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Untying the Bonds of Hatred: Manuscripts of a Dhāraṇī from Dunhuang
Imre GALAMBOS 동국대학교 불교학술원 2020 International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Cultur Vol.30 No.2
The Dunhuang manuscripts include over twenty copies of a text called Foshuo jie baisheng yuanjia tuoluoni jing 佛說解百生怨家陁羅尼經 (Dhāraṇī Scripture Spoken by the Buddha on Dissolving [Ties with] Grudge-Holders of a Hundred Lifetimes). The text is also known from other sites along the historical Silk Road, attesting to its popularity across a vast geographical area. This paper focuses on extant manuscripts of this scripture from the Dunhuang library cave and groups them according to physical typology. The basic premise is that the manuscripts’ physical characteristics are of significance because they show how the dhāraṇī was reproduced as material text. Some of them were produced collectively, in ways that included the active participation of donors from the same extended family, possibly in connection with the commemoration of the dead. Other types of manuscripts suggest having been copied as part of larger projects. Finally, some of the manuscripts may have functioned as devotional objects in themselves
Medieval Ways of Character Formation in Chinese Manuscript Culture
Imre Galambos 훈민정음학회 2014 Scripta Vol.6 No.1
Traditional Chinese scholarship understood the principles of character formation according to the six scripts (liu shu 六書) model initially set forth in Eastern Han sources towards the end of the first century CE . Although initially these categories were not intended as etymological principles, in later times they were also used to explain the origin and early development of the script. Even some modern models of the origin of Chinese writing, which generally stem from the critique of traditional views, rely on the concept of liu shu as they try to determine the actual number of principles at play during the formative stages of the script. All of these models, however, seem to carry the assumption that writing had been created in the distant past and then creation essentially stopped. This paper is an attempt to demonstrate that character creation, that is, the development of orthographic structure, was an ongoing process that involved a number of principles beyond the traditional liu shu categories. Along the same line of thought, I am trying to draw attention to the value of interpreting character forms in terms of their medieval structure, rather than disregarding what we see in an effort to find out what an archaic structure might have been at the time the character first came into being.
The extinction probability in systems randomly varying in time
Imre P azsit,M.M.R. Williams,L en ard P al 한국원자력학회 2017 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.49 No.6
The extinction probability of a branching process (a neutron chain in a multiplying medium) is calculatedfor a system randomly varying in time. The evolution of the first two moments of such a process wascalculated previously by the authors in a system randomly shifting between two states of differentmultiplication properties. The same model is used here for the investigation of the extinction probability. It is seen that the determination of the extinction probability is significantly more complicated than thatof the moments, and it can only be achieved by pure numerical methods. The numerical results indicatethat for systems fluctuating between two subcritical or two supercritical states, the extinction probabilitybehaves as expected, but for systems fluctuating between a supercritical and a subcritical state, there is acrucial and unexpected deviation from the predicted behaviour. The results bear some significance notonly for neutron chains in a multiplying medium, but also for the evolution of biological populations in atime-varying environment.
A General Dry Density Law for Sands
Emoke Imre,Janos Lorincz,Q. Phong Trang,Stephen Fityus,Jozsef Pusztai,Gabor Telekes,Tom Schanz 대한토목학회 2009 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.13 No.4
The direct interpolation of a transfer function needs exponentially many data in terms of the number of the fractions in the grading curve. The suggested transfer function construction method - based on a double approximation technique, the grading entropy concept and at most quadratic many data in terms of the fraction number – is tested on the example of the dry density of sands here using some previously measured data. In the first approximation step a “preliminary transfer function” is interpolated in the nonnormalized grading entropy diagram on the basis of some “optimal” soil data. In the second approximation step the preliminary transfer function is extended to the space of the possible grading curves with the constant function. The so determined transfer function is tested against an independent “non-optimal” data set, measured on some soil series with basically continuous (i.e., not gap-graded) grading curves. The aim of this paper is to present the main results of the study supporting the goodness of the method and the predictability of the dry density transfer function. The direct interpolation of a transfer function needs exponentially many data in terms of the number of the fractions in the grading curve. The suggested transfer function construction method - based on a double approximation technique, the grading entropy concept and at most quadratic many data in terms of the fraction number – is tested on the example of the dry density of sands here using some previously measured data. In the first approximation step a “preliminary transfer function” is interpolated in the nonnormalized grading entropy diagram on the basis of some “optimal” soil data. In the second approximation step the preliminary transfer function is extended to the space of the possible grading curves with the constant function. The so determined transfer function is tested against an independent “non-optimal” data set, measured on some soil series with basically continuous (i.e., not gap-graded) grading curves. The aim of this paper is to present the main results of the study supporting the goodness of the method and the predictability of the dry density transfer function.
Zelenyuk, Alla,Imre, Dan,Wilson, Jacqueline,Zhang, Zhiyuan,Wang, Jun,Mueller, Klaus Springer New York LLC 2015 Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrome Vol.26 No.2
<P>Understanding the effect of aerosols on climate requires knowledge of the size and chemical composition of <I>individual</I> aerosol particles-two fundamental properties that determine an aerosol’s optical properties and ability to serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei. Here we present our aircraft-compatible single particle mass spectrometers, SPLAT II and its new, miniaturized version, miniSPLAT that measure in-situ and in real-time the size and chemical composition of individual aerosol particles with extremely high sensitivity, temporal resolution, and sizing precision on the order of a monolayer. Although miniSPLAT’s size, weight, and power consumption are significantly smaller, its performance is on par with SPLAT II. Both instruments operate in dual data acquisition mode to measure, in addition to single particle size and composition, particle number concentrations, size distributions, density, and asphericity with high temporal resolution. We also present ND-Scope, our newly developed interactive visual analytics software package. ND-Scope is designed to explore and visualize the vast amount of complex, multidimensional data acquired by our single particle mass spectrometers, along with other aerosol and cloud characterization instruments on-board aircraft. We demonstrate that ND-Scope makes it possible to visualize the relationships between different observables and to view the data in a geo-spatial context, using the interactive and fully coupