카르니틴 투여가 보디빌더의 신체구성성분과 근기능에 미치는 영향

이석인,권만근 한국스포츠리서치 2004 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.15 No.1

This study is to monitor and analyze the changes in exercise performance(O₂max, exhaustive time), body composition(body weight, percentage of body fat, lean body mass, fat mass), fatigue substrates(lactic acid, ammonia), lipid(TC, HDL-C) level and strength through supplementing L-carnitine to bodybuilders during their exercise which is to utilize essential fatty acids as a substrate(source) for energy metabolism. Twenty bodybuilders who were trained at least over a year were selected for this research. They were divided into three groups; 7 were given a supplementary of oral medicine during their exercises period(N=7), 7 were given a supplementary of L-carnitine without any exercise(N=7) and 7 were given a supplementary of L-carnitine during their exercise period(N=7). In the two groups taking the supplement of L-carnitine, each individual was asked to take total 6g of L-carnitine, 3g in the morning and 3g before bed, for a total of 6g per day. The group taking the supplement of oral medicine, was asked to follow the same procedure with their medication. Their 1RMs were examined every 3 weeks and their lifting ability was adjusted according to the results. For the aerobic exercise, the participants rode bicycle ergometers set to use 60 to 70% of the individual's maximum amount of oxygen during the exercise period (O₂max). The participants exercised 30 minutes per day, 6 days in a week for 10 weeks. The data from the exercises were recorded and monitored any changes made in variables through the repeated measurement. 1. In regard to the change of TC Level by group and period, the group with the simultaneous treatment with both L-carnitine supplementation and body building exercise displays the significant decrease in 5 weeks after treatment(p<.05). The change on the level of HDL-C by group and period, on the contrary, shows the decrease in that of the simultaneously treated group in both pre-treatment and 10 weeks after treatment(p<.05). 2. All the groups, with the change of body composition, show almost no statistically significant difference by period. However, the simultaneously treated group with L-carnitine supplementation and body building exercise shows -3㎏ change in weight. And while the change of percentage of body fat has no difference amongst other groups, the percentage of body fat has diminished both before treatment and 10 weeks after treatment, caused by the decrease in the weight of body fat(p<.05). 3. This research[thesis] discovers that there is no change in extension on right and left thigh strength by group and period. But the right flexor muscle of thigh strength shows -not in statistics but on average - 14~17% increase in strength. In addition to that fact, the left flexor muscle of thigh strength also displays in statistics 8~15% significant change on the level of (p<.05) in 10 weeks post-treatment period. This result indicates that while L-carnitine supplementation and body building exercise have no influence on increase of extension, the simultaneous treatment brings significant increase in a flexor muscle. Thus, by group and period, there is no statistically significant change in the right and left extension and a flexor muscle of thigh endurance.

톨루엔 디이소시아네이트 폭로 근로자들의 작업방법에 따른 대사물질의 비교 및 면역능에 관한 연구

이수일,조병만,황인경,이철호,박정래 大韓産業醫學會 1998 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.10 No.3

Following recent advanced industrialization, the amount of polyurethane to use as thermal insulating materials, upholstery, mattresses and packing materials in automotive and furniture industry is increasing world-widely, and the number of polyurethane-producing worker will be increased. Because the numerous organic solvents are used in polyurethane-producing factory, the workers in this work site is exposed to many organic solvents. Of the organic solvents, Toluene Diisocyanate(TDI) has many hazardous effects to human. The effects of TDI on human are the irritation to respiratory mucosa and gastrointestinal symptoms. Conjunctival irritation, dermal inflammation (redness, pain, vesicular formation) and gastrointestinal symptom(nausea, vomiting. abdominal pain) are reported just after short-term exposure of TDI. TDI is known to give rise to bronchial asthma, as the immune disorder. And because of strongly volatile characteristics of TDI, it is suggested as a more injurious material to human health, especially human immune system, than other organic solvents. Bronchial asthma inducing mechanism of TDI is not clearly known, but on the analogy of TDI induced symptoms and recent studies, early-onset asthma is type I hypersensitivity reaction mediated by immunoglobulin E(IgE), and late-onset asthma is maybe type III hypersensitivity reaction by circulating IgG. And we know that the complicated human immune function is likely to move in such that mechanisms, there are not studies on immune indices evaluating the bronchial asthma-related immune function. The evaluation of change patterns of humoral immunity including IgE and IgG and cellular immunity including T-helper cell. T-suppressor cell and T-cytotoxic cell will be helpful to evaluate exposure degrees and prognosis in TDI exposed workers. Because TDA(toluene diamine) as a biological exposure index of TDI becomes the focus of interest, we know that a study on the correlation between urinary TDA and air TDI and immunological indices will make a contribution to biological effect monitoring indicies. We examined human immunity indicators such as WBC, %Lymph (percentile of Lymphocyte in WBC), %T-cell(percentile of T-lymphocyte in total lymphocyte). CD4, CD8, C3, C4, IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE in peripheral blood to evaluate the health hazard of the TDI-exposed workers. And we examined TDA to evaluate correlation between exposure and effect. Total 90 subjects was selected, 45 workers who worked in the polyurethane-producing factories as an exposed group, and 45 cases who were office workers(10 cases), other blue collors(27 cases), and medical college students(8 cases) as a control group. And the results were as follows; 1. The logarithm of IgE-Log10(IgE)±SD-in peripheral blood of a exposed group was significantly higher than a control group, 2.22 ±0.62 in case group compared with 1.98±0.53 in control group. (p<0.05) 2. IgA and IgM in the polyurethane-producing workers were 261.02±83.12㎎/㎗, 151.97 ±59.64 ㎎/㎗, respectively, and 292.77±100.45, 179.17±100.78 in control group. IgA and IgM was slightly lower in polyurethane-producing group than control.(p>0.05) 3. WBC, %Lymph. %T-cell, C3, C4, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8 ratio and IgG in case group were 6.391.1 ea/㎖, 37.53 %, 59.54 %, 76.68 ㎎/㎗, 0.76×10(9) ea/L, 0.63×10(9) ea/L, 1.39, and 1606.29 ㎎/㎗, respectively, and 6,974.7 ea/㎖, 35.12 %, 59.64 %, 71.95 ㎎/㎗, 33.94 ㎎/㎗, 0.80×10(9) ea/L, 0.61×10(9) ea/L, 1.39, and 1581.51 ㎎/㎗ in control group. There was no statistical significance between two groups.(p>0.05) 4. In the comparison of each other companies, average of individual urinary TDA in polyurethane paint manufacturing companies is higher than that of polyurethane sponge foaming companies. And, the concentration of 2.6-TDA which is a metabolite of well-vaporized 2.6-TDI is higher than that of 2.4-TDA in the polyurethane sponge foaming companies. But, the concentration of 2.4-TDA which is a metabolite of illvaporized but well skin-absorbed 2.4-TDI is higher in polyurethane paint manufactures. 5. There were no statistical significance in the correlations between individual urinary TDA and immunologic indices.

國家意識의 實態와 그 對策 : 국기, 애국가 및 국민교육헌장의 보급을 중심으로

李建衡,盧禎埴,成炳卓,姜萬石,朴泰岩,朴仁熙,金漢植 대구교육대학교 1971 論文集 Vol.7 No.-

國旗의 常備現況은 總體的으로 보아 低調한 實態에 있다. 全體 標集者의 86.8%가 國旗를 備置하고 있다는 反應을 보였으나, 이 數置가 보이는 內容은 區區하다. 卽 깃발과 그 附帶品一切를 完備한 家庭은 全體의 42.5%에 不過하고 깃발만을 備置한 家庭이 20.4%, 函까지를 갖춘 家庭이 45.8%로서 約 半數의 家庭이 適當한 場所에 깃발을 保管하고 揭揚時에는 적의한 막대기로 代用할뿐만 아니라 깃발조차 없는 家庭이 約 15%에 이르는 셈이다. 最少限 깃발만이라도 갖춘 家庭을 地域別로 보았을 때 中都市의 96%, 農村의 90%만이 全體의 86.6%를 上廻하고 있고 漁村 79.6%가 特히 低調함은 注目할 일이다. 그리고 附帶品의 具備狀況이나保管도 中都市가 比較的 充實하고 漁村이 低調한 傾向을 보이고 있으며 意外로 農村보다도 大都市가 모든 面에서 不實함도 注目할 일이다. 國旗의 保管이나 揭揚은 主로 젊은 學生層에서 擔當하고 있다. 이러한 傾向은 農·山村일수록 年令이 낮아지고 中都市와 大都市는 비슷하게 年令이 높아지는데 이로 미루어 高令層의 啓蒙이 要請된다고 하겠다. 國慶日의 國旗揭揚狀況는 質問紙에 依한 應答 結果는 約 70%이나 實際 揭揚은 約 35%의 低調한 것이어서 깃발조차 갖고 있지않는 約 15%를 감안하더라도 言行이 一致하지 않는 一面을 엿볼 수 있다. 特히 中都市(37%) 大都市(49.2%) 農村(37.8%)과 對比할 때 前述한 깃발 備置狀況과 逆現象을 보인 都市人의 覺醒을 促求하지 않을 수 없다. 國旗揭揚法의 正確性 與否는 問題가 될 것이나, 大部分 알고 있으면서도 關心과 誠意가 없어서 國慶日에 國旗를 揭揚하지 않는다고 反應한 데 對한 積極的인 對策이 要望되며 特히 國慶日을 모르기 때문에 憩揚하지 않는다은 것을 1順位로 反應한 山村을 留意해야 겠다. 國旗의 뜻을 잘 모른는 國民이 大部分이고 이러한 現象은 意外로 靑年層일수록 더한 것이 豫想과는 相反되고 있다. 國旗의 制定由來나 그 國家象徵性을 認識하지 못하는 傾向 亦是 같은 現象을 보이고 있다. 다만 由來나 象徵性에 對한 認識에 關한 限 都市民과 漁村民이 比較的 높고, 農村과 山村民이 相對的으로 낮다. 農·山村에 比한 漁村, 大都市에 比한 中都市의 住民이 갖는 相對的으로 높은 認識度는 東海岸民의 安保意識과 中都市人의 等質性 및 國家施策의 浸透 容易性에 緣由하는 것이라고 생각된다. 그리고 우리 國民은 國旗의 뜻을 모른는 者가 3分의 1에 該當하고 國旗에 대한 公式的 敎育을 받지 못한 사람도 3分의 1에 이르며 國旗를 그릴 수 없는 사람이 半以上이나 된다. 國旗에 關한 諸般 認識度는 男子보다 女子가, 年令別로는 老令層이, 生活程度는 낮을수록 低調한 것을 알 수 있고, 全體 國民의 우리 國旗에 對한 滿足度에는 유감이 없음을 보여주고 있다. 愛國歌의 普及 實態는 過히 不振한 便은 아닌 것 같다. 80.9%의 國民이 적어도 愛國歌의 1절以上을 부를 수 있고 愛國歌가 들려올 때 約 18.6%의 國民을 除外한 大多數 國民이 차려姿勢 또는 경건한 態度를 가질뿐만 아니라 愛國歌의 普及强化를 所望하는 反應이 78.1%나 되었다는 것이 이를 立證하고 있다. 그리고 地域的으로는 大都市에 比해 中都市가 農·山村에 比해 漁村이 보다 健全함을 보여주고 있다. 그러나 部分的으로는 問題가 없는 것도 아니다. 愛國歌를 1절도 못외우는 18.4%, 愛國歌가 들려와도 無關心한 18.6%의 國民이 있고, 이러한 反應度는 愛國歌 부르기 敎育을 받은 적이 없는 33.2%의 國民, 愛國歌 解說敎育을 받은 적이 없는 47.8%의 國民 및 한해에 한번도 愛國歌를 부를 機會가 없는 36.0%의 國民이 있다는 事實과 有關하리라고 생각된다. 上述한 問題點은 地域的으로는 都市보다는 農·山·漁村이, 特히 農村에 比해 農·山村이, 學歷 및 年令上으로는 文盲者 및 國·漢文 解讀者를 그 속에 간직하고 있는老令層에, 男子보다는 女子가, 또한 生活程度는 낮을수록 尤甚하다는 것을 指摘할 수가 있다. 全體的으로 보아서는 中都市의 實積이 大都市 및 餘他地域보다 良好하고 豫想한대로 農·山村에 比해 漁村이 두드러진 特徵을 보이고 있는 點이다. 그리고 愛國歌의 普及 및 그 敎育에 있어서는 資料 通計上으로는 그 어떤 經路보다도 學校敎育의 充實이 가장 效果的이었다는 것을 보여주고 있으나 愛國歌의 普及强化策에 對한 反應을 中心으로 본다면 山·漁村을 除外한 모든 地域이 新聞 放送 等의 報道機關을 通한 普及을 希望하고 있다. 이는 이미 指摘한 老年層, 文盲者, 國漢文 解讀者, 및 家庭主婦인 女子를 相對로 한 境遇에 異論이 있을 수 없겠고, 報道機關의 普及率이 낮은 山村이 學生啓蒙運動을 그리고 安保意識이 强한 漁民이 地域別 成人敎育을 希望한다고 보아 無妨할 것이다. 그리고 劇場 演藝物을 通한 普及은 效果가 적을 것임이 나타났고 그 밖에는 妙案이 없는 것으로 反應되었다. 그리고 愛國歌의 普及强化를 所望하는 意志는 强하다고 할 수 있는 것은 이미 指摘하였거니와 이 境遇에는 規制的인 方法보다도 自律的인 方法 例컨대 報道機關을 通한 宣傳啓蒙이나 山·漁村을 對象으로 한 學生啓蒙運動 또는 里動單位의 自體啓蒙을 希望하고 있음을 特記해 둔다. 國民敎育憲章 普及實態의 全體的인 傾向은 公布事實마저도 모른다 24.0%, 憲章冊子를 가지지 않았다 約 30%, 制定의 理由를 모른다 30% 等으로 보아 制定公布된지 3年이란 時間的 經過에 비추어 豫想外로 低調하다 할 수 있으며 地域別로 보면 制定事實의 知悉, 內容理解 分析努力, 暗記努力, 普及施策 贊成面에서 中都市가 大都市보다 理解度가 높게 나타났으며 漁村이 現實與件上 國家意識이 높으리라는 豫想은 立證되지 않았으며, 山村은 豫想한대로 普及狀態가 極히 不振하였다. 性別로는 男子의 理解度가 높고, 年令別로는 年令이 낮을수록 學歷은 높을수록 生活程度는 높을수록 普及實態나 理解度가 높아지고 있다. 다만 制定理由의 知悉面이나 分析經驗 普及施策에 對한 贊同面에서 大學卒業 以上의 學歷者가 高等學校 卒業者보다 낮게 나타난 點은 異彩로운 現象이다. 職業別에 있어서는 大體로 公務員, 商·써비스業, 無職, 農業의 順으로 意識이 높다. 憲章公布事實을 알게 된 經路나 普及을 爲한 效果的인 施策의 選擇狀況을 보면 報道機關이 가장 效果的이며 學校敎育의 影響이 意外로 低調함을 發見할 수 있다. 普及施策中 學生을 通한 啓蒙運動에 對한 共鳴度도 낮고, 劇場 및 演藝機關을 通한 普及은 큰 支持를 받지 못하고 있음이 發見되었다. 暗記動機는 自發的인 境遇가 29.2%에 不過화고, 憲章에 對한 一般의 關心度가 낮으며 普及運動의 反對理由로는 "形式에 흘러 實效性이 없다"가 24.2%로 가장 높다. 以上을 綜合해 볼 때 國旗, 愛國歌, 및 國民敎育憲章 할 것 없이 그 普及 및 認識度가 豫想外로 低調함을 알 수 있다. 愛國歌에 關한 限 80.9%의 國民이 1절 以上의 愛國歌를 부를 수 있는 바 他 2者에 比해 相對的으로 良好한 便이나 公式集會의 慣例 탓으로 4절까지를 모두 외우는 者는 極히 不振하다. 要컨대 三者가 모두 敎育 또는 啓蒙이 不實하였음이 立證되었으며 特히 知識水準이 낮은 老年層과 性別로는 女子, 地域的으로는 山村, 農村, 漁村의 順으로 不振하였고 豫想外로 大都市 및 大學卒業者가 低調하였음도 發見되었다. 그리고 愛國歌에 關한 限 學校敎育으 效果가 斷然 越等한 反面 國民敎育憲章의 普及 및 認識은 學校敎育보다도 報道機關의 啓蒙이 奏效하였음이 發見되었다. 그리고 國旗의 國家象徵性에 關한 認識은 光復後의 學校敎育을 받은 靑少年層이 보다 健全하여 日帝下에서 靑壯年期를 보낸 壯·老年層이 意外로 低調한 傾向을 보여주고 있다. The research in this report was done to discover the reality of the korean National Consciousness. By this we mean an awareness of the National flag, the National Anthem, and the Charter of National Education in Korea. Also since threre appears to be a lack of awareness in certain areas we have attempted to propose adequate measures to imporve these conditions. Methods and materials used for this study are as follows: the method was of Random Sampling in which we selected randomly 900 men and women living in a city, a town, farm areas, remote areas, and sea-side areas. The materials was an interview form called "the schedule" which consisted of 46 items. From the data received we reached the conclusion that knowledge about the National Flag, the National Anthem, and the Charter of National Education in Korea was generally poor. This trend appeared more in the farm area, remote area, and seaside area then in the city and town; more in women than in men; more in the old than in the young, more in those of lower academic careers and lower economic levels than of their counterparts with better careers and living levels. From the above conclusions we propose that the community schools and the mass communication system in korea strive actively to increase the instruction of these people in order to improve the national consciousness of the above mentioned people.

