical significance. The prevalence of GIGT and GDM was 19.1% and 4.5%, respectively. The prevalence of GDM in pregnant women with over than 150mg/dl was 4 times higher than in pregnant women with 140~149mg/dl in 50gm GTT. The average age of GIGT women and GDM women was significantly higher than that of normal pregnant women(P<0.05). The prevalence of GIGT and GDM in pregnant women aged over 30 was 67.6%, 72.7%, respectively. The prevalence of GDM in pregnant women with parity over 3 in GDM group was significantly higher than that in normal pregnant women(P<0.05). In relationship between GDM prevalence and blood types of pregnant women, the pregnant women with A blood type showed the highest prevalence in GDM(66.7%). The frequency of overweight newborn in the GDM group was two times higher than that in the GIGT or normal group. One of the most common metabolic disorders that is complicated by pregnancy is GDM and pregnancy complicated with GDM showed poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. Therefore 50gm GTT must be taken in all Korean pregnant women at 24~28 weeks of gestation as well as in all foreign pregnant women.

제주도내 농어민의 건강상태와 보건의료기관의 이용실태에 관한 조사연구

玄仁淑 제주한라대학 1992 論文集 Vol.16 No.-

This investigation analyzes the health conditions and the existence of diseases, and grasps the actual use of medical institutions of farmers and fishermen in Cheju-do, aiming to provide the basic data for the spread of medical instituitions and for the medical service of good quality. The object people of this investigation are the redents over twenty who live in the farming and fishing villages of Cheju-do. The total number of the object people is 2, 400 in 48 villages, among whom 2, 238 people have been chosen for data. The means of this investigation is a question-paper made by pre-investigation. In order to give confidence and to get stright answers, the writer has measured blood pressure and glycosuria value. The gathered data has been processed with the frequency average, standard deviation, Chi-squre test and Anova by spss/pc^(+) The results of this investigaition are as follows. 1) General Characteristics of the Subject People The average age of the object residents is 42.6 and considering the distribution of sex, the male come to 44.9%(1024 people) and the female 55.1%(1258 people). Accoring to the investigation, 616 people live in Cheju city, 547 people in the north Cheju county and 545 people in the south Cheju county. Thirst nine point nine percent of the people and 14.45 percent of the people surpass college graduates in sholarly attainments, which shows that the level of scholarly attainments is improving in the villages. The people engaging in agricuture come to 45.9% and 16.0% engagein fisheries. The average total income amount to 784, 200 won per month and average family number is 4. The people who join the communuty medical insurance come to 58.6%, Twenty five point two percent join the workers' medical insurance, 10.9% join the officials and teachers' medical insurance and 3.5% are medical beneficiaries. 2) Health Conditions and Existence of Diseases. The writer has measured "Self-assessed health", and set it into a 5-point scale where quite good health is marked "5 point" and quite had health is marked "1 point". As a result, the health conditions have turned out to be comparatively good judging from the average point "3.3". Considering the existence of deseases, the people who are sill now come ro 24.6% and the most frequant diseases are the nervous-sensory organ one (33.7%), the muscular-skeletal one (18.9%). The average length of hospitaligation is 20.52 days and the most numerous diseases which led to hospitalization are the digestive system one (30.0%), and the muscleskeletalone (12. 1%). 3) Utilization of Medical Institutions and It's Frequency The most important standard of utilizing a medical institution is the symptoms of disease (60. 5%) and the most preferable medical institution is a hospital. During the last months (after the year 1992), according to the utilize a pharmacy (2. 1 times) and a hospital (1.26 times). The residents in a county utilize a pharmacy (1.92 times), those in a subcounty also utilize a pharmacy (2. 03 times) and the residents in a village where there's a hospital utilize it (1. 53 times). 4) Degree of Perceptions of the Public Health Center and Its Utilization With regard to the degree of perceptions of health conter, this investigation has maxed "knowing-case" 2 point and "not-knowing-case" 1 point. Among the works of a public healthe center, the most popularly recongnized work is vaccination (1.69). The average marks about the eight works take 12.88 from the full marks 16. The most utilized work in a public health center is vaccination (47.4% of all), and in a health branch office and a health medical office it is general medical service. 5) The Case of Using the 3rd Medical Facilities in Other Regions The percentage of using the 3rd medical facilities except Cheju is 16.5%. Its concrete cases are as follows the diseases of nevous-sensory organ(24.5%). The use of the facilities is due to more special midical treatment (41.5%), the advice of the 1st and 2nd medical facilities(25.7%), and lacks of equirments of medical facilities within Cheju (18.0%).

익산시와 서울시 여고생의 식습관 및 영양 섭취 상태에 관한 연구

김인숙,이윤희,김희주 한국조리과학회 2005 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.21 No.2

This study was carried out to investigate the dietary behaviors and nutrient intake of high school girls in Iksan and Seoul cities. The subjects consisted of 122 students in Iksan city, and 136 students in Seoul city. The proportion of subjects who eat meals irregularly was higher in Iksan (98.4%) than in Seoul (80.9%). The proportion of subjects who skip meals was also higher in Iksan (61.5%) than in Seoul (56.6%), and most of them (69.7%) skipped breakfast, even though they thought that it was the most important meal (86.4%). The subjects vended to overeat at lunch (41.9%) and dinner (55.4%). The main reasons that the subjects skipped a meal were a lack of time (50.7%) and poor appetites (23.7%).Most of the subjects (57.4%) had tried to control their body weight by taking drugs (40.5%), doing exercise (34.5%), and controlling their diet (25%). The average intake of nutrients and energy was significantly higher (P<0.05, P<0.01) in Iksan than in Seoul. The intake was below the RDA recommendations except for phosphorus in Iksan, but was above it except for calcium, iron, and vitamin B2,in Seoul. The indexes of nutritional quality (INQ) of calcium (0.5), iron (0.6), vitamin A (0.8), vitamin B2 (0.7), niacin (0.9), and vitamin C (0.9) were under 1.0 but those of protein (1.0), phosphorus (1.2) and thiamin (1.0) were over 1,0. The INQ of the other nutrients, except protein and vitamin C,was significantly higher in Seoul than in Iksan.

各種 疾患 患者의 血淸 및 組織에서의 Carcino-embryonic Antigen (CEA)에 關한 硏究

李賢淑,金仁仙,白承龍 고려대학교 의과대학 1982 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.19 No.3

Carcino-embryonic antigen is a tumor-associated antigen whose testing has been considered to have a significant value in monitoring the patients with a variety of cancers. However, all the patients with malignant tumors do not reveal the elevation of serum CEA. Thus, to evaluate the relationship between serum and tissue CEA concentration, the author has studied serum CEA levels in 76 mailgnant and 89 nonmalignant diseases and demonstrated tissue CEA in 47 malignant and 13 nonmalignant diseases, using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues and immunoperoxidase technique. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The positivity in patients with malignant diseases was 89% in pancreatic, 80% in pulmonary, 67% in hepatic, 64% in colorectal, 64% in gastric and 25% in genitourinary cancers. 2. The positivity in patients with nonmalignant diseases was 53% in gastrointestinal, 63% in hepatobiliary and pancreatic, 69% in pulmonary, 27% in genitourinary tract, 67% in cardiac and 67% in miscellaneous diseases. 3. The positivity of serum CEA in patients with gastric, colorectal and pancreatic cancers was dependent upon the extent of the diseases process. 4. The positive staining for CEA in the tissues of malingnant diseases was 81% as a whole, the staining was high in gastric, colorectal and pancreaic cancers but was low in genitourinary tract cancer, revealing correlation with the degree of staining and tumor differentiation. 5. The positive staining for CEA in the tissues of nonmalingnant diseases was 54%, but the degree of staining was weak. 6. Most of the cases, the negative staining for CEA, had serum CEA levels less than 5.0ng/ml; whereas there was no constant relationship between serum CEA levels and the degree of staining for CEA in tissues. To be brief, the findings suggested that the estimation of the serum CEA levels would be useful to aid in the diagnosis of a variety of cancers and evaluate the extent of the disease process. Also the immunohistochemical identification of CEA in tissue sections might have histopathological diagnostic implications and provide a solid basis for use of CEA in the follow-up management of cancer patients.

腸內條件에 對한 乳酸桿菌類의 耐性

朴仁淑 배화여자대학 1983 培花論叢 Vol.2 No.-

For two strains of Lactobacilli (L. casei, L. bulgaricus) which are commonly used in fermented milk industry, acid tolerence and bile tolerence were tested and compared with each other strain in order to realize the antagonistic effect on the intestinal micro flora. And changes of Lactobacilli counts and coli form counts in the faeces of 10 adults were also tested during 30 days of administration of fermented milk curd of the strains. Obtained results were as follows. 1. Strains of L. casei showed acid tolerence as strong as L. bulgaricus strains that tolerented for over 60 minutes in HCl solution of pH 2 (adjusted with lactate buffer). 2. Both strains of L. bulgaricus and L. casei were grown in MRS agar containing 0.1% of bile salt. But L. casei strains showed a higher tolerence in the agar media (MRS and MacConkey) containing over 0.1% of bile acid. 3. In broth media containing bile salt, strains of both Lactobacilli species were grown and produced acid in MRS broth of 0.15% of bile salt. But in MacConkey broth, strains of L. casei showed a little stronger than those of L. bulgaricus. 4. After acid treatment of stomach condition (HCI soln. of pH 2) for 30 minutes, both of Lactobacilli species showed almost same tolerence in MRS broth (0. 1% bile salt). But in MacConkey broth strains of L. casei were also slightly stronger. 5. During administration of fermented milk Lactobacilli counts in faeces were gradually increased after a week. And the increasing tendency of the count in case of L. casei was more evident than that of L. bulgaricus. And it was considered that some strain of L. bulgaricus which was not found in normal micro flora of human intestine, was able to survive in the intestinal tract. 6. Coli form counts were evidently decreased in both cases of fermented milk by administration for 1 week. This fact indicated that both strains of L. casei and L. bulgaricus were able to control the intestinal micro flora. 7. And it was also considered that fermented milk of curd type (not diluted) was more effective on the control of intestinal micro flora.

1970년대 북한의 발전위기와 대중운동노선 재정립

장인숙 ( In Sook Jang ) 북한연구학회 2011 北韓硏究學會報 Vol.15 No.1

다른 현실 사회주의체제가 겪었던 발전위기 문제점들이 1970년대 북한에서도 표면화 된다. 이에 북한은 ``천리마운동(Chollima Movement)``과 다른 ``3대혁명운동(Three-Revolution Movement)``의 본격화로 대응한다. 이 시기 ``3대혁명운동``에 주목하는 이유는 경제 침체에서 비롯한 체제 위기에 대한 대응이 여타의 현실 사회주의 국가와 다른 북한만의 특수성을 함축하고 있기 때문이다. 현실 사회주의체제는 발전위기에 직면하여 시장원리 및 자본주의적 요소를 도입하는 실용주의의 길을 택한다. 그러나 북한은 역으로 전통적인 사회주의 발전전략을 고수하는 가운데 대중운동노선 재정립으로 발전위기 돌파를 모색한다. 1960년대와는 차별화된 1970년대식 대중운동인 ``3대혁명운동``이 추진된다. 이러한 북한의 선택은 당시 북한이 직면했던 중앙집권화된 계획경제의 구조적 문제에 대한 근본적인 처방이 아니었다. 경제적 논리로 분석한다면 합리적인 선택이라고 볼 수 없다. 오히려 발전위기 발생의 주요 요인이었던 중앙집권적 성격을 강화시키는 조치이다. 이는 효율적·합리적 선택이 가로막혔던 분단체제라는 현실적 한계 속에서 북한이 택할 수밖에 없었던 위기 대응 방식이었다. 1970년대 북한이 처해있던 분단체제의 구조적 한계는 현재까지 지속되고 있다. 또한 1970년대 확립된 대중운동노선은 북한 사회주의 경제건설방식으로 고착되어 오늘날까지 그 원칙과 방향이 지속되고 있다. 합리적 선택으로 보였던 현실 사회주의의 자본주의 요소 도입 및 실용주의의 길은 결국 개혁·개방을 거쳐 체제전환 및 사회주의 붕괴로 귀결되었다. 그러나 경제논리가 아닌 대중운동이라는 정치우위방식으로 발전위기에 대처했던 북한은 체제를 유지하고 있다. 이는 ``3대혁명운동``이 북한 계획 및 폐쇄 경제와 같은 체제 내적 한계를 보완하며 체제를 지탱하는 버팀목으로 작용하였음을 방증한다. My dissertation researches and examines the process on the reorganization and refreshment of the Mass Movement line in the 1970s which the North Korean`s prototype in the Mass Movement was set up in. Development crisis experienced in other socialist systems in history comes up to surface in 1970`s North Korean society. North Korea corresponds to such problems by hitting their strides in ``Three-Revolution Movement,`` different from ``Chollima Movement.`` The ``Three-Revolution Movement`` at that period of time gains attention in that it holds its uniqueness by reacting differently from how other socialist states has dealt with system`s crisis resulting from economic downturn. Facing development crisis, other socialist states choose a pragmatic path to adopt market principles and capitalistic elements. However, North Korea adheres to traditional socialism development strategy and seeks solution by reorganization mass movement line. Differentiated from 1960`s, 1970`s mass movement line, ``Three-Revolution Movement,`` is pushed ahead. However, at that time, North Korea`s decision was not an fundamental solution to its centralized planned economy. In economic logic, it cannot be viewed as a rational decision. Rather, it was a decision enforcing centralized nature, which was the main cause of development crisis. North Korea`s reaction to crisis was carried out under the divided status of two Koreas, limiting the country from making efficient and rational choice. The fundamental limitation of the divided system in 1970`s still remains in the present North Korean society. In addition, the mass movement line has set in and perpetuates as reconstructing strategy of North Korea`s socialist economy, preserving its principles and directions till today. Seen as rational choice, other socialist state introducing capitalist elements or taking pragmatic path has gone through reform and opening, system transition, and resulted in collapse of socialist system. However, this study is to bring attention to North Korea`s current socialist system sustained by the ``Three-Revolution Movement`` complementing the country`s inner limit of planned or closed economy and functioning as a pillar supporting the system.

