‘황희 정승 납거미 유언’ 설화 고찰

황인덕 ( In-deok Hwang ) 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 2018 인문학연구 Vol.57 No.1

알려져 있듯 황희는 정승을 지낸 조선 초기 명인의 한 사람이다. 다수일반인들에게 그는 주로 ‘황희 황정승’으로 이름과 직위가 병칭되어 불리어오곤 했는데, 이는 그의 이름이 오래 전에 이미 애칭화되어 후대까지 널리 불려왔다는 뜻이다. 우리나라 역대 정승을 거친 수많은 훌륭한 인물가운데, 그 직위에 요구되는 역할을 가장 충실하게 실현함으로써 그 존재가 거의 ‘정승’의 대명사처럼 기억되어온 결과라 하겠다. 황정승이 조선조전 시대를 대표하는 명 정승으로 알려져온 것에 부합하여, 그에 대하여 구전되어온 설화 또한 그 폭과 깊이가 넓고 깊게 실현되고 있다. 한 인물이 남긴 설화가 대략 주인공이 지닌 인품, 생애, 시대, 업적 등의 조건에 비례한다면, 황정승이 남긴 설화의 다양성도 대략 그러한 조건들이 예사인물과는 다른 결과라고 할 수 있다. 이 글은 위 인물에 대하여 <공작이도 납거미를 먹고 살랴>라는 하나의 유형을 집중적으로 고찰하였다. 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 위 설화의 유형은 크게는 하나, 작게는 세개의 유형으로 나뉘고 있다. 둘째, 위 설화가 형성된 화소의 원천은 ‘고려장 설화’와 ‘공작이도 납거미를 먹고 살랴’라는 전래 속담이며, 이 두 가지 요소가 하필 황정승을 대상 인물로 하여 새로운 설화를 이룬 것은 나말여초 중국과 조선의 국제관계와 그 속에서 황정승이 수행한 역할과 위상이 반영된 결과이다. 셋째, 설화를 통한 인물 형상의 특징은 청렴상을 통한 민담성의 강화에 있으며, 특히 비범한 능력을 발휘하여 청렴을 실천하는 인물상의 구현은 황정승의 투철한 애민정신을 반영한 결과라 할 수 있다. 넷째, 황정승 설화는 여말 선초를 지나 조선 초기 국운 상승기의 인물담을 대표적으로 보여주며, 그로 인하여 설화 속의 인물상이 한결같이 긍정적인 모습으로만 나타난다. As we all know, Hwang Hee was a renowned minister in the early period of Joseon dynasty. The fact that he has been mainly called both by name and position as ‘the minister Hwang’ means he was already given a nickname a long time ago. He has been remembered as a representative of ministers existed in the history as he carried out his duties the most faithfully among the numbers of past outstanding ministers in the country. In accordance with his reputation as a devoted minister throughout the whole dynasty of Joseon, his fictional image was embodied with great wide and depth. If the tales Hwang Hee left behind depended on the conditions such as his personality, his life, the period and his achievement, a variety of his tales would seem to approximately result from those different conditions from those of others. This paper concentrates on his tale < Apeacocklivesonflatspiders > only. The contents are as below. First, the above-mentioned tale might be broadly divided into a type, or into three types in detail. Second, a subject matter of this tale is derived from folk tales about ‘Goryeojang’ and ‘A peacock lives on flat spiders’. A new tale about Hwang Hee which has been invented reflects on the international relationship of Joseon with China, and the role and position he played in the late period of Goryeo dynasty and the early period of Joseon dynasty. Third, a characteristic of the hero in the tale depends on the strengthening his integrity, which displays Hwang Hee’s strong love for the people by showing his exceptional ability to perform for them. Fourth, the tale of Hwang Hee represents a tale of the great man in the history when the country was in the ascendant in the early period of Joseon from the late Goryeo and the early Joseon. Therefore, he was displayed as a positive character in the tales.

In-direct localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based nanosensors for highly sensitive and rapid detection of cortisol

Jeon, Jinwoo,Uthaman, Saji,Lee, Jiyoung,Hwang, Hyejin,Kim, Gibum,Yoo, Pil J.,Hammock, Bruce D.,Kim, Christine S.,Park, Yeon-Su,Park, In-Kyu Elsevier 2018 Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical Vol.266 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Over-secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex is closely related to acute and chronic stress; thus, rapid and sensitive detection of cortisol in serum is of critical importance for preventing the progression of stress-related diseases. The binding of a biological molecule to the surface of metallic nanoparticles changes the local refractive index and in turn induces a shift in the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) wavelength. Utilizing this phenomenon, we designed a novel disposable LSPR-based cuvette-type sensor for detecting cortisol in serum. The developed cuvette-type nanosensor consists primarily of an assembly of plastic unit sensors coated with gold nanoparticles on a single layer wherein cortisol-conjugated bovine serum albumin (BSA) is immobilized. In this system, a redshift in LSPR wavelength is induced by the binding of cortisol antibody onto cortisol-conjugated BSA immobilized on a gold nanoparticle surface in the nanosensor. In a competitive assay, the nanosensor could rapidly detect cortisol in both a PBS solution and serum (within 20 min) at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10,000 ng/mL (2.759–3 × 10<SUP>3</SUP> nmol/L), which is comparable to conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which typically requires longer than 4 h and complex sample preparation. Thus, we demonstrated that the LSPR-based nanosensor system developed in this study can provide a useful toolkit for a rapid, highly sensitive and reliable detection of cortisol hormone in a commercially available manner.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Novel disposable LSPR-based cuvette-type sensor for detecting cortisol in serum. </LI> <LI> Rapid, convenient, and sensitive method for detecting cortisol hormone in serum. </LI> <LI> Detect cortisol in both PBS solution and serum within 20 min at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10,000 ng/mL. </LI> </UL> </P>

Reduction of hydrogen chloride in the furnace of vertical type incinerator

( In-hee Hwang ),( Yuto Futagami ),( Takayuki Matsuo ),( Yasumasa Tojo ),( Toshihiko Matsuto ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 한국폐기물자원순환학회 심포지움 Vol.2019 No.1

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) in flue gas of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) is generally removed by the in-duct injection of powdered slaked lime (Ca(OH)₂) before the bag filter (BF). According to the survey of operational characteristics of vertical type incinerator in 2016, the HCl concentration was considerably reduced before the application of dry scrubbing. Vertical type incinerator is a new type one which performs efficient incineration with forming pyrolysis, gasification, and carbon combustion zones vertically in thick waste layer. There is a possibility that HCl gas is reduced in the thick waste layer due to alkali and alkaline earth metals during long retention time. If this assumption is correct, chlorine (Cl) amount is relatively higher in bottom ash (BA) obtained from vertical type incinerator. In this study, the Cl distribution amount to BA, fly ash (FA), and cleaned flue gas as well as the form of Cl compound in ash were investigated to clarify the reduction phenomenon of HCl in the furnace of vertical type incinerator. Questionnaire survey and ash (BA and FA) sampling were conducted for twenty-four MSWI facilities to determine the Cl distribution amount depending on the types of furnaces. Annual amounts of waste incinerated, chemical for ash stabilization, BA and FA discharged were questioned. Flow rate and HCl concentration of flue gas at the outlet of BF were also investigated. BA and FA samples were provided to analyze total Cl content and the form of Cl and Ca compounds. Total Cl content was measured by the modified JIS method (JIS Z 7302-6). XRD analysis and leaching test were performed to know the form of Cl and Ca compounds. Leaching test was carried out under the conditions of LS=10, 200rpm, and 6 h. Cl concentration in eluent was measured by anion chromatography. Na, K, and Ca concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. In the vertical type of incinerator, HCl gas was expected to be captured by alkali and alkaline earth metals while it was passing the thick waste layer. However, there was no significant difference in the Cl distribution amount in BA depending on the types of incinerators as shown in Fig. 1. In order to confirm the possibility that HCl was captured by dust in flue gas at the furnace, dust sample was sampled from the duct before the spray of slaked lime. HCl gas concentration in combustion and post-combustion chamber of vertical type incinerator (V-1 facility) were also measured respectively. As a result, it was revealed that more than 30% of Cl contained in FA was derived from dust of furnace. In addition, it was found that HCl concentration was greatly reduced in the post-combustion chamber. From these results, HCl was considered to be captured by CaO which was contained more than 10wt% in dust at the post-combustion chamber of vertical type of incinerator. This HCl reduction on the furnace is an important phenomenon that leads to the reduction of the amount of alkali chemical required for exhaust gas treatment. It is necessary to verify whether the same phenomenon occurs in conventional stocker type incinerator. In our future study, the analysis of flue gas and dust will be performed by comparison with conventional stoker type incinerator to elucidate the mechanism of HCl reduction in the furnace.

고형배지의 종류가 수경재배 멜론의 품종별 과실의 생육과 품질에 미치는 영향

전하준,황진규,김인규,손미자 대구대학교 생명과학연구소 2004 생명과학연구 Vol.3 No.1

In order to examine how growth substances influence to fruit growth and its quality, we cultivated 3 different kinds of melons which grown in hydroponic system into 3 different types of growth substances, such as perlite, perlite/rock wool and rock wool/perlite. In this experiment, “Siroi Kagayaki”, showed no significant difference in fruit weight and its diameter in any of growth substances, but higher in plant height in perlite/rock wool than Perlite. In case of “TS-1806”, there were no significant differences in soluble solids, fruit weight and diameter in all the substances. However, it showed longer in fruit length in rock wool / perlite than that in perlite/ rock wool. In addition, the soluble solids in placenta and flesh were higher in perlite than those in rock wool/perlite.

佛典系 韓國民談 硏究

黃仁德 충남대학교 문리과대학 어문연구회 1988 語文硏究 Vol.17 No.-

Korea has been well-known since rather old times as an exemplary state among those deeply influenced by Buddhist culture. Therefore, it is quite understandable that too many folktales in Korea had originated from the Indian Buddhist Classics. The aim of this dissertation is to search for the significance and aspects of Korean folktales by examining the process of how Classical Buddhist folklore could be transformed through oral tradition into pure Korean folktales. To effectively achieve this goal, this paper deals among many Korean folktales stemming from Buddhist Classics with three categorical stories : the story of "Two Brothers Who Threw Away Gold," the story of "I, Living up To My Fortune," and the story of "Burying-the Old-Alive" custom. These three tales hold a distinctively unique place in the tradition of Korean folktales generated from Buddhist Classics, and they also represent the profundity of folktales transfigured into Korean legends. Following is the summary of the main content discussed in this dissertation. More than other religions, the Buddhist Classics has proved to be more suitable for folktales, and this would be explainable with the help of the characteristics of Buddhist Classics, such as the general tendency in Buddhist Classics toward the most effective delivery of the Buddhist world of Truth, Buddha's influencing preaching, and the Buddhist view of the world through the cause-and-effect principle. The completion of Buddhist Classics was made possible through four-stage process, mainly the process of oral tradition and the process of documentation. Through various process of formation folklore of Buddhist Classics origin came to yield such unique forms of folktales as "Allegories," "Previous-Life Story," and "Previous-Life Story of Buddha." In "Allegories," there are quotations of tales as a means of simple illustration without allowing the narrator to intervene in orally delivered folktales. However, in "Previous-Life Story" the narrator himself intervenes in folklore, while Buddha arbitrarily interprets the existing legends by relating them with Himself. Similar to "Previous-Life Story," Buddha Himself is the protagonist in "Previous-Life Story of Buddha." Apart from "Allegories," both "Previous-Life" tales maintain a certain distance than the allegories from the orally transmitted pure folklore prior to the formation of folktales of Buddhist Classics origin. For the same reason, they had no choice in the process of Koreanization, but to be transfigured severely from the style of Classical Buddhist folklore. It is generally recognized that the Koreanization of folklore originated Buddhist Classics attributed to both aspects of the delight and the thematic morality in folktales. Those three folktales popular in Korea are not original but seem for sure to have derived from Buddhist Classics. Belonging to "Allegories," the story of "Two Brothers Who Threw Away Gold" changed into Korean folktale through such various forms as legends, ordinary folklore, and serious folklore. Particularly in case of serious folklore the extent of transformation turns out to be obviously wide-ranging and deep. The fundamental principle of transfiguration is to satisfy further the materialistic desire, transcending the existing standard of moral consciousness. The story of "I, Living Up To My Fortune" reveals accurately the style of "Previous-Life" tales. In Koreanized folklore the subject is entirely involved in the fulfillment of personal happiness, while in Buddhist classics the theme usually focuses on the awakening process for the Innocent (who does not realize Buddhist Truth) of the world of Wisdom. Such kinds of folklore divide into three thematic arenas, that is, "Fortune-Realization," "Reasonableness," and "Reconciliation." Among them, "Reconciliation" is considered as the most universal one fully satisfying the structural requirements in folklore. The story of "Burying-the Old-Alive" implies the characteristics of Buddha's "Previous-Life" tales. The similar type of the ancient Babylonian folklore exercised an influence on India and afterwards so did India on Korea. In Buddhist Classics the story mentioned above produces sublimity through the character of Buddha, the protagonist. However, in Korea that folklore-often called "Burying-the Old-Alive" legend-reflects well the sense of reality of the Contemporaries. With the consequences insofar as exploited, Koreanized folk-tales of Buddhist Classics origin expound the significance of both Korean peculiarity and its universality as well. Finally I assume that for the rest of Korean folklore based on Buddhist Classics, the continual research as a crucial task should be followed.

國民學校 敎師 自然 및 算數科 再敎育의 分析的 硏究 : Based on the Choong Buk Province

黃秉德,梁仁煥,崔炳文,趙璇衡,朴根生 淸州大學校 科學敎育硏究所 1977 淸州大學校 科學敎育硏究所 Vol.1 No.-

Our college has retrained many primary school teachers during 5 years is science, and during 4 years in case of mathematics. Many problems are found out in the process of retraining them in our school. This study is aimed to research the actual condition of the retraining and to find out the way to improvement from the problems. However, Our study will have some limitation as follows: (1) For our study, only 300 teachers are chosen from the total 1,869 attended at our college(Cheong Ju Teachers College) in 1976. (2) The administrational and financial affairs are analyzed only according to the Ministry of Education with UNICEF funds from 1972 to 1976, and (3) We didn't take any consideration of Ministry of Education Project in Suggesting the way of improvement. Following are some problems found in our study: 1) Throughout the nation, only 23% of primary school teachers were taught in science and mathematice reservice work during the 5 years, and it can be said that it takes about 20 years to retrained all the teachers without consideration of natural increase of teachers. 2) The proportion of selecting primary school teachers in all the country for this reservice training is extreme, for example, Jeju Province is 57.9%, Seoul 17.7%. 3) The proportion of woman teachers selected in Choong Buk primary school is only 3.5% of total woman teachers, who takes 32% of total Choong Buk primary teachers during 5 years. Therefore, it is said that the number is very little. 4) Some teachers have been reselected in the reservice training. In case of the Choong Buk Board of Education. the 6% of teachers selected once were reselected for 5 years. 5) When the test are enforced on attendants to get data before the reservice training. We could find that they didn't understand the basic concept of science except a grade under their charge. 6) In the process of inquiry study, they didn't know even the scientific terms of expectation and reasoning. 7) After 60 hours of reservice training course. We tested them about understanding of the contents of text, and their marks are from 10 to 100. the marks show large individual difference among them. 8) Some teachers may have neither teaching ability nor knowledge of the basic concept, that is 11.3% of total attendants are less than 30 marks in mathematics test. 9) It is too very large work to study reservice text during the 60 hours. 10) There are many difficult signs in the mathematics reservice text having no connection with the actual primary school mathematics text book. 11) In the reservice text of science, there are omitted the method of teaching materials production, the model of inquiry learning, and the evaluation method. 12) From the analysis of questionary response for finding the actual condition of administration of teaching materials, We could find out 15% of primary schools in Choong Buk Province do almost not prepare teaching materials, and 15% of its never put them to practical use. Therefore, We could say that total 30% of them have been teaching without teaching materials. 13) The 42% of attendants in mathematics class answer that they do not understand the new mathematical signs, and 42% of them answer the shortage of hours (60 hours) to understand their reservice text book. 14) The 25% of them answer that they teach children with cramming education, and almost of them want good teachers guide books. As mentioned above, there are found many problems to be solved for reservice training of science education in our country. Some of them will be solved in our study. So We find out its and We suggest the ways solving the problems as follows: A. On the administration of reservice training. 1) The reservice training work for primary school teachers is very significant and will have to be continued. 2) It will be done in not only summer vacation but also winter one for finishing immediatly all over the country. 3) The 60 hours of science reservice training course work are very short, and the classmember of attendants will be regulated. 4) The funds for reservice operation and travelling expenses for attendants will be realized. B. On selecting the attendants 1) When the attendants are selected, there will be consideration of age, rank, term of their service, sex and academic background. 2) as far as possible, it will be selected as homogeous groups, and it will be effective to teach them with division between class teacher and nonclass teacher. 3) When select attendants are it will be taken consideration of balance between city and province for the diffusion effect and parallel development in reservice training work. 4) It must give a chance to woman as same as to man teacher according to a rule of equal select chance. 5) The principal, instructor and school inspector will be reeducated for fixing of science curriculum. C. On reservice training text book 1) The text book must reedit moderatly for 60 hours, or the time of retraining for the text book finished will be extented. In our opinion, it is to be desired that the time have to be added. 2) The difficult signs must be omitted, taking into account for the mathematics knowledge and time of education period. 3) In the science reservice training text book, it must supplement the tack for framming of inquiry teaching plan, the method for making teaching materials, and the skill for replacing of teaching materials. D. For the curriculum management of science. 1) The Governmental Company must settle the shortage of science teaching materials in primary school. 2) For the charge of the old state of teaching method, the teachers must devote themselves to teach children without miscellaneous duties. 3) The authorities concerned (for example, Ministry of Education, Teachers College, etc.) must make guide books for science teachers, and supply them to primary school teachers. 4) It must be given the chance of long period reeducation to the incompetent primary school teachers, and problem will have to be studied under the situation of educational administration.

理論的 用語를 土台로한 國民學校 算數科 學習資料 開發에 關한 硏究

梁仁煥,朴根生,黃秉德 淸州大學校 科學敎育硏究所 1977 淸州大學校 科學敎育硏究所 Vol.2 No.-

This research study is aimed more at pursuing the methods of promoting logical thinking to be debated in the present-day mathematical instruction, searching to discover the foundation underlying it, and then at meterializing even more learning effects in coping with the instructional situation forecast in practice. Hence to this end, the study objectives are set up and launched as follows: 1) It provides the materials capable of endorsing view points for the primary school teachers who play a pivotal role on modernizing the mathematical education. 2) It works out the instructional materials bearing relation on logical terms and their definitions 3) It purveys the rudimentary materials for ameliorating the mathematical curriculum. However, put it to the point, taken for granted that logical instruction covers a wide range of contents and methods, this study can't but give lots of limit only to simple principles forming the foundations of logical terms, definitions, and axiomatic methods. Moreover, in the primary school mathematical learning sign logic or logical verification is not in fact directed enough to be suitable for children, but logical learning is undertaken for clarifying mathematical thinking, so with mind on this stand, we allege we addressed ourselves to extract and frame the material concerning logical terms. In chapter Ⅱ the logical terms, logical corallory, logical definition, and axiomatic methods, which this study purports to delve into, are given second thought in light of logical facets. In chaptor Ⅲ we consolidated the teaching stantpoint analyzing the primary school mathematical textbooks(1st grade to 6th grade) and seeking the learning situation given the leeway for bringing logical terms into classroom. In chapter Ⅳ and Ⅴ the learning materials and logical terms, which underlie the learning of logical definition and axiomatic methods, are boiled down and worked out, and simultaneously referenciel materials, serving the intent of the teachers' further prosecution of study thereon, are presented as well. Alongside, pulling ahead with the above work, we will state a few views in point gleaned from this study. The logical learning for orienting logic righteously should deserve all the more emphatic care and systemic inculcation in today's mathematical teaching targeted for modernization. With a view to further doing that now the teachers should take an advanced pace ever farther than they took a luckewarm pose about mathematical education, and should have a close insight into logic to the effect that they can make exact treatment and judgment of them. Foremost of all, they should conduct still more efficient teaching by classifying and arranging logical terms founded on sagacious understanding in children's learning or by guiding them in the direction that they can have a thorough grip of relationships to concepts. If carried out, in particular not less notice should be given to the following issues: 1) Accurate understanding as for the logical terms(be, not be, and, or, all, any, at least, at most, no less than, if-then) or signs(→,⇒,⇔,? etc.) are the cornerstone of logical instruction. 2) Considered that axiomatic methods are a nucleus of modern mathematics, propelling thinking abilitiy underpinned by sound ground is not only a momentum of childlike deductive thinking, but an axis of logical verification to be advancd into a better dimension in the forth coming days. In the fear of knowing what tomorrow will bring, the teachers should deliberate to the full what is to be determined as axiom and what logical learning is to be performed. 3) Keeping in mind that mathematic text books are organized so as to aggrandize laws and concepts into larger and more complex ones by degrees in view of child developmental stages, teachers should teach them to make clearer the definitions of objects. 4) In the current mathematical learning legic bears germane relationships on "set concept", hence logical learning should be progressed on the basis of sets. 5) Teachers should take persistent account of the fact that there still exists the case that analogous, inductive, or deductive thinking is acted upon otherwise than intuitive thinking either in theoretic development or in the disposal of problems. To be exact, the following problems are put forward as the supreme tasks of the future logical instruction: 1) To what extent is the purview of logical teaching fixed and how is the pertinent instructional framework organized in the scope of teaching? 2) The signs(→,⇒,⇔, ? etc.) of logic are included in the mathematical texts, besides, to what degree and in what way are new signs introduced in any grade from now on? 3) In what way is it the most praiseworthy for the concepts of sets to be structured so as to make inalienable ties with logic? 4) In teacher's in-service training what are the concepts concerning logic and the problems of training hour allotment. to be contemplated? In addition to these matters discussed above, the field-study which invokes interest in the front teacher's logical teaching had better be recommended and encouraged even more positively than the past. To sum up, it goes without saying that this study has brought about most limited materials in search of teaching methods making the groundwork for logical terms, definitions and axiomatic methods. Out of this result as such it is very difficult to hazard any rash conclusion on logical teaching with far-flung characteristics. However, we wish the study of this area would gain far open ground sufficiently enough to brush up the teaching methods of the field teacher's and remain meaningful materials later on Conducive to ironing out any thorny problems stemming from furtherance of research meeting our expectation in the foreseeable future and render a major boost to more intensive study, now that to date any convincible studies of this area have not yet come fresh in many years.