정보사회 지체로 인한 학교붕괴 해소책 연구 : I(정보) 주도적 학습체제와 N(네트워크) 문화 학교풍토개발을 중심으로 Focusing on I-directed Learning System and School Environments for Students in Net Culture

이미나,이건만,박부권,권숙인,김대일 한국사회과교육학회 2002 시민교육연구 Vol.34 No.1

IT혁명에 힘입어, 우리 사회가 정보네트워크사회·지식기반사회로 재구조화됨에 따라 교육분야에서도 이에 대한 적절한 대응이 요구되고 있다. 이 연구는 사회의 정보화와 학교체제의 대응간에 나타나고 있는 격차에 주목한다. 즉 학교가 정보네트워크사회로부터 어느 정도 지체되어 있는가를 살펴보고, 청소년들의 인터넷활용 실태와 문화를 조사한다. 이를 기초로 앞으로 I 주도적 학습체제가 나아가야 할 방향으로 I 주도적 정보지식 학습체제, IT사회의 노동시장에 적합한 학교교육, 교육적 상호작용방식의 디지털화, 교육과정·생활지도·인성교육의 디지털화를 제안한다. Currently, we are experiencing a rapid societal change due to information technology (IT). The perceived rapidity of this change presents major challenges to societal adaptation. Schools, like any other aspect of society, need to adapt to this societal change, originating from the IT revolution. We need to figure out what kinds of educational change need to take place. Therefore, this study explores what are I-directed Learning System and School Environments for Students in Net Culture. This issue is examined through the following three questions: 1. How can an information-oriented learning system play a role in helping students use and produce knowledge on their own? 2. How should education be changed to prepare students to survive in this knowledge-based labor market? 3. How should teachers interact with students in digital code? This study surveys people's perceptions about the gap between the present state of education and IT society. Separate questionnaires on the suject were given to teachers (n = 206), students (n=474), and parents (n=429) in Seoul. The data were analyzed with x2 tests. Besides, we also adopted qualitative methods such as participant observation in PC room, in-depth interviews with teachers and students about N-generations' culture, and so on. The findings and conclusions are summarized as following. This study found that presently education does not play a good role in offering information-knowlege appropriate to an IT society. Students are also not ready to use internet for gathering information. Most of them tend to use internet for entertainment tools (except for home assignments). School graduates are not able to meet the needs of companies or labor markets in this IT society. In other words, schools neither educate students with high-tech knowledges nor sufficiently nurture their creativity. Students and parents do not perceive the necessity of new concept of knowledge in the knowledge-based society, either. Students in digital code seem to have difficulty in interacting with schools who have stayed in analogue code. However, even students do not interact with others in the original way of digital code. They make virtual human relations not with outsiders of the third group but with intimate school friends. Based upon these findings, this study suggests how an information-oriented learning system should be built. This study analyzes three aspects of schooling regrarding these issues: teachers, curriculum and educational interaction. Regarding the issue of teachers, this study examines what the teachers' role as facilitators should be to help students produce their own knowledge with raw information. In addition, it redefines the concept of the teachers' authority and explores a labor cooperation system of teachers to increase the performance of their own teaching using internet. This study will also suggest various types of curricula which will complement the labour markets in an IT society. For example, the study suggests curricula which allow students diversified tracks; individualized curriculum ordered by each student, who is an educated prosumer and knows what they need; curriculum in fusion style where no borders exists between academic disciplines; and curriculum to enhance the students' practical intelligence as well as critical intelligence. Thirdly, the study investigates how digitalized interaction could be used in an educational setting at school. Proposed in the study are two-way-e-conversations between students within and beyond classrooms, between students and teachers, or between students and e-textbooks. In addition, several ideas to achieve educational goals more successfully are demonstrated using digital technology. This study promotes these kinds of educational reforms as result of the IT revolution. School is not an exception; it should also be flexible in a changing and evolving society.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR : Adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with abnormal cortisol secretion mediated by catecholamines

( Harin Rhee ),( Yun Kyung Jeon ),( Sang Soo Kim ),( Yang Ho Kang ),( Seok Man Son ),( Yong Ki Kim ),( In Joo Kim ) 대한내과학회 2014 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.29 No.5

