어깨 근막통 증후군에서 어깨 관절운동범위에 대한 분석

김정수,김인아,이수진,김용규,박시복,고재우,송재철 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate if the measurement of range of motion(ROM) could be applied in the diagnosis of Myofascial Pain Syndrome(MPS) and to determine the severity by analyzing ROM in MPS patients. Methods: The study subjects were 476 female telephone number information service workers. Southampton Protocol and Pittsburgh Protocol were used to diagnose MPS and to measure ROM. ROMs were measured by 2 inclinometers exercising each shoulder passively and actively in 5 directions ; abduction, forward flexion, extension, external rotation, and internal rotation. Results: Compared to the normal group (n=147), the mean of right side ROM in the subjects (n=270) with same side MPS was 2.1˚ (SD=11.5) lesser in active extension and 1.7˚ (SD=10.4) lesser in passive extension. Compared to the mild group (n=210), the mean of right side ROM in the patients with same side severe MPS (N=58) was lesser in all directions. Especially in active forward flexion, passive forward flexion, active extension, passive extension and active external rotation, ROM in the subjects with severe MPS was lesser by 6.5˚ (SD=13.1), 5.1˚ (SD=12.8), 5.9˚ (SD=11.8), 5.0˚ (SD=10.6) and 3.9˚ (SD=9.8), respectively, than those of the subjects with mild MPS. Compared to the subjects with left side mild MPS(n=172), ROM in the subjects with left side severe MPS (n=59) was 5.3˚ (SD=13.3) lesser in active forward flexion. Conclusions: In this study, ROMs in the subjects with severe MPS tended to be lesser than those in mild patients. This tendency was more prominent in the right side than the left, active range of motion than passive and forward flexion and extension than others. The results of this study are expected to help diagnose shoulder MPS and determine severity.

대도시 지역주민의 흡연실태와 관련요인 분석

김기열,임상규,서인선,강창열,이병직,남철현,위광복 慶山大學校 保健福祉硏究所 1997 保健福祉硏究 Vol.1 No.-

To collect basic data for deveoping education program for quitting smoking, 1200 subjects were selected randomly living in Seoul, Pusan, Taegu and suburban areas and interviewed about their smoking habits and attitudes from June 20 to July 20, 1997. The result of this study was summarized as follows: 1. In the general characterisics of subjects, the proportion of female was the higher(53.8%) than that of male. Among them, the portion of twenties was 46.6%. in level of educational background, the rate of college graduates was 45.2%, that of high school was 35.7%, that of middle school was 11.5%. The highest proportion by occupation was 38.9% of student. The next was 11.7% of technician, 10.1% of unemployed, 9.4% of office worker and 9.3% of salesman. 2. The proportion of the smokers among subjects was 34.3%. The portion of male smokers was 65.7%, that of female smokers was 7.3%, which had tendency to increased. At the rate of smoking by age, 47.6% in over fifties, 43.6% in forties and 38.7% in thirties were showed that the rate of smoking was the higher in the older age. 3. In the quantity of smoking cigarettes, the rate of one park of cigarettes per day was 52.7%, that of a half pack was 31.1% and that of over two 53.2% and that in female was 59.1% which was highest. 4. In smoking period, the rate of smokers for over 20 years was 29.7%, that for 1-4 years was 25.1% and that for 5-9 years was 20.9%. The variables of age, marital status, educational level and occupation were statistically significant(p<0.01). 5. In the intention of quitting smoking, 48.0% of subjects wanted to stop smoking, 33.4% of them wanted to reduce amounts of cigarettes and 82.8% fo them had positive intention to stop smoking, on the other side 18.6% of subjects did not have any intention to stop smoking. 6. The proportion of subjects who tried to stop smoking was 67.9%. By characteristics, the rate of 67.9% in male, 27.3% in female, 90.9% in under nineteens, 73.6% in married group 69.4% in lower social class, 77.8% in high school graduated and 72.3% in Buddist was the higher than that of other groups. 7. The proportion of subjects who succeeded in quitting smoking was 12.0%. By characteristics, the rate of 40.2% in male, 34.8% in over 50 years old, 19.7% in married group, 15.4% in lower social class, 13.9% in apartment resident, 15.7% in high school graduate and 17.1% in Buddist was the higher than that of other group. 8. In the reason of quitting smoking, 81.0% of subjects had quitted smoking for health, 6.0% of them for religion and 13.0% of them for others. By characteristics, the rate of reason for health was 83.5% in male, 100.0% in age of forties, 84.6% in lower social class. 9. In the affecting factors of quitting smoking, 40.7% of subjects was influenced on family which was the highest, 29.6% of them on health education, 14.8% of them on friend's recommandation, 9.9% of them on medical doctor's advice and 4.9% of them on campaign. By age, twenties was affected by friend, thirties by health education and forties by family. 10. The most affecting independent variable of smoking was sexuality (β=0.42055), age(β=0.25285), drinking (β=0.15425), marital status and health condition(R²=44.8%). These results were shown that education program for quitting smoking especially emphasized injurious to health should be continued in the unit of family, school, office and society, particularly education program for female should be strengthened.

대학생의 노인복지에 대한 인식도

차병준,김무룡,김기열,차경미,김귀희,김현실,서인선,임상규,이순자,위광복,남철현 慶山大學校 保健福祉硏究所 1999 保健福祉硏究 Vol.2 No.-

The purpose of this study is to grasp the change of consciousness of young people in order to seek new approach of policy for aged era. 1,200 students attending collages and universities in three small or medium sized cities were inquired for 2 months, from October 1 to November 30, 1996. The result is as follows. 1. The characteristic of the respondents of this survey is that they include 72.1% of women, 40.4% of people aged between 20 to 21, and 49.1% of people who do not have any religion. Those who are from big cities and those who are form farming villages or fishing village occupy equally 40.2%, those who reside in that cities for a long period 49.0%, and those who live with their family 60.9%. 2. The family feature of the subject is that 31.5% of them are those whose father is the age of 55 and more than 55, 10% of them are those whose mothers age is so, 33.1% of them have 5 family members, 29.5% of them have the family income of 1,000,000 to 1,490,000 won, 83.9% of them are from middle class, 47.7% of them are the people whose grand parents have passed away, 70.4% of them live apart from their grand parents, and 60.9% of them are second child. 3. 64.0% of males, 70% of respondents who are aged over 24, 58.1% of respondents who are from rural communities, 62.4% of respondents who live in rural area, and 58.3% of respondents who live alone, prefer to live with grand parents, marked higher rate than other groups. The groups whose father and mother are the age of more than 55 marked higher rate of 55.9% and 58% each than any other groups(p<0.05). The groups whose family member is less than three, whose grand parents both have passed away in middle class, who live with their grand parents, and who are second children, give more positive answers than any other groups. 4. Those who are older, who are buddhists, who are from rural area or live in rural area, whose family is small, whose family income is small, who are from lower class and whose grand parents are still alive, shows preference to support their parents after marriage. 5. Females(89.4%), those who are from small or medium sized cities(89%), who live with their family(85.6%), whose father is the age of 55 and more than 55, whose mother is the age of 54 and less than 54, whose family member is 6, who are from middle class, whose grandparents are still alive and who are the eldest child in their family, give more response that they prefer to live apart from their children in their old age than any other groups. 6. What elderly people need most right now is past time(42.3%), and the respondents whose age is 20 to 21, who are buddhists, who are from middle sized cities and live alone, whose parents are the age of more than 55, who have small family income, who live with their grand parents and who are second children show higher level than any other groups. 7. 76.8% of respondents answer that they do not need their parent's fortune, marked still higher rate than the opposite answer. Those who are older, who are buddhists, who are from big cities, who reside in rural area, who live alone and have smaller family, who are in bad family economic conditions and who live with grand parents present higher rate of positive response. 8. 59.3% of respondents reply that they think about death from time to time, and those who are female, who are in the age of 20 to 21, who are christian, who live with their family, whose siblings or other family members offer their education expenses show higher rate than any other groups. 9. 92.3% of respondents answer that the budget for welfare facility for elderly people is very small. The younger the respondents are and the worse economic condition they have among those who live in big cities, the more answered that. 10. 50% of respondents think social security should provide for their old age, and 42.8% of them believe they themselves provide against it. The respondence that social security ought provide for it appeared more among those whose age are over 24, who are female, who reside in rural area, who are christian, who are in bad economic condition, and who ever used medical institutions in recent one month, marked higher level than other groups. 11. The adequate time of retirement is 59.97±5.60 for public officers, the highest and 59.28±6.35 for teachers, the next. 12. 35.2% of respondents reply that the adequate budget for the old age after their retirement at the age of 60 is 220 million won, showed the highest level of respondence. 13. The factors which affect on the old people in the charged welfare facilities are sex(p<0.01), the type of housing(p<0.05) and whole family income(p<0.05). 14. The factors which affect on remarriage are sex(p<0.05) and religion(p<0.05). For varying old population and expanded welfare service for them, government and relevant authority should give more attention to secure the budget, establish effective plans to expand various program and the facilities for elderly people in order that elderly people spend the rest of life time more happily and more fruitfully. To do that, each college and university should open Health courses, and educate and inform about health and welfare.

Is renal replacement therapy necessary in deceased donor liver transplantation candidates with hepatorenal syndrome?: a 2-year experience at a high-volume center

Gil-Chun Park,Shin Hwang,Dong-Hwan Jung,Gi-Won Song,Chul-Soo Ahn,Ki-Hun Kim,Deok-Bog Moon,Tae-Yong Ha,Young-In Yoon,Hui-Dong Cho,Jae-Hyun Kwon,Yong-Kyu Chung,Sang-Hyun Kang,I-Ji Jung,Jin Uk Choi,Sung- 대한외과학회 2020 Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research(ASRT) Vol.98 No.2

Purpose: Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a fatal complication in patients with end-stage liver disease awaiting liver transplantation (LT). HRS often develops in patients with high model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score. This study investigated the outcomes of peritransplant management of HRS in a high-volume LT center in Korea for 2 years. Methods: A total of 157 recipients that deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) from January 2017 to December 2018 were included. In-hospital mortality (IHM) was analyzed in relation to pre- and posttransplant application of renal replacement therapy (RRT). Results: Primary diagnoses for DDLT were alcoholic liver disease (n = 61), HBV-associated liver cirrhosis (n = 48), retransplantation for chronic graft failure (n = 24), and others (n = 24). Mean MELD score was 34.6 ± 6.2 with 72 patients at Korean Network for Organ Sharing MELD status 2 (45.9%), 43 at status 3 (27.4%), 36 at status 4 (22.9%), and 6 at status 5 (3.8%). Pretransplant RRT was performed in 16 patients (10.2%) that did not show IHM. Posttransplant RRT was performed in 69 patients (44.0%), for whom IHM incidence was 15.9%. In 53 patients that had undergone de novo posttransplant RRT, IHM incidence increased to 20.8%. IHM in the 88 patients not requiring RRT was 2.3%. Conclusion: The majority of adult DDLT recipients in Korean MELD score-based allocation system have very high MELD scores, which is often associated with HRS. Pretransplant RRT appears to improve posttransplant survival outcomes. We thereby recommend that, if indicated, pretransplant RRT be performed while awaiting DDLT.

복합레진의 초기 동적 체적 중합수축의 실시간 측정 : 새로운 측정장치의 개발에 대한 소고

이인복 대한치과보존학회 2001 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.26 No.2

The polymerization shrinkage of composite resins is an important drawback although the composites have many advantages-more esthetic and conservative than metallic restoratives etc. The purposes of this research were to develop a new measurement method and to manufacture an instrument that can measure the initial dynamic volumetric shrinkage of composite resins during polymerization. The instrument was basically an electromagnetic balance that constructed with a force transducer using position sensitive photo detector(PSPD) and a negative feedback servo amplifier of proportional-deriva-tive(PD) controller. The volumetric change of composites during polymerization was detected continuously as buoyancy change in distilled water by means of Archimedes's principle. It was converted to continuous electrical voltage signal in real time. The signal was properly conditioned and filtered and then it was stored in computer by a data acquisition(DAQ) board. By using this electronic instrument, the dynamic patterns of the polymerization shrinkage of eight commercial(Z-100, DenFil, AeliteFil, 2-250, P-60, SureFil, Synergy compact, and metric ceram) composite resins were measured and compared. The results were as follows. 1.From this project of developing instrument, the ability has been achieved that can acquire and process data of electrical signal transformed from various physical phenomenon by using temperature, displacement, photo, and force transducer. As a consequence, the instrumentation and measurement system used to analyze the physical characteristics of various dental materials in dental research field can be designed, manufactured and implemented in lab. 2.This instrument has some advantages. It was insensible to temperature change and could measure true dynamic volumetric shrinkage in real time without complicated process. It showed accuracy and high precision results with small standard deviation. 3.The polymerization shrinkage of composites was significantly different between brands and ranged from 2.47% to 3.89%. The order of polymerization shrinkage was as follows, in order of increasing shrinkage, SureFil, P60, Z250, Z100, Synergy compact, DenFil, Tetric ceram, and AeliteFil. 4. The polymerization shrinkage rate per unit time, dVol%/dt, showed that the instrument can provide an indirect research method for polymerization reaction kinetics.

Silorane 복합레진의 중합수축의 동력학

권영철,이인복 大韓齒科保存學會 2010 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.35 No.1

복합레진이 개발된 이후 많은 물성의 향상이 이루어졌으나 복합레진의 중합수축은 아직 해결되지 않은 주요 단점으로 남아있다. 중합수축이 적은 복합레진을 만들기 위한 많은 노력이 이루어졌고, 최근에 기존의 methacrylate 기질이 아닌 silorane 기질의 복합레진이 개발되었다. 본 연구에서는 silorane 기질의 복합레진과 methacrylate 기질의 복합레진의 중합수축거동을 측정하고 비교하고자 하였다. 온도변화에 민감하지 않으며 실시간으로 복합레진의 체적 중합수축을 측정할 수 있는 계측장치를 제작하여 사용하였다. 5종의 methacrylate 기질의 수복용 복합레진(Beautifil, Z100, Z250, Z350, Gradia X)과 silorane 기질 복합레진 (P90)의 중합수축을 10분 동안 측정하여, 중합수축량, 최대 중합수축률 그리고 최대수축시간을 비교하였다. 복합레진의 중합수축은 제품별로 많은 차이를 보였다. Silorane 기질의 P90복합레진의 중합수축이 1.48%로 가장 낮았고 Beautifil 복합레진의 중합수축이 2.80%로 가장 높았다. Methacrylate 계열의 복합레진 사이에도 중합수축량에 제품별로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 최대 중합수축률은 P90이 0.13%/s로 가장 낮았고 Z100이 0.34%/s로 가장 높았다. 최대 수축시간은 methacrylate기질의 복합레진(2.4-3.1초)에 비해, silorane 기질의 P90 복합레진이 6.7초로 두 배 이상 길었다. 최대중합수축률은 중합수축과 최대수축시간의 역수를 곱한 값과 강한 양의 상관관계를 보였다(R = 0.95). Dental composites have improved significantly in physical properties over the past few decades. However, polymerization shrinkage and stress is still the major drawback of composites, limiting its use to selected cases. Much effort has been made to make low shrinking composites to overcome this issue and silorane-based composites have recently been introduced into the market. The aim of this study was to measure the volumetric polymerization shrinkage kinetics of a silorane-based composite and compare it with conventional methacrylate-based composites in order to evaluate its effectiveness in reducing polymerization shrinkage. Five commercial methacrylate-based (Beautifil, Z100, Z250, Z350 and Gradia X) and a silorane-based (P90) composites were investigated. The volumetric change of the composites during light polymerization was detected continuously as buoyancy change in distilled water by means of Archemedes' principle, using a newly made volume shrinkage measurement instrument. The null hypothesis was that there were no differences in polymerization shrinkage, peak polymerization shrinkage rate and peak shrinkage time between the silorane-based composite and methacrylate-based composites. The results were as follows: 1. The shrinkage of silorane-based (P90) composites was the lowest (1.48%), and that of Beautifil composite was the highest (2.80%). There were also significant differences between brands among the methacrylate-based composites. 2. Peak polymerization shrinkage rate was the lowest in P90 (0.13%/s) and the highest in Z100 (0.34%/s). 3. The time to reach peak shrinkage rate of the silorane-based composite (P90) was longer (6.7 s) than those of the methacrylate-based composites (2.4-3.1 s). 4. Peak shrinkage rate showed a strong positive correlation with the product of polymerization shrinkage and the inverse of peak shrinkage time (R = 0.95).

일본전문식당의 급식품질 개선을 위한 HACCP 시스템 적용연구

김혜경,이복희,김인호,조경동 동아시아식생활학회 2003 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.13 No.1

This study was conducted to establish the microbiological quality standards applying the HACCP system on sushi items of Japanese restaurant in Korea. The study evaluated hygienic conditions of kitchen and workers, pH, time-temperature relationship, and microbial assessments during whole process of sushi making in 2001. Overall hygienic conditions were normal for both kitchen and for workers by 3 point scale, but hygienic controls against the cross-contamination were still needed. Each process of sushi making was performed under the risk of microbial contamination, since pH value of most of ingredients was over pH 4.6 and also production time(3.5~6 hrs) were long enough to cause problems. Microorganisms were high enough to cause foodborne illness ranged 8.0×10²~3.3× 10^(6) CFU/g of TPC and 1.0×10¹~1.6×10³ CFU/g of coliforms, although TPC, coliforms and Staphylcoccus aureus were within the standard limits (TPC 10^(6) CFU/g, coliforms 10³ CFU/g). However, Salmonella and Vibrio parahaemolvticus were not detected. High populations of TPC and coliforms were also found in the cooks' hands and cooking utensils(TPC 10²~10^(6) CFU/100㎝² and Coliforms 10¹~10³ CFU/100㎝²). Based on the CCP decision tree analysis, the CCPs were the holding steps for six sushi production line except the tuna and the thawing step for tuna sushi. In conclusion, overall state of sushi production was fairly good but much improvement was still needed.

광중합 복합레진의 중합초기 동적 점탄성의 변화

김민호,이인복 대한치과보존학회 2009 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.34 No.5

본 연구의 목적은 새로 개발한 점탄성 측정기를 사용하여 수종의 광중합 복합레진의 초기 동적 점탄성 변화를 측정하는 것이다. 본 연구에 사용된 점탄성 측정기는 세 부분으로 구성되었다. 첫째, 시편이 놓여지는 parallel plates; 둘째, DC 모터와 크랭크로 이루어진 회전진동전단변형 (Oscillatory shear strain)을 발생시키는 부분; 셋째, 전자기적 토크센서를 이용한 응력 측정 부분으로 구성되었다. 본 점탄성 측정기는 최대 2 Ncm의 토크를 측정할 수 있으며, 광중합기의 스위치는 컴퓨터와 연동하여 데이터 획득을 시작할 때 동시에 켜지도록 하였다. 본 연구에서는 시판 중인 6종의 광중합 복합레진 [Z-100 (Z1), Z-250 (Z2), Z-350 (Z3), DenFil (DF), Tetric Ceram (TC), Clearfil AP-X (CF)]을 사용하였다. 점탄성 측정기를 사용하여 동적 회전전단실험을 시행하였다. 직경 3 mm인 유리막대로 구성된 parallel plates 사이에 14.2㎣의 복합레진을 적용시켰으며, 6 Hz의 진동수와 0.00579 rad의 진폭으로 변형을 가하고 발생된 응력을 측정하였다. 광중합이 시작됨과 동시에 측정이 시작되었으며, 광중합 후 10초 동안 점탄성의 변화를 관찰하였다. 각 복합레진에 대해 5 회 반복하여 측정하였고, 실험은 에서 진행되었다. 측정된 변형-응력 곡선으로부터 복소전단탄성계수 G*, 저장전단탄성 계수 G', 손실전단탄성 계수 G"를 구하였고 G*가 10 MPa에 이르는 시간을 구하였다. 각 재료의 복소전단탄성계수 G*와 10 MPa에 이르는 시간에 대해 일원분산분석 (One-way ANOVA)과 사후검정 (Tukey 검정)을 시행하였다 (α= 0.05). 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 본 연구를 위해 제작한 점탄성 측정기는 광중합 복합레진의 중합 초기 10초 동안의 동적 점탄성 변화를 신뢰성 있게 측정 할 수 있었다. 2. 모든 복합레진은 광조사 개시 후 초의 불응기를 지난 다음 급격한 전단탄성계수의 증가를 보였다. 3. 모든 복합레진은 광중합 10 초간 손실전단탄성계수보다 저장전단탄성계수의 높은 증가를 보였다. 4. 광중합 초기 10초 후 복소전단탄성계수 값은 로, Z-100이 가장 높았고, 그 다음 Clearfil, Z-250, Z-350, Tetric Ceram, DenFil의 순이었다. 5. 복소전단탄성계수가 10 MPa에 이르는 시간은 Z-100이 2.55초로 가장 빨랐고, DenFil이 4.06초로 가장 느렸다. The aim of this study was to measure the initial dynamic modulus changes of light cured composites using a custom made rheometer. The custom made rheometer consisted of 3 parts: (1) a measurement unit of parallel plates made of glass rods, (2) an oscillating shear strain generator with a DC motor and a crank mechanism, (3) a stress measurement device using an electromagnetic torque sensor. This instrument could measure a maximum torque of 2Ncm, and the switch of the light-curing unit was synchronized with the rheometer. Six commercial composite resins [Z-100 (Z1), Z-250 (Z2), Z-350 (Z3), DenFil (DF), Tetric Ceram (TC), and Clearfil AP-X (CF)] were investigated. A dynamic oscillating shear test was undertaken with the rheometer. A certain volume (14.2 ㎣) of composite was loaded between the parallel plates, which were made of glass rods (3 mm in diameter). An oscillating shear strain with a frequency of 6 Hz and amplitude of 0.00579 rad was applied to the specimen and the resultant stress was measured. Data acquisition started simultaneously with light curing, and the changes in visco-elasticity of composites were recorded for 10 seconds. The measurements were repeated 5 times for each composite at . Complex shear modulus G*, storage shear modulus G', loss shear modulus G" were calculated from the measured strain-stress curves. Time to reach the complex modulus G* of 10 MPa was determined. The G* and time to reach the G* of 10 MPa of composites were analyzed with One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). The results were as follows. 1. The custom made rheometer in this study reliably measured the initial visco-elastic modulus changes of composites during 10 seconds of light curing. 2. In all composites, the development of complex shear modulus G* had a latent period for seconds immediately after the start of light curing, and then increased rapidly during 10 seconds. 3. In all composites, the storage shear modulus G" increased steeper than the loss shear modulus G" during 10 seconds of light curing. 4. The complex shear modulus of Z1 was the highest, followed by CF, Z2, Z3, TC and DF the lowest. 5. Z1 was the fastest and DF was the slowest in the time to reach the complex shear modulus of 10 MPa.

2급 와동 수복 시 한국 치과 의사들의 복합레진 사용 실태 연구

신동호,박세은,양인석,장주혜,이인복,조병훈,손호현 대한치과보존학회 2009 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.34 No.2

본 연구는 2008년 1월 현재 한국 치과의사들의 복합레진 사용 실태에 관한 설문 조사로서, 2급 와동을 수복하는 증례에서 치과의사의 면허 년도, 교육 배경 및 진료환경 등에 따라 수복재료의 선택, 복합레진의 사용여부 및 사용방법, 문제점 등을 비교하였다. 한국 치과의사들을 대상으로 2급 와동 수복에 관한 17 문항의 설문지를 제작하였다. 이 설문지는 시술자 정보 2급 와동의 수복으로 크게 2부분으로 나누어진다. 이 설문지는 대한치과의사협회를 통해 12.193 명의 치과의사들에게 E-메일로 발송되었다. 이 중 2.612개의 메일이 수신 확인되었고 840 개의 설문지가 작성되어 회신되었다. 수신 확인된 메일 수에 대한 회신된 메일 수의 비율 (회신율)은 32.2%이었고, 이 자료는 SPSS프로그램에서 카이제곱 분석을 이용하여 교차 분석하였다. 답변자의 비율은 면허년도를 기준으로 1998 ~ 2007년에 면허를 취득한 그룹 (한국 전체 치과의사의 33 3%, 추정 년령 26-35세)이 60.3%로 1997년 이전에 면허 취득한 그룹 (한국 전체 치과의사의 66.7%.추정 년령 36세 이상)의 39.7%보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 이들이 근무하는 병원은 개인의원 (77%)이 가장 많았고 남자 치과의사(79%)가 많았다. 복합레진 수복에 대한 지식은 학생 때 수업이나 학회, 세미나를 통하여 (83.4%) 얻은 것으로 나타났다. 2급 와동 수복 시 재료 선호도를 살펴보면 금인레이가 65.7%를 차지하고 있고 복합레진 직접 수복은 12.1%로 낮게 나타났다. 2급 와동의 복합레진 직접 수복 시 시술 방법에 있어서는 러버댐을 사용하지 않거나 잘 사용하지 않는 그룹의 비율(74.4%)이 더 많았고. 격벽법으로는 mylar strip (53.4%)이나 metal matrix (33.8%), Palodent svstem (6.5%)를 사용하였다. 충전은 적층법 (99.6%)을 사용하는 것으로 나타났으며, 시술 시 인접면 형성을 가장 어려워하였다.(57.2%). 2-step 접착시스템 (76%)이 3-step 접착시스템 (16%)보다 많이 사용되고 있었다. 사용하는 레진 제품으로는 Z250(20%)이 가장 많이 사용되고 있었다. The purpose of this study was to assess the current materials, methods and difficulties according to the year of licence and educational background of Korean dentists in Class Ⅱ direct composite resin restorations. Total 17 questions were included in the questionnaire. Questions were broadly divided into two parts first, operator's information and second the materials and methods used in Class Ⅱ posterior composite restoration. The questionnaire was sent to dentists enrolled in Korean Dental Association via e-mail. Total 12,193 e-mails were distributed to dentists. 2,612 e-mails were opened and 840 mails (32.2%) were received from respondents. The data was statically analyzed by chi-square test using SPSS(v 120.1 SPSS Inc. Chicago. IL USA). Male dentists among respondents was 79% 60.3% of the respondents acquired their licences recently (1998-2007) and 77% practiced in private offices 83.4% have acquired their knowledge through school lectures conferences and seminars. For the Class Ⅱ restorations gold inlays were preferred by 65.7% of respondents while direct composite resin restorations were used by 12.1% amalgam users were only 4.4% of respondents. For the restorative technique 74.4% of respondents didn't use rubber dam as needed. For the matrix. mylar strip (53.4%), metal matrix (33.8%) and Palodent system (6.5%) were used 99.6% of respondents restored the Class Ⅱ cavity by incremental layering. Obtaining of the tight interproximal contact was considered as the most difficult procedure (57.2%) followed by field isolation (21%). Among various bonding systems, 22. 6% of respondents preferred SE Bond and 20.2% used Single Bond. Z-250 was used most frequently among a variety of composite resins.

단량체 및 무기질 filler 조성 변화에 따른 복합레진의 유변학적 특성

이인복,이종혁,조병훈,손호현,이상탁,엄정문 大韓齒科保存學會 2004 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.29 No.6

Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of monomer and filler compositions on the rheological properties related to the handling characteristics of resin composites. Methods. Resin matrices that Bis-GMA as base monomer was blended with TEGDMA as diluent at various ratio were mixed with the Barium glass (0.7 um and 1.0 um), 0.04 um fumed silica and 0.5 um round silica. All used fillers were silane treated. In order to vary the viscosity of experimental composites, the type and content of incorporated fillers were changed. Using a rheometer, a steady shear test and a dynamic oscillatory shear test were used to evaluate the viscosity (η) of resin matrix, and the storage shear modulus (G′), the loss shear modulus (G″), the loss tangent (tanδ) and the complex viscosity (η*) of the composites as a function of frequency ω= 0.1-100 rad/s. To investigate the effect of temperature on the viscosity of composites, a temperature sweep test was also undertaken. Results. Resin matrices were Newtonian fluid regardless of diluent concentration and all experimental composites exhibited pseudoplastic behavior with increasing shear rate. The viscosity of composites was exponentially increased with increasing filler volume%. In the same filler volume, the smaller the fillers were used, the higher the viscosities were. The effect of filler size on the viscosity was increased with increasing filler content. Increasing filler content reduced tanδby increasing the G′further than the G″. The viscosity of composites was decreased exponentially with increasing temperature.