대장직장암 환자의 술전 및 술후 혈청 CEA측정의 의의

손기섭,배진선,김인구,장일성,윤완희 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1988 충남의대잡지 Vol.15 No.2

This report is a clinical study of the significance of preoperative and postoperative serial check of plasma CEA levels in 36 cases of colorectal cancer who were admitted and treated at the Chungnam National University Hospital from Mar. 1987 to Oct. 1988 and the results were as follows: 1. The positive rate of preoperative CEA level(over 5ng/ml) in colorectal cancer was 58.3% In resection group, positive rate and mean CEA level were 53.6% and 7.6ng/ml respective and in unresection group they were 75% and 36.7ng/ml respectively (p<0.05). 2. The proportion of patients with abnormal CEA level(over 5ng/ml)was 33.3% in Dukes B, 46.2% in Dukes' C and 69.2% in Dukes'D. 3. The proportion of patients with abnormal CEA level(over 5ng/ml) was 25% in wel1.diffe rentiated type, 60.9%in moderately differentiated type and 37.5 % in poorly differentiated type. 4. The recurrence rate after curative resection in preoperative normal CEA(0~2.5ng/ml) group was presumed 0% in borderline(2.6~ 5ng/ml) group was 33.3%, in high(over 5ng/ml) group was 16.7% 5. In 3 patients with postoperative liver metastasis had the highest frequency of elevated level(over 60ng/ml), whereas those with local recurrence had a lower frequency of elevated level. 6, A patient had second look procedure include segmental resection of local recurrence, buthe was dead of peritoneal caricinomatosis several months later.

자아개념의 多元性과 학업성취간 관계

송인섭 숙명여자대학교 사회 교육과학연구소 2001 사회 교육과학연구 Vol.5 No.1

Wylie는 “성취와 능력이 성취와 능력자아개념들, 그리고 일반 존중감과도 강하게 관계될 것”이라고 가장했다(1979, 355). 본 절은 목적은 이러한 연구를 간략하게 논평하는 것이다. Shavelson과 동료들의 모형에서 학문적 자아개념은 일반 자아개념의 한 요소이며, 수학과 언어와 같은 특정내용 분야에의 자아개념으로 나뉘어진다. SDQ 해석에 대한 구인타당도와 Shavelson 등의 모형의 구인타당도에 대한 지지는 ① 학업성취가 비학문적 혹은 일반 자아개념보다는 보다 긍정적으로 학문적 자아개념과 상관된다. 그리고 ② 언어와 수학성취들은 자아개념의 다른 특성보다 그 분야의 자아개념과 더 높게 상관되어야 할 필요가 있다. Educators have been critically concerned with the question of whether increasing self-concept changes achievement, or increasing achievement changes self-concept. Before the question of “which causes which” can be answered, however, it is necessary to fist establish covariation between these two variables. As Mill(1869) argued, covariation is the first important criterion for inferring cause. The other criteria are the temporal precedence of the cause, and that other explanations of the cause and effect relationship must be eliminated(see also Cook & Campbell, 1979; Kenny, 1979) The Three Criteria The meta-analysis just discussed indicated that, on average, only 2% to 4% covariation between self-concept and achievement can be expected. Thus, it is extremely difficult to go further and investigate causal claims. Kenny(1979 p.238) noted that variables with low correlations―he said less than .3―typically yield disappointing and confusing results with respect to causality. Thus any research assessing causality needs to pay careful attention to the first criteria; that is, the amount of covariation between the two variables. Byrne(1986), for examples, in a very elaborate study using causal modeling, was not able to establish causal pre dominance of self-concept of achievement. This is not surprising, given that the average covariance in her study between general self-concept and academic achievement was 4%. Pottenbaum, Keit, & Ehly (1986) did not find either self-concept or achievement causally dominant, and their average covariation was 1%. Marayuma, Rubin & Kingsbury (1981) reported a similar conclusion. Their average covariance was 4%. Skaalvik & Hagtvet (1990) found that academic achievement seems to have causal predominance over self-concept of ability in one of their samples, and academic achievement have causal predominance over global self-concept in the other(but there were no relations between achievement and self-concept of ability). These seemingly conflicting findings are based on an average 3% to 10% covariation. Moyer(1979) argued that self-concept is causally dominant but noted that the correlations between self-concept and achievement are “generally quite weak”(r<.20) Wattenberg and Clifford (1964) were more definite: “Even as early as kindergarten, self-concept phenomena are antecedents and predictors of reading accomplishments” (p.461). There conclusions are strong, but are actually based on finding that only 10 of 28 correlations were positive, none were significant, and overall the correlations between reading and changes in self-concept were “slightly inclined to be negative.” Such findings are hardly convincing. Given the low percentage of covariation, it is not surprising that there are just as many studies supporting the precedence of self-concept over achievement (Byrne, 1986, cited 8) as there are for the opposite case (Byrne cited 6). Higher correlations are reported between academic achievement and self-concept of ability, and typically these studies report predominance of achievement over self-concept of ability. An alternative explanation to this causal predominance is that academic self-concept measures self-estimates of ability. As noted in chapter 5, the widely used Brookover test very much involves a self-estimates of ability, has no items relating to the saliency of achievement, and has only one item relation to satisfaction. It was, therefore, not surprising that achievement was a better predictor of self-estimates of achievement than vice versa. For example, Marsh(1990a) re-analyzed the Bachman(1970) and Bachman & O'Malley 1997, 1986) data based on 1,456 students retested at 10th, 11th, 12th, and one year after graduation. There was support for the effects of prior self-concept of ability on subsequent reported grade, and no significant relationships in the other direction. The second criterion relates to the temporal issue. Before self-concept can be said to cause changes in achievement, programs to change self-concept must precede changes in achievement (or vice versa). In the social sciences these claims are difficult to test as the choice of the time interval is tricky. It may not be evident. If on the other hand, the time interval is too long than a premature measure of achievement may not detect the changes in achievement. Further, delayed cause are les likely to be solely attributable to the anticipated effect. Of course, self-concept and achievement are not static, and there may be much feedback between the two variables. Thus, any model that claims that changes in self-concept lead to changes in academic achievement (or vice versa) must distinguish between recursive (self-concept causes achievement or achievement cause self-concept) and nonrecursive theories (self-concept and achievement affect each other). There may be a feedback look between the two variables so that changing one has “instantaneous” effects on the other, and so on. Given that the covariation is so small, it would be extremely difficult to design an experiment to test a recursive versus a non-recursive model. The third criterion is that other explanations of the cause and effect relationship need to be eliminated. There can be many reasonable alternative rival hypotheses that could account for any changes in achievement following a self-concept program (or vice versa). O'Malley and Bachman(1976) concluded that much of the correlation between self-concept and achievement an best be explained “as reflecting a common set of prior cause background, ability and earlier scholastic success” (p.38). Marayuma, Rubin, and Kingsbury (1981) argued that self-concept and achievement are related “only insofar as they shared the background variables of social class and academic ability as common causes” (p.973). Moreover, self-concept may moderate self-efficacy or expectations about achievement. Alternatively, high achievement may lead to a more realistic understanding of expectation, which, when these expectations are met, may lead to an increased level of self-concept (see Ames, 1978; Sharp & Muller, 1978). A causal model that does not allow for such intervening variables would thus be flawed. There may be many variables that similarly moderate the relationship between self-concept and achievement. Calsyn and Kenny (1977) found more support for a causal precedence of achievement over self-concept for females that for males. This, they argued, was possibly because females are more sensive to feedback (see also Bridgeman & Shipman, 1978; and for an opposite conclusion regarding sex differences and causal dominance see Midkiff, Burke, Hunt & Ellison, 1986). Song and Hattie (1984) also investigated the moderating effects of home environment (but also see Chapman, Lambourne, & Silva, 1990). Other moderators that have been suggested include race, age, and ability (Bachman & O'Malley, 1977). Any research study that investigates the causal relationship between self-concept and achievement also may well consider multiple causes. Increasing self-concept and some other variables, such as increased teacher understanding of the mechanisms for change, may lead to increased achievement.

아동의 지능 구조에 대한 평면성과 위계성의 비교 연구 -Guilford 지능 구조를 중심으로-

송인섭 ( In Sub Song ) 한국아동교육학회 2011 아동교육 Vol.20 No.4

이 연구에서는 다요인적 지능 이론의 대표자인 Guilford 지능 구조 모형을 Guilford(1959, 1966, 1971)의 이론에 근거해서 위계화 시키고, 일반 요인 ``g``의 개념을 도입시킨 모형으로 재 위계화 함으로써 위계적 지능 구조에 대한 논쟁을 통합할 수 있는 탐색적 근거를 제시하고자 한다. 특히 유아에서 나타나는 지능구조에 대한 관심이 중요한 본 연구의 관심이다. 본 연구의 측정도구는 1994년에 송인섭이 개발한 종합인지능력검사이다. 이 검사는 만 5세부터 만 7세의 아동을 대상으로 한 검사 문항은 대부분 그림으로 제시되어 있다. 본 검사는 언어력, 수리력, 공간지각력, 창의력, 기억력의 5개 영역을 측정한다. 본 연구의 결과는 평면모형과 위계모행 중 위계모형을 지지하고 있다. 그러나 다양한 경쟁적 위계모형들 간의 적합도는 매우 유사해서 그 경쟁모형들 사이에는 명확한 차이가 나타나지는 않고 있다. 결과적으로 어떤 형태의 위계모형을 형성하던 간에 평면모형보다 적합하다는 점을 분명히 하고 있다. 예상했던 것처럼 가장 좋은 적합도를 보인 모형은 대집단요인이 2개인 경우였다. 지능의 위계모형들의 경쟁모형을 통한 적합도 분석의 결과, 본 연구에서는 지능의 대집단요인이 언어-기억 요인, 수리-공간-창의 요인의 2개 요인임이 확인되었다. This study was aimed at establishing a hierarchical intelligence model and empirically testing it on the assumption that the theories of hierarchical intelligence can best explain about human intelligence. For the scale in validating the hierarchical model, the Multifactorial Cognitive Ability Test for children developed by Song In-Sub in 199 was applied. For data collection, 750 Kindergarten and first-grade elementary school children in Seoul and Kyongsangnamdo areas were sampled to test. Among them, 699 ones were identified as reliable for this study. This study can be concluded as follows; Regarding the validity of the hierarchical model structure for intelligence In other to verify this model structure, planar and hierarchical models were analyzed using the LISREL program. As a consequence, the planar one showed 8.31 of chi-square/df, which means inappropriate to explain structure of intelligence. In contrast, the hierarchical model was found appropriate showing 4.88 of Chi-Square/df. Furthermore, differences of other indices between two models support higher validity of the hierarchical model than to the planar one(.912 and .955 in GFI; .861 and .921 in AGFI, and .058 and .043 in RMSR). Base upon the above findings this study can be concluded as follows; Frist, in terms of theory, this study may be useful in that it has empirically tested the new hierarchical intelligence model under the circumstance that recent studies are focused on information processings rather than structured factors of intelligence. Second, in terms of methodology, this study may be useful in that it has verified the effectivencess of the hierarchical model directly using the LISREL program and therely has suggested new approach to te studies of intelligence. Third, in practical terms, this study may be useful in that it has attempted to lest the validity of the hierarchical model which hardly studied and therewith has presented a test case for future studies.

토지은행의 토지비축 효과에 대한 실증분석연구

장인석(In Seok Chang),임주호(Joo Ho Rhim),신형섭(Hyung Sub Shin),송기욱(Ki Wook Song),김미숙(Mi Sook Kim) 한국부동산학회 2023 不動産學報 Vol.89 No.-

우리나라 토지은행 제도는 토지시장 안정을 위해 토지를 사전비축하고, 이를 적시에 공급하는 국가차원의토지수급정책 유형이다. 이 논문은 실제 비축토지를 이용한 5개 단지조성사업과 10개 도로건설사업을 대상으로나누어 공익개발사업에서 토지은행에 의한 비축토지 공급의 당위성 여부와 토지보상비 절감에 어느 정도 기여할수 있는지를 실증분석 한 것이다. 연구결과는 다음과 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 단지조성사업에서는 토지의 사전비축당위성이 불분명한데 반해, 도로건설사업에서는 토지의 사전비축 당위성이 존재하는 것으로 나타나 사업유형별차이가 있음을 입증하였다. 둘째, 도로건설사업에서는 비축토지의 일괄비축(일괄보상)을 가정할 경우, 평균 6.8% 의 토지보상비 절감이 가능한 것으로 추정되었다. 이와 같은 토지비축의 경제적 효과에 대한 실증분석결과는향후 도시재생수요 및 빈집증가 등에 대한 토지은행 대상 범위확장 시, 사업유형별 토지확보 방식의 차별화를위해 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 1. CONTENTS (1) RESEARCH OBJECTIVES In this study, the necessity and the cost saving effect of preemptive land stockpiling were evaluated for road construction and land development projects.. (2) RESEARCH METHOD This study conducted a qualitative survey on the operation of land banks in Korea and an empirical analysis on the difference between the unit cost of land compensation and the change in land price of surrounding areas during project period. For 5 land development projects and 10 road construction projects, the actual land compensation cost expenditures were compared with the estimated costs assuming lump-sum compensation at the initial point of time. (3) RESEARCH FINDINGS Since the correlation between the published price of land and the unit cost of land compensation, which are changing anually, was unclear in land development projects, the expendture patterns of purchasing land hardly justify the cost-saving effect of preemptive lump-sum compensation. However, in road construction projects, the annual variations in unit cost of land compensation showed similar patterns to the increase in published land price. 2. RESULTS The land stockpiling by land bank is a policy tool to promote public projects such as road construction and industrial complex development quickly by securing land in advance and saving costs. The result showed that, in 10 road construction projects, about 6.8% of land compensation costs can be reduced by assuming lump-sum land purchase in early stages by the Land Bank, while we cannot expect these cost-saving effects in land development projects. It seems that the lump-sum compensation method for stockpiling land is relatively effective in road construction projects, rather than in land development projects, considering the land price increase invoked by development projects. In land development projects, with a proper division of sub-areas to be purchased stepwise, even sequential compensation can be appropriate.

Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy in Stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

김인아(In Ah Kim),최일봉(Ihl Bhong Choi),강기문(Ki Mun Kang),장지영(Jie Young Jang),문한림(Han Lim Mun),송정섭(Jung Sub Song),이선희(Sun Hee Lee),곽문섭(Mun Sub Kuak),신경섭(Kyung Sub Shinn) 대한방사선종양학회 1997 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.15 No.1

목 적 : 국소진행된 III기 비소세포성 폐암에서 방사선감작제로서의 저용량 Cisplatin과 방사선 동시병합요법의 효과를 알아보고자하여, 관해율, 전체생존율, 무병생존율 및 치료에 따른 부작용을 방사선 단독치료군과 후향적으로 비교분석하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1992년 4월부터 1994년 3월까지 32명의 III기 비소세포성 폐암환자(IIIa 12명, IIIb 20명)가 항암제 및 방사선동시병합요법을 받았다. 방사선치료는 3000cGy/ 10회를 2주간에 걸쳐 시행한 뒤 3주후에 2500cGy/ 10회를 추가하였으며, 방사선감작제로 cis platin 6mg/m2를 매일 방사선치료 전에 정맥주사하였다. 추적관찰기간은 13개월에서 48개월로 중간값은 24개월이었다. 방사선단독치료군 32명(IIIa 13명, IIIb 19명)은 매일 170- 200cGy씩 총 5580- 7000cGy (중간값 5960cGy) 치료받았으며, 추적관찰기간은 36개월에서 105개월로 중간값은 62개월이었다. 결 과 : cis platin- 방사선동시요법군이 방사선 단독치료군에 비해 유의하게 높은완전반응률(18.8% vs . 5.6%)및 낮은 조사야내 재발율(25% vs . 47%)을 나타내었다. 2년 전체생존율은 Cisplatin- 방사선동시요법군이 17%, 방사선단독치료군이 9.4%로 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다.국소재발 없는 2년 무병생존율(16.5% vs. 5.3%) 및 원격전이 없는 2년 무병생존율(17% vs. 4.6%)도 두군간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 Karnofsky performance scale 80 이상인 환자군만을 대상으로 분석한 결과, cisplatin- 방사선동시요법군이 방사선단독치료군에 비해 유의하게 높은 2년 전체생존율을 보였다(62.5% vs. 15.6%). 전체생존율에 영향을 미치는 예후인자로 cisplatin- 방사선동시요법군에 있어서는 performance status 및 조직학적 진단유형(상피세포암 vs. 비상피세포암)으로 나타났고, 방사선단독치료군에 있어서는 performance status 및 병기(IIIa vs. IIIb)로 나타났다. 치료에 따른 급성부작용으로 RTOG/ECOG grade 2 이상의 오심, 구토는 cisplatin- 방사선동시요법군이 방사선단독치료군 (22% vs. 6%)에 비해 유의하게 높은 빈도를 나타내었다. Gra de 2 이상의 혈액학적 독성은 Cis platin- 방사선동시요법군에서 방사선단독치료군에 비해 높은 빈도를 나타내었다(25% vs. 15.6%). 방사선단독치료군에 비해 cis platin- 방사선동시요법군에서, RTOG/ECOG Grade 2 이상의 폐독성의 빈도(31% vs. 19%)나 WHO Grade 3 이상의 폐섬유화의 빈도(38% vs. 25%)의 유의한 증가는 관찰되지 않았다. 방사선치료부위의 면적이 200cm2 이상이었던 경우, 두군 모두에서 폐독성 빈도의 유의한 증가를 보였다. 결 론 : cisplatin- 방사선동시병합요법이 방사선단독치료군에 비해 높은 국소제어율을 나타내었으나, 전체생존율이나 무병생존율의 유의한 증가는 보이지 않았다. KPS 80이상인 환자군에 있어서는 cisplatin- 방사선동시요법군이 방사선단독군에 비해 높은 전체생존율을 보였다. cisplatin- 방사선동시병합요법군에서 급성부작용이 증가되는 경향을 보였으나, 방사선에 의한 폐독성의 유의한 증가는 관찰되지 않았다. cisplatin- 방사선동시병합요법군이 방사선단독치료군에 비해 1년 이내에 조기사망율이 높은 반면, 2년이상 장기생존율이 높은 경향을 보여, 이러한 환자군에 대한 장기적인 추적조사를 통해 생존율에 대한 본 치료의 영향을 좀더 명확하게 평가할 수 있을것으로 기대되며, 향후 치료효과를 증가시키기위해 large fraction size의 split course RT 대신 continuous course의 conventional RT 혹은 hyperfractionated RT와 Cisplatin의 동시병합요법 등이 고려되어야할 것으로 사료된다. Purpose : This study was tried to evaluate the potential be nefits of concurrent chemoradiation therapy (low dose daily cisplatin combined with split course radiation therapy) compared with conventional radiation thera py alone in stage III non- small cell lung cancer. The end points of analyses were responserate , overalls urvival, survival without locoregional failure , survival without distant metastasis , prognostic factors affecting survival and treatment related toxicities. Materials and Methods : Between April 1992 and March 1994, 32 patients who had stage