1930年代의 英詩 : The New Country Group를 中心으로 with the New Country Group

秦仁淑 건국대학교 1967 學術誌 Vol.8 No.1

Over the last thirty or forty years, between the two World War and thereafter the English poetry has produced a larger body of profuse, brilliant and even uneven works in a dazzling variety of styles and a formidable range of subjects. This period developed and maintained a tone and manner idiosyncratic enough to earn the coining of the word "Modern Poets" This sense of abundance, variety and freedom derives principally from the poet's own approach to poetry and from the intercourse with the post-war Continent. The group of poets under the name of the "Modern Poets" might as well be said to be represented by "The New Country Group" headed by W. H. Auden. It is a well-known fact by now that Auden's works are sometimes beyond the comprehension of ordinals readers because the maker's views and visions are very much of his own, which has developed with some consistency and because of the difficult technical medium-the side that most reflects the poet's character ; however many critics laid much stress on Auden's "Causes", ignoring his other qualities as a poet, e. g. his technical experiments inspired by, and intimately related to T. S. Eliot. Auden's principal subject was the profound division of sympathy in the Middleclass Leftist, who was self-divided between the pure working class and the incapable middle-class he belonged to ; between his feeling for "England, Home and Beauty," and his feeling for Marxist idealism ; between fantasies of private love and facts of public service. Auden's ideal "good place" has changed in its definition in the thirty years he has been writing. Since Auden is, superficially, an extremely dogmatic poet, with a love for decisive action and assertive statesment, summarizing his different definitions is not so easy as it seems. It would be possible to talk, in very general terms, of a change from a "political" to a "religious" attitude, from Freudian Marxism to Christianity. The difficulty would be that - as far as poetry is concerned-such terminology would be very inexact. For, as a poet, Auden leaves the impression of being a man engaged in an extremely private and personal dispute, pursuit, or quest. The earlier Auden had infused a landscape of fragmentary details with a wholly personal vision, compounded of romantic excitement, social analysis, the language of Freudian psychology, and the intense pleasure of authority over words and images. The latter Auden creates an almost symbolic bird's-eyes view of life, looking at some distance from the personal. The nervous anxiety and energy that gave the earlier passages its uneven power has dwindled to a warm glance backward at a "guilt-ridden" culture. Thus, rather than changing sharply, in the course of his career, from a "political" to a "religious" point of view, attempting to reconcile the contraries and dualities. The Auden's works would remain in the history of poetry written in English as a "typical pattern" for nineteen-thirties ; though it would be more attractive for the readers of nineteen-sixties, should it haute the smiles of humour and the sparks of wits. Spender's earlier works, as the general tendency of this group of poets, are distinctively showing the socialistic ideals. The latter part has been marked by the rather private relicism which is more or less the Shelley's pattern. Spender's image and metaphor was more up-to-time than Eliot and remarkably was of his own. (like seen in the poem "The Landscape near an Aero-drome") In the technical side Spencer was fallowing in general the blank verse set in the regular stanza form; long sentences drag on, like the poet was looking for something, and suddenly settles down on a beautiful word. It was lyrical in imagery and vacabulary related to the traditional lyricism but not in its tone and movement. Spender was abstract and vague while Auden was of facts and reality; however he was so skilled in making a poetical beauty by merely put together these abstract notions that the readers would visualize the scenes and situation behind the abstractness, In the above mentioned poem "The Landscape near an Aero-drome" and the following poem "I think continually of those who were really great", the poet has never manifested who, how, when and what on those who were truly great as the objective of Spender's admiration; the truly great man was the poet's ideal in his notion. Day Lewis early wrote poems after the Auden's pattern; the styles of his own appeared after his trip to Italy. Spender's Poems was concerned with a "mood" while Day Lewis's are of "situations" like Audens. The poem "Conflict" is a picture of a fear-striven liberalist attacked from both sides, fascism and communism, Though Day Lewis's situations are concrete and detailed, its images are vague and abstract; its languages are old and conventional; thus the old metaphor is not employed in making a new context that would be able to widen the areas of common feeling between the maker and reader, Day Lewis technic was, so to say, to link an abstract notion with another abstract word related to ; finally he has mastered the poetical handlings of a metaphysical wit. MacNeice is very much similar to Auden in his moralized tone, citizenlike imagery and plain conversational languages but MacNeice's works are more visually sensitive. Among this group of poets, MacNeice is the only one who has not paid much concerns on the politics and society ; his images are usually expressed through the external symptoms of nature (as seen in the poem "June 1st") ; nature in MacNeice's poems never appeared without clad in his designs and patterns, thus the rainfall in June is to wash out his expectations and anxieties accumulated. MacNeice's technique is direct and personal, extremely of his own and yet there is always a very common standard of humanistic moral underneath the personalized imagery.In the light of pure personality, MacNeice might be the poet among the group who has had a sound and well balanced characters.