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) is a rare cause of Cushing syndrome. In AIMAH, cortisol secretion is independent of ACTH, and various hormones and/or cytokines have been thought to stimulate cortisol secretion via the aberrant expression of adrenal receptors or the increased activity of eutopic hormone receptors. Schorr and Ney [1] f irst proposed this concept, and subsequently the ectopic expression of gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), V2 and V3-vasopressin, β -adrenergic, luteinizing hormone (LH)/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), serotonin, and angiotensin receptors, as well as increased activity of a eutopic V1-vasopressin receptor, have been identified in the adrenal gland [1,2]. Several genetic factors, such as Gs α-subunit mutations associated with McCune-Albright syndrome and MC2R (ACTH receptor gene) mutations, have also been postulated as causes of AIMAH. A 50-year-old male was referred and admitted to our hospital due to uncontrolled hypertension. He had suffered from hypertension for 6 years. His blood pressure was originally well controlled for the first 5 years using a calcium channel blocker, but poorly controlled for 1 year before he visited our hospital, despite his regular use of antihypertensive agents. He was initially referred to the Cardiology Department and underwent cardiologic evaluation after complaining of paroxysmal palpitation and dizziness. His 24-hour Holter monitoring and coronary angiographic results were normal, except for several antigen- presenting cells and a minimal coronary arterial obstruction at the middle left anterior descending artery. He had a past history of major depression and had been prescribed an antidepressive agent 18 months before he visited our hospital. On physical examination, he had a moon face, marked central obesity (height, 167 cm; weight, 77.65 kg; body mass index, 27.84 kg/m2), and multiple bruises on his extremities. He also had prominent purple abdominal striae, and all of his morphological features were consistent with Cushing syndrome. Laboratory examinations revealed 145.7 mEq/L serum sodium and 2.86 mEq/L serum potassium. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed metabolic alkalosis (pH 7.519, HCO3, 37.4 mM/L). His hemoglobin A1c level was 5.9%, and his serum fasting blood glucose was 118 mg/dL. The results of basal endocrinological examinations are summarized in Table 1. The circadian variation in serum cortisol production was disrupted, and basal ACTH levels were suppressed. A 24-hour urinary free cortisol test and overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DMST) were both suggestive of Cushing syndrome. Low- and high-dose DMST revealed Cushing syndrome of primary adrenal origin. An abdominal computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed bilateral large macronodular adrenal tumors. His pituitary gland was normal on brain MRI scans. We thus diagnosed this patient with Cushing syndrome secondary to AIMAH. To identify aberrant receptors on the adrenal gland, we followed the investigative protocol described by Lacroix et al. [3]. Postural and various provocation tests, including ACTH (250 μg, intravascular), arginine vasopressin (AVP; 10 IU, intramuscular), 5-hydroxy triptamine (5-HT; 10 mg, intravascular), isoproterenol (20 ng/kg/min, intravascular for 30 minutes) and mixed meal tests, were performed. His serum cortisol level showed a positive response to ACTH, AVP, and isoproterenol provocation tests, but a negative response to the postural stimulation test. The results are summarized in Fig. 1A. If the patient had β-adrenergic or AVP receptors on his adrenal gland, then he would have responded to the postural stimulation test; but he did not. We repeated the postural stimulation test, and checked his endogenous antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level. He exhibited an increased ADH level on the postural test, but no cortisol secretion (Fig. 1B). A bilateral adrenalectomy was performed. The subsequent pathological examination of both adrenal glands showed hyperplasia with a multinodular growth pattern: the right and left adrenal glands were sized 14.0 × 5.0 × 3.0 cm and 9.0 × 5.0 × 3.0 cm, respectively, and multiple golden yellow nodules measuring up to 4 cm in diameter were present. Microscopic findings showed that the nodules consisted of variable- sized nests of lipid-laden clear cells similar to those of the normal fasiculata layer (Fig. 2). The final clinical and pathological diagnosis was Cushing syndrome secondary to β-adrenergic agonist-responding AIMAH. After the operation, he took physiological doses of prednisolone and f ludrocortisone. He then lost weight gradually and achieved optimal blood pressure with reduced doses of antihypertensive agents. Kirschner et al. [4] first described AIMAH in 1964. They demonstrated that hypercortisolism was ACTH-independent, and that the resected adrenal glands contained multiple nodules. Since then, a number of cases have been described, and the cause of AIMAH has been characterized more precisely. Previously, steroid production in AIMAH was believed to be autonomous. In the previous study that compared the adrenal glands of patients with AIMAH to those in patients with long-standing Cushing disease, and concluded that prolonged adrenal stimulation by ACTH resulted in adrenal bilateral nodular formation and varying ranges of adrenal autonomy [5]. There were also some cases in which autonomy of the adrenal gland was the result of chronic ACTH stimulation, which eventually resulted in ACTH suppression. However, the rarity of Nelson syndrome following bilateral adrenalectomy in patients with AIMAH strongly argued against the adrenal autonomy hypothesis. In 1971, Schorr and Ney [1] first introduced the concept of aberrant adrenal receptor expression in adrenocortical tissue. They performed in vitro studies, and found that cyclic adenosine monophosphate and corticosterone production in rat adrenocortical carcinoma cells were stimulated by non-ACTH hormones such as catecholamines, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, LH, and prostaglandin E1. This hypothesis was later validated in humans by additional in vitro and in vivo studies. Several ectopic receptors such as GIP, β-adrenergic receptors, vasopressin (V2-V3-vasopressin receptor), serotonin (5-HT7 receptors), and angiotensin II receptors, and increased expression or altered activity of eutopic receptors in- cluding the V1-vasopressin receptors, LH/hCG receptors, serotonin (5-HT4 receptor), and leptin receptors was found [5]. In our patient, the serum cortisol level was increased by ACTH stimulation, exogenous AVP, and isoproterenol. Because exogenous AVP could naturally stimulate ACTH and increase serum cortisol levels, we checked serum ACTH levels during an AVP stimulation test. His serum cortisol level was increased by 82%, and serum ACTH level was increased by 11.5%. We were unable to confirm if AVP itself stimulated the adrenal cortex directly, or whether the induced ACTH caused cortisol secretion. A postural test was performed to screen for the aberrant expression of the AVP, β-adrenergic, or angiotensin II receptors. Interestingly, cortisol secretion was stimulated by exogenous AVP and a β-adrenergic agonist; however, a postural test failed to stimulate cortisol secretion. We repeated the postural test, and also checked the patient`s aldosterone level to verify if the test was accurate and determined serum ADH levels to confirm if endogenous ADH stimulated adrenal cortisol secretion. Because serum aldosterone levels increase in response to postural stimulation, the test itself was working; however, the cortisol response was negative. This suggests that the patient`s β-adrenergic receptor showed a blunted response to the test. Because we did not determine the serum catecholamine levels during postural stimulation, it was unclear whether the postural test induced sufficient endogenous catecholamine. Although a stronger stimulus (such as a treadmill test) would have induced endogenous catecholamine and increased serum cortisol levels, the patient refused because he had ischemic heart disease. In our case, exogenous AVP, but not endogenous ADH, stimulated adrenal cortisol secretion. This suggests that the cortisol response to exogenous pharmacological levels of vasopressin was mediated by AVP-induced catecholamine release [3]. We finally concluded that this patient had ectopic β-adrenergic receptors on the adrenal cortex, and recommended long-term propranolol therapy. However, because he strongly desired to undergo treatment with a rapid response, we consulted the Urological Department who recommended bilateral adrenalectomy. The identification of aberrant adrenal hormone receptors in AIMAH provides novel opportunities for specific pharmacological therapies as alternatives to adrenalectomy. In 1997, Lacroix et al. [3] reported the use of propranolol therapy for ectopic β-adrenergic receptors in adrenal Cushing syndrome in 1997. Some studies have revealed aberrant receptor expression in vitro using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. However, a limitation of our study is that we did not confirm aberrant receptor expression using in vitro analyses. In conclusion, we report a rare case of an AIMAH patient. In vivo examinations suggested that altered cortisol regulation due to a β-adrenergic agonist was involved in the pathogenesis of the AIMAH patient.