III non-small cell lung cancer were treated with concurrent chemoradiation therapy. Radiation therapy for 2 weeks (300cGy given 10 times up to 3000cGy) followed by a 3 weeks rest period and then radiation therapy for 2 more weeks (250cGy given 10 times up to 2500cGy) was combined with 6mg/M2 of cisplatin. Follow-up period ranged from 13 months to 48 months with median of 24 months . Historical control group consisted of 32 patients who had stage III non-small cell lung cancer were received conventionally fractionated (daily 170- 200cGy) radiation therapy a lone. Total radiation dose ranged from 5580cGy to 7000cGy with median of 5940cGy. Follow-up period ranged from 36 months to 105 months with median of 62 months . Results : Complete reponse rate was higher in chemoradiation therapy (CRT) group than radiation therapy (RT) group (18.8% vs. 6.3%). CRT group showed lower in-field failure rate compared with RT group(25% vs. 47%). The overall survival rate had no significant differences in between CRT group and RT group(17.5% vs. 9.4% at 2 years). The survival without locoregional failure (16.5% vs. 5.3% at 2 years) and survival without distant metastas is (17% vs. 4.6% at 2 years) also had no significant differences . In subgroup analyses for patients with good performance status (Karnofsky performance scale 80), CRT group showed significantly higher overall survival rate compared with RT group (62.5% vs. 15.6% at 2 years). The prognostic factors affecting survival rate were performance status and pathologic subtype (squamous cell cancer vs. nonsquamous cell cancer) in CRT group. In RT alone group, performance status and stage (IIIa vs IIIb) were identified as a prognostic factors . RTOG/EORTC grade 2-3 nausea and vomiting(22% vs. 6%) and bone marrow toxicities (25% vs. 15.6%) were significantly higher in CRT group compared with RT alone group. The incidence of RTOG/EORTC grade 3-4 pulmona ry toxicity had no significant differences in between CRT group and RT group (16% vs. 6%). The incidence of WHO grade 3-4 pulmonary fibrosis also had no significant differences in both group(38% vs . 25%). In analyses for relationship of field size and pulmonary toxicity, the patients who treated with field size beyond 200cm2 had s ignificantly higher rates of pulmonary toxicities. Conclusion : The CRT group showed significantly higher local control rate than RT group. There were no significant differences of survival rate in between two groups. The subgroup of patients who had good performa nce status showed higher overall survival rate in CRT group than RT group. In spite of higher incidence of acute toxicities with concurrent chemoradiation therapy, the survival gain in subgroup of patients with good pe rformance status were encouraging. CRT group showed higher rate of early death within 1 year, higher 2 year survival rate compared with RT group. The refore, to evaluate the accurate effect on survival of concurrent chemoradiation therapy, systematic follow-up for long term survivors are needed.