제5장 기업집단의 피라미드 소유지배구조와 경영성과의 관계

황인학(In hak Hwang) 한국경제연구원 2005 한국경제연구원 시리즈자료 Vol.- No.6

이 논문은 우리나라 대규모 기업집단의 사업구조, 재무구조, 피라미드 소유지배구조의 대리변수들이 그룹 차원의 경영성과에 미친 영향을 실증분석하고 있다. 대규모 기업집단은 우리나라 경제의 압축성장에 상당한 기여를 해왔으나 1997년 외환위기를 전후하여 30대 기업집단 중 약 절반이 부실화되면서 재벌구조의 비효율성이 집중적으로 거론되고 개혁의 주된 대상으로 몰리고 있다. 그러나 아쉽게도 재벌에 대한 비판과 이에 기초한 신설규제들은 체계적인 통계분석이 선행되지 않은 상황에서 진행되었으며, 본 논문의 분석결과는 재벌구조와 경영성과의 관계에 대한 '구태의연한 상식'은 오히려 사실과 다를 수 있음을 시사한다. 예를 들면, 문어발식 사업다각화가 그룹 차원의 경영성과에 비효율을 초래할 것이라는 일반적인 가설은 통계적으로 뒷받침되지 않으며, 기업집단의 내부지분율은 적어도 외환위기 이전까지는 경영성과에 긍정적인 영향을 준 것으로 나타난다. 그리고 최근에 논란을 빚고 있는 의결권 승수와 관련해서는 이의 대리지표인 피라미드 지배승수를 이용하여 경영성과에 미친 영향을 분석한 결과, 1989~1996년의 장기분석에서 "지배주주의 피라미드 레버리지가 증가하면 경영성과는 악화된다"는 가설은 부인되며, 지배승수와 경영성과는 오히려 통계적으로 유의한 양(+)의 관계를 맺고 있는 것으로 나타난다. This paper aims at empirically examining the effect of various features of chaebol structure on the group level performance. For more than four decades, chaebols, largely diversified business groups in Korea, have contributed to the rapid growth of domestic economy. But they have faced the difficulty from the mid-1990s, and the half of the top 30 chaebols went into bankruptcy or debt restructuring program around the time of financial crisis in the late 1997. What then went wrong with the chaebols? Which of their structure and/or strategies made them fragile at the shock of financial crisis? Among various features of the chaebols, we focus on the pyramid ownership and control structure, business scope, and debt structure to investigate how they affected the group level performance during the period 1989-1996. In our regression model, ROA, ROS, and other profit measures are employed alternatively, and independent variables include the debt-asset ratio(DEBT), the Entropy diversification index(DT), pyramid control leverage(PYRAMID), and in-group shareholding (INSIDE) with some control variables. When we estimate the above model, we find four interesting points about the chaebol structure and performance. First, the estimated coefficient of DEBT has a negative sign with strong statistical significance. Thus we may say that the high debt ratios in the chaebols have been the main driving force to reduce the profit rate of each group on the average. Second, the diversification variables have negative signs but they are not statistically insignificant. While it is true that a typical chaebols are largely diversified into 20 industries, the over-diversification hypothesis is not well accepted in our sample. This result may indicate that the chaebols' extensive business scope does not prove that they have pursued an excessive diversification. However one caution should be taken because Hwang(1999), using the sample of nine bankrupt chaebols, show that the diversification level has a negative effect on the profit rate during the period 1985-1996. Third, the variable INSIDE has a positive coefficient with statistical significance. This finding here is quite interesting because more than 90% of the in-group shareholding consists of cross-equity investment among affiliates, and previous literature predicts the negative effect of cross ownership on performance. For example, Bebchuck-Kraakman-Triantis(1999) and Kim(2001) explain that cross ownership, other things being equal, strengthens the management entrenchment for the minority controlling shareholder and thus leads to performance worsening. Along with this context, the regulatory authority in Korea has maintained the hostile approach to the in-group shareholding. Bur the finding here indicate that the in-group shareholding has a beneficial effect on chaebols' performance at least before the economic crisis in Korea. Finally, it is most surprising that the pyramid control structure in chaebols positively affected the group level of performance during the period 1989-1996. The estimated coefficient of PYRAMID variable has a positive sign and is statistically significant. Thus we may say that the minority controlling structure in the chaebols has not been always the factor to lower the profit rate. This result is quite contrasting with the predictions based on the agency theory. For example, BKT(1999) and Morck-Strangeland-Yeung(1998) claim that in business groups like Korean chaebols, the pyramid control structure facilitates entrepreneurs to effectively control assets of all the affiliates with their own small investment, and thus worsen the management entrenchment and agency problems. While they may predict some negative relation between pyramid multiplier and profit rate, however, our finding here suggest that their hypotheses can not be supported in the Korean experiences. We also find that there exists the reversed U-shape relation between pyramid leverage and profit.