In-line 마그네트론 스퍼터 장치를 사용하여 산소 분위기에서 제작한 Ag 박막의 특성

구대영,김원목,조상무,황만수,이인규,정병기,이택성,이경석,조성훈,Ku, Dae-Young,Kim, Won-Mok,Cho, Sang-Moo,Hwang, Man-Soo,Lee, In-Kyu,Cheong, Byung-Ki,Lee, Taek-Sung,Lee, Kyeong-Seok,Cho, Sung-Hun 한국재료학회 2002 한국재료학회지 Vol.12 No.8

A study was made to examine the electrical, compositional, structural and morphological properties of Ag thin films deposited by DC magnetron sputtering in $O_2$ atmosphere with deposition temperature from room temperature to 15$0^{\circ}C$ using in-line sputter system. The Ag films deposited at temperature above $100^{\circ}C$ in oxygen atmosphere gave a similar specific resistivity to and even lower oxygen content than those deposited using pure Ar sputter gas The Ag films deposited with pure Ar gas was mainly composed of crystallites with [111] preferred orientation, while, for those deposited in oxygen atmosphere, more than 50% of the volume was composed of crystallites with [100] orientation. The difference in the micro structure did not cause any difference in the specific resistivity of Ag films. The results showed that the transparent conducting oxide films and the Ag films could be processed sequentially in the same deposition chamber with careful control of deposition temperature, which might result in a cost reduction for constructing the large scale in-line deposition system.