自我槪念형성에 미치는 敎師의 영향

송인섭 숙명여자대학교 사회·교육과학연구소 2002 사회 교육과학연구 Vol.5 No.2

Children bearing first names judged desirable by teachers tend to have more positive self concepts (Garwood, 1976). First names were also found to lead to (lifferem teacher expectations so that name stereotyping plays some role in the classroom. Other studies by Parlady (969) and Rubovits and Maehr (973) confirm the expectancy effect. Coopersmith's (967) study also showed that parents who expected their children to live up to the standards they established were more likely to encourage healthy self esteem in their offspring than parents who did not have these expectations. From the work of Shaw and Dutton (962) it would appear that parents of under-achieving children have more strongly negative attitudes towards their children than do the parents of achieving youngsters. However, the study docs not reveal definitely whether these attitudes arc one of the results of under-achievement, or one of its cause. From a logical point of view, it is easier to build a case for such attitudes as casual rather than resultant factors. This finding was particularly marked for boys. Thus, many under-achievers start school under a handicap and simply justify their parents' expectations. The strong grip of constant demeaning squeezes out the last drops of self confidence and worth. Expectations represent a belief in the pupils' competency and ability. When established at reasonable levels they provide a vote of confidence out of which positive self esteem can grow. Teachers apparently tend to interact more positively and favorably with 'brighter' children, and the latter respond by being more effective pupils, thus confirming the teachers' expectations. Pupils reputations arc notorious for being passed on from one teacher to another, increasingly determining the child's performance for good or bad. 'Watch him, don't turn your back on him, he's up to all sorts of tricks', to 'He's a hard worker, you'll always get good worker from him', are typical of the staftroom comments heard in every school. Non-verbal communication by facial expression, tone of voice and gaze direction also communication expectations. Considerable research indicates, too, that children will work harder at tasks and are thereby more likely to achieve a positive self-concept if they believe that they, rather than chance or the teacher, are responsible for the successes they achieve (Rotter, 1966). In fact, a large-scale national survey indicated that a pupil's belief is his control over his destiny was more important to achievement than any other school factors measured, such as facilities, teachers and curriculum (Coleman, 1966). This concept of external locus of control was briefly noted in Chapter 8, section F(a) The three conditions which facilitate the high self esteem in the home environment (Ch.7). These three are: 1. The teacher's acceptance of the child, while at the same time recognizing the child's strengths, problems and limitations. By accepting the child the teacher indicates that the child is worthy of the teacher's attention and respect. This respect enables the child to come to terms with his abilities and limitations. 2. The existence of explicit limits, clearly defined and consistently enforced, which provide standards of conduct and behavioral expectations. 3. The provision of respectful treatment which is given to pupils who observe limits and act in accordance with rules and guidelines of the classroom. As we shall see later in this chapter, the ability of the teacher to provide these conditioning depends quite markedly on the teacher himself possessing a positive self-concept. This allows him to function in a competent confident way able to accept all pupils as individuals in a supportive environment providing clear and realistic expectations at an individual level. Another line of attack to improve pupil self-concept is by direct counselling, which in reality provides the same sort of conditions noted above, i.e. acceptance, respect, limits in a supportive rriilieu, but undertaken in a more sophisticated and planned way. 교사와 학생의 만남은 교사의 일반적 조망과 生의 철학에 의해서 교사에게 침투된다. 교사의 자신과 타인을 향한 태도는 교실 내에서의 대인관계 행동과 수업형태에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 긍정적 자아개념과 타인에 대한 긍정적 개념은 상관이 있다. 긍정적 자아개념은 타인과 친애적이고, 지지적인 관계형성을 촉진한다. 학생들이 그들을 향한 교사의 느낌을 정확히 평가할 수 있고, 교사를 친애적으로 평가한 학생들은 긍정적 자아개념을 형성한 학생들임을 증명하였다. 교사의 언어사용이 학생의 자아개념을 고양시킬 수 있음을 나타냈다. 敎授實際에서 높은 점수를 기록한 교사는 낮은 점수를 기록한 교사보다 자아개념이 현저히 높다. 敎授에서의 성공은 긍정적 자아개념, 자신감, 적응과 확실히 밀접한 관계가 있다.

Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy in Stage Ⅲ Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Song, Jung Sub,Jang, Jie Young,Shinn, Kyung Sub,Lee, Sun Hee,Choi, Ihl Bhong,Kim, In Ah,Kang, Ki Mun,Park, Jae Gil,Kuak, Mun Sub THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF KOREA 1997 Bulletin of The Catholic Research Institutes of Me Vol.25 No.-

This study was tried to evaluate the potential benefits of concurrent chemoradiation therapy(low dose daily cisplatin combined with split course radiation therapy) compared with conventional radiation therapy alone in stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer. The end points of analyses were response rate, overall survival, survival without locoregional failure, survival without distant metastasis, prognostic factors affecting survival and treatment related toxicities. Between April 1992 and March 1994, 32 patients who had stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer were treated with concurrent chemoradiation therapy. Radiation therapy for 2 weeks (300 cGy given 10 times up to 3000 cGy) followed by a 3 weeks rest period and then radiation therapy for 2 more weeks(250 cGy given 10 times up to 2500 cGy) was combined with 6㎎/M^2 of cisplatin. Follow-up period ranged from 13 months to 48 months with median of 24 months. Historical control group consisted of 32 patients who had stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer were received conventionally fractionated(daily 170-200 cGy) radiation therapy alone. Total radiation dose ranged from 5580 cGy to 7000 cGy with median of 5940 cGy. Follow-up period ranged from 36 months to 105 months with median of 62 months. Complete reponse rate was higher in chemoradiation therapy(CRT) group than radiation thernpy(RT) group(18.8% vs. 6.3%). CRT group showed lower in-field failure rate compared with RT group(25% vs. 47%). The overall survival rate and no significant differences in between CRT group and RT group(17.5% vs. 9.4% at 2 years). The survival without locoregional failure (16.5% vs. 5.3% at 2 years) and survival without distant metastasis(17% vs. 4.6% at 3 years) also had no significant differences. In subgroup analyses for patients with good performance status(Karnofsky performance scale≥80), CRT group showed significantly higher overall survival rate compared with RT group(62.5% vs. 15.6% at 2 years). The prognostic factors affecting survival rate were performance status and pathologic subtype(sqamous cell cancer vs. nonsquamous cell cancer) in CRT group. In RT alone group, performance status and stage (Ⅲa vs. Ⅲb) were identified as a prognostic factors. RTOG/EORTC grade 2-3 nausea and vomiting(22% vs. 6%) and bone marrow toxicities(25% vs. 15.6%) were significantly higher in CRT group compared with RT alone group. The incidence of RTOG/EORTC grade 3-4 pulmonary toxicity had no significant differences in between CRT group and RT group(16% vs. 6%). The incidence of WHO grade 3-4 pulmonary fibrosis also had no significant differences in both group(38% vs. 25%). In analyses for relationship of field size and pulmonary toxicity, the patients who treated with field size beyond 200㎠ had significantly higher rates of pulmonary toxicities. Conclusions: The CRT group showed significantly higher local control rate than RT group. There were no significant differences of survival rate in between two groups. The subgroup of patients who had good performance status showed higher overall survival rate in CRT group than RT group. In spite of higher incidence of acute toxicities with concurrent chemoradiation therapy, the survival gain in subgroup of patients with good performance status were encouraging. CRT group showed higher rate of early death within 1 year, higher 2 year survival rate compared with RT group. Therefore, to evaluate the accurate effect on survival of con- current chemoradiation therapy, systematic follow-up for long termsurvivors are needed.

사관생도의 체육활동을 통한 사회성발달요인이 신체적 자기효능감에 미치는 영향

민창기(Min, Chang-Gi),이종민(Lee, Jong-Min),박상섭(Park, Sang-Sub),박순희(Park, Sun-Hee),김인기(Kim, In-Ki) 한국체육과학회 2014 한국체육과학회지 Vol.23 No.2