쪽방거주자의 삶에 대한 질적 연구

황세인(Hwang Se in) 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2015 인문사회과학연구 Vol.16 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 산재되어 형성된 쪽방에 거주하는 이들의 삶을 이해하는 것이다. 이를 위해 대표적인 분산형 쪽방지역으로 알려진 부산광역시의 쪽방거주자를 대상으로 인터뷰와 참여관찰을 통해 자료를 수집·분석하였다. 연구결과, 정보제공자들은 생계유지를 위한 ‘절약’과 ‘시간 때우기’가 가능한 장소를 찾아 전전하고 있다. 무위(無爲)한 일상을 “시간을 때우며” 보내고 있다고는 하지만, 그저 단순히 시간을 때우는 것이 아닌, 목적이 있는, 나름의 생활전략을 가지고 필요한 곳에서 시간을 보내고 있다. 둘째, 이들은 자신들의 거주지를 쪽방 밀집지역과 같은 쪽방촌, 쪽방지역이라는 인식보다는 쪽방, 여인숙과 같이 살고 있는 건물로 인식하는 경향이 크며, 때문에 쪽방지역과 그 바깥 지역이라는 구분없이 생활에 필요한 곳을 중심으로 이동하고 있다. 하지만 이 장소 사이에는 비교적 규칙적인 생활권이 형성되어 있으며, 각각 이런 생활권은 마치 보이지 않는 개별적인 쪽방 지역을 형성하고 있는 것과 같다. 셋째, 이들은 ‘일하는 것’과 제도 및 복지자원의 활용에 있어서 내·외부의 엄격한 시선 속에 놓여있다. 즉, 근로능력이 없음에도 불구하고 일하지 않는 사람이라고 비난을 받기도 하며, 혹여 일을 할 수 있는 사람으로 보여질까, 그래서 기초생활보장수급에서 탈락되지는 않을까하는 불안 속에 살아가고 있다. 넷째, 이들은 쪽방으로 오는 과정에서 가족, 주거, 고용 및 사회로부터 배제되어 왔으며, 점차 스스로 누군가를 멀리하며 배제하고 있다. 마지막으로, 혼자 된 삶을 살아가고 있는 정보제공자들은 앞으로도 여전히 혼자인 삶을 걱정하고 있으며, 나름의 방법으로 그 삶을 준비하고 있다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 정책 및 실천에 대한 방향을 제언하였다. The purpose of this study is to understand the lives of the residents who are living in Zzock-bang that are developed throughout scattered spots. In order to do so, data were collected and analyzed through interview and participatory observation of Zzock-bang residents in Busan metropolitan city which is known as the typical Zzock-bang area with dispersal pattern. According to the findings, the research participants are striving to find a 「place」where they can ‘save money’ and ‘fill in time’. Although they are ‘filling in time’ in their meaningless routine, they don’t waste time just recklessly but spend time in a place they need with their own living strategies having certain goals. Second, they tend to regard their residence not as a ‘Jjok-bang village or Jjok-bang area’ where Jjok-bang households are densely located but as a ‘Jjok-bang or inn’, that is the ‘building to live in’; thus, they are moving to the place they need for living with no distinction between the Jjok-bang area and the outside area. Among the places, however, relatively regular spheres of living are formed, and each of these spheres seems to form an individual Jjok-bang area that is almost invisible. Third, they get a strict eye both internally and externally in ‘working’ or utilizing ‘institutional or welfare resources’. It means that even though they are not equipped with working capabilities, they are often criticized as ‘a person unwilling to work’, and they are anxious about the possibility that ‘they might seem a person who is capable of working’ and it deprives them of their subsidies for basic living. Fourth, in the process they enter Jjok-bang, they become excluded from their family, residence, employment, or society, and gradually, they, too, exclude themselves from somebody else. Lastly, the research participants who are living alone are still worried about their lonesome life in the future and preparing for it somehow in their own way. Based on the findings, this study suggests directions for policy and practice.

사회적 변화에 따라 정신질환자들의 피해망상 속에 나타난 박해자 유형변화

강승범,황인복,김한석,김승곤,김학렬,박상학,김상훈,황걸 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2008 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.33 No.3

Objective: The authors investigated the frequency of persecutors in persecutory delusions of the psychiatric patients who didn't undergo the arrest or traumatic injury, reside in Gwangju Jeonnam area, and were admitted to the hospital after the 5.18 prodemocracy movement in Gwangju in 1980 upward 10 years. Also this study investigated the frequency of the persecutors before and after the prodemocracy movement and in capital and Gwangju Jeonnam area. Subjects and Methods: Among the 896 patients who were admitted to department of psychiatry, Chosun University Hospital from Jan. 1. 1989 to Dec. 31. 1991, we choosed 144 patients with persecutory delusion who had lived in Gwangju Jeonnam area for 10 years after 5.18 prodemocracy movement as subjects. Persecutors were classified into 7 class: unspecified, family, neighbors, communist or spy, police or army or secret agent, impersonal, others. Results: 1) In our study, the frequency of persecutors was family, unspecified, neighbors, police or army or secret agent, impersonal, others, communist or spy in descending order. As compared to previous studies (1956-2003) including our study about frequency of persecutor at capital area and Gwangju Jeonnam area, and before and after 5.18 prodemocracy movement, 2) At capital area, in the early 1980s, police, family, neighbors, unspecified person was frequent in descending order. In the both of early 1970s, 1990s, neighbors, family, unspecified person, police was frequent in descending order. 3) At Gwangju Jeonnam area, in the early 1970s, family, unspecified person, neighbors, police was frequent in descending order. In the early 1990s, unspecified person and family, neighbors, police was frequent in descending order. 4) The police class was most frequent at capital area in the early 1980s. Conclusions: We suppose that class of persecutor in persecutory delusions of psychiatric patients are changing according to social change, and frequency of police class was decreasing in both of capital and Gwangju, Jeonnam area.