Virgin Abdomen에서의 장폐쇄증

이희만,송인상,윤완희 대한대장항문학회 1994 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.10 No.2

단백질 보충제 섭취가 보디빌더의 근력과 혈액성분에 미치는 효과

이석인,권만근 중앙대학교 스포츠과학연구소 2001 體育硏究 Vol.- No.14

This study is executed to examine closely the effect that bodybuilder's taking protein supplement affects muscular strength and blood constituent after weight training of eight weeks. They are randomly assigned with two groups that experimental group of 10 ones who execute weight training with taking pretein supplement and control group of 10 ones who just do weight training and weight, fat rating of body(%), muscular part. 1-RM and the change of blood constituent are analyzed according to programs of eight weeks. The results are as following: 1. Weight significantly increased before and after training in experimental group but there is no statistic significance though control group did a little bit before and after training. In the rating of body fat(%), both groups didn't show significant difference. 2. Experimental group and control one didn't show significant increase of upper arm's muschlar(left and right) and thigh muschlar part(left and right) but it's increasing rate was a little high in chest part in the change of muscular part 3. The cases of bench press, squat, dead-lift, shoulder press and barbell curl showed significant increase before and after training in both experimental and control group in the change of 1-RM. And experimental group increased a little bit more about 1RM than control group. 4. The cases of total-protein, creatine, Uric acid, and total-cholesterol significantly decreased before and after training in both groups in the change of blood constituent. BUN and CPK didn't show signifiant decrease or increase in experimental group and control group before and after training. Seeing above mentioned results, experimental group with protein supplement was efficient as compared with control group in weight. But the rating of body fat, muscular part, muscular strength and blood didn't have significant difference. Through these results it is considered that taking the protein supplement can't affect measurement variables in training of eight weeks, somewhat much protein injection and long period and intensified weight training than short one is necessary under the condition which there is a skill of experimental group and control group to examine the improvement of muscular fleshiness and the change of blood constituent.

슬개골 골절의 수술적 치료

김동휘,김정만,고인준 대한골절학회 2004 대한골절학회지 Vol.17 No.4

목적 : 슬개골 골절 치료의 일반적 치료 지침을 얻고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 평균 2.2년간 추적이 가능하였고 내고정을 시행한 23례를 대상으로 하였다. 주 고정 방법은 금속 나사 7례, Dall-Miles' cable을 이용한 환상 강선 고정 14례, 그리고 이들 두 가지 방법의 겸용이 2례였다. 추가 공정으로는 장력대 강선 고정 9례, 부하배분케이블 고정 3례 그리고 이들 두 가지 겸용이 5례였다. 수술 후 고정은 굴곡위로, 가능하면 90°고정을 7일간 시행하였다. 결과 : 전 예에서 유의한 골편 전위 없는 골유합이 이루어졌다. 일 례를 제외한 전 례에서 완전 운동 범위를 얻을 수 있었다. 결론 : 고정 방법의 선택은 골절의 분쇄 정도, 골의 강도, 골절 부위 및 연부 조직의 손상 정도에 따른 개별화가 필요하다. 강력한 고정, 초기 굴곡위 고정과 조기 관절운동으로 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. Purpose : To establish general guide line in the treatment of the patellar fracture. Materials and Methods : Twenty three patellar fractures followed for 2.2 years in average, treated with internal fixation were evaluated retrospectively. The primary fixations were the metal screw fixation in 7, the Dall-Mlles' cable circumferential fixation in 14 and combination of both methods in 2 cases. The additional fixations were the tension band wiring in 9, the load sharing cable fixation in 3 and combination of both methods in 5 cases. The initial postoperative immobilazation of the knee joint in flexion, preferably 90°, for 7 days was effective to gain full range of motion. Results : Complete union without displacement was achieved in all cases. Full ROM was achieved in all cases except one. Conclusion : The choice of internal fixation need to be individualized according to the level of comminution, bone strength, fracture site and soft tissue damage. A strong internal fixation, initial immobilization in flexion followed by early ROM exercise were important factors to gain good result.

거주 형태에 따른 에너지 섭취량과 소비량의 균형도 조사

박순목,고성경,남인수,윤재만,임승현,전중기,이종삼 대구대학교 인문과학연구소 2008 人文科學硏究 Vol.31 No.-

We investigated that the effects of residential type on energy balance in college students. Total sixteen college students were participated in this study, all subjects were assigned one of three groups: either school attendee students group, self-governed living students group, dormitory students group. Routine physical activity level (for 5 days including three weekday and two weekend) and food intake were surveyed. For investigation of degree of physical activity, all subjects were requested to record on their physical movements as possible as detail should be obtained. To all subjects, five-day dietary log form was given, and used for examining of calorie intake from their routine diet. There was no statistical difference in energy intake and consumption in each. However energy consumption was significantly higher than energy uptake in school attendee students group. All other groups were shown a similar energy values between energy uptake and consumption. There were no significant differences in energy intake and consumption in any of experimental groups when comparisons were made between weekdays and weekend. As far as energy uptake was concerned it was no statistical difference in any of major nutrients among groups. In conclusion, partial imbalance was found between energy intake and uptake in school attendee groups. This may be due to their more active life style than other groups'. In future studies, better controlled study should be performed not only more subjects are recruited but also minor nutrients are included for examining of energy balance.