The purpose of this study of cadets social development through physical activity factor out the impact of physical self-efficacy are seeing. To this end, on the basis of previous research and theory, cadets according to the individual characteristics of participants in physical activity factors, social development, and physical effects on self-efficacy was determined empirically. The subjects of this study are based in KAFA cadets to participate in physical activity among the 200 selected patients, 169 were used in the final part were used. By the way, more studies were summarized as follows. First, the social development of the sub-factors of the social factors, governance, stability, no statistically significant differences between men and women in the show, and overall social development factors in men than in women was higher. Physical self-efficacy subscale of physical competence and physical attractiveness in the sense of gender showed statistically significant differences, and about the physical self-efficacy was higher in women than men. Second, the social development of the factors involved in the stability of the sub-factors, depending on stocks showed a statistically significant difference, and the overall social development factors were the highest in the group event. Self-efficacy of physical competence subscale of the body involved in the events showed significant differences according to the tatistical and physical competence, the individual events and the most underestimated, interpersonal and organization in order. In other words, the overall physical self-efficacy and the lowest individual events, personal events, corporate events in order, respectively. Third, social development, physical factors impact on self-efficacy to evaluate the results with social dominance physical competence, physical self-expression, sense of physical attractiveness showed a positive correlation, and perceived physical ability and a negative correlation with has shown. Stability in the perceived physical ability, has shown a positive correlation.

담도결석의 임상적 연구

송인상,임철,손기섭 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1989 충남의대잡지 Vol.16 No.2

The chole lithiasis of the biliary system is one of the most common diseases which are hospitalized and treated surgically in the field of general surgery. A retrospective study of 175 patients who admitted and treated surgically with chole lithiasis at the department of general surgery of Chung-nam National University Hospital from March 1987 to September 1989 was performed. The results are as follow: 1. The peak incidence of chole lithiasis was 6th decade, 32.0% and followed by 7th decade, 20.0% and 5th decade, 17.7%, and the ratio of females and males is approximately 5:4. 2. The stones are most farequently found in the gall bladder 62.3%, and followed by in the common bile duct 56.6%, and in the intrahepatic duct 24.2%. 3. The most common symptoms and signs are pain, 96.6%, tenderness, 67.4%, and fever and chill 66.9%, and over 60% of patients were suffered from less than 3 months. 4. The results of culture shows the E.coli was found in 37.0% and klebsiella 12.3% of patients. 5. The laboratory finding reveals that moderated elevation of SGOT, SGPT, and alkaline phosphatase in about 40%, and 50% of patients. 6. The major operative procedures are cholecystectomy, choledochotomy and T-tube drainage in 49.1% of patients and cholecystectomy only in 32.9% of patients. 7. The major associated diseases are cholecystitis in 37.1%, cholangitis in 15.0% and gall bladder empyema in 12.0%. 8. The most common complication is wound infection n 12.0% of patients and followed by residual stone in 9.0% of patients. 9. The overall mortality rate is 1.2% and the causes of death are one case of sepsis and one case of bile peritonitis.

體格에 따른 重心高에 관한 硏究

姜仁燮,金宜鎭 成均館大學校 1982 論文集 Vol.31 No.-

Purpose The main purpose of this study is to analysis what relations are exist in the center of Gravity and physique. Subject. To this end, the researcher has selected twelve sorts of sports, In Ballgame, Soccer, Volley-ball, Basket-ball, Hand-ball. In Record game, Track and Field, swimming, skating, cycle, In match game, Taekwondo, Boxing, Yudo, wrestling were them. Each event of these I selected ten male University Atheletes in Seoul Area. Method. The researcher of this study classify the Measurement into the followlng categories: 1) Standing Height. 2) Head Breadth. 3) Shoulder Breadth. 4) Hip Breadth. 5) Low limb lergth. 6) Center of Gravity. Results As a result of study on the relation between the athletes' physique of each event in sports, it came to the conclusion as following (1) The center of gravity of an athlete is usually higher than than of others And this study also Shows that, if we consider only in the part of the center of gravity, an athlete's center of gravity is as high us that of a westerner, and that athletes, physique is becoming like the westerns, one. (2) Through this study I could get the truth that motion a man whose standing Height is lower, whose hip Breadth is wider, and whose low limb length is longer, can have the adventage in doing exercise because of his high center of gravity. (3) It also came to the conclusion that a man who has lower standing Height, wider Hi Breadth, is able to have the adventage in doing the sports needed the stability in the halted state and changeless movement. (4) The correlation between center of gravity and physique exetys effect on each other in proper seqence of the below. 1. Shoulder Breadth. 2. Standing Height. 3. Low limb length. 4. Head Breadth. (5) I could also reach the conclusion that the different physical condition is required according to the purpose of the movement carried out by players.