에밀 졸라의 理論으로 照明해 본 金東仁의 自然主義

姜仁淑 건국대학교 1982 學術誌 Vol.26 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to examine Kim Tong In's naturalism compared with Emile Zola's theory of literature who has established theoretical foundation of naturalism. The reason I discuss on Zola's theory is that his theory has been served as a universal reference in the study of the literature of naturalism. Since in Korean literature the term "naturalism" itself was imported from Europe, therefore we can not discuss it without referring to it's original sense established by Zola. There seem to be several factors which distinguish Zola's naturalism from realism. The first is his belief in science. This is verified from the fact that he himself claimed to base his "The experimental nobel" on Claude Bernard's Medical theory. Zola is a novelist who tried to practice writing in a scientific method. Naturally what he aims at in his works is truth, not beauty, and the faithful reproduction of facts. He values above all objective data which serve as supporting evidences of facts, and employs a method of analysis and anatomy as natural scientists do. The second factor is Zola's materialism and determinism. Resulted from his attitude to regard human brain of the same substance as that of a stone, his materialistic view of man totally denies lyricism and religion. His determinism to refuse to admit man's free will inevitably leads him to describe the process of man's depravity and use the characters that belong to the low mimetic mode. Examined from the viewpoint of objective, analytical, anatomy, resuled from Zola's belief in science, Kim Tong In appears to have some similarities to Zola in many ways such as objectivity, faithful reproduction of facts, serious consideration of evidences, and analytical approaches‥‥etc. However, the dissimilarities are more predominant than the similarities. First, Tong In's extremistic disposition seems to contradict the naturalist's attitude of evaluating universal objectivity highly. Second, his narcissism involves a danger of exposing subjective judgments. Third, his aestheticism conflicts with naturalistic high esteem for "truth". Two other factors might be added as negative elements in Tong In's naturalism. One is immaturity of the modern Korean society, and the other the conflict of the genre of short story with naturalism. On the other hand, examined from the viewpoint of determinism, has more similarities in reverse. Denial of lyricism and religion, belief in the power of heredity and environment, and use of low mimetic mode omnipresent in his naturalistic works. However, his stories, possess many elements which are in discore with determinism and can be classified into four different groups in this connection. (1) in "감자"(Potatoes) and "태형" (Flogging), only environment is considered. (2) materialistic view of man seems to be ambiguous in "김연실전"(The Story of Kim Yun Shil) and "광염소나타"(Passionate Sonata) though both environment and heredity are dealt with in them. (3) in "태형" the first person narrator is used and free will is admitted. (4) indifferent attitude towards society is seem throughout his works. In conclusion, it can he said that between Kim Tong In's naturalism and Zola's theory, there are some similarities; however, far more striking dissimilarities between them make us hesitate to treat Kim Tong In a simple naturalist. Although he might be regarded as a naturalist when compared with such an emotive writer as Lee Kwang soo, with Zola, Tong In is a writer with a mere tinge of naturalism. This conclusion could also lead us to infer that the situations peculiar to Korea of 1920's such as the lack of positivistic thought, the social change of the period, and the short story-centered state of Korean novel did work as negative factors against the establishment of naturalism in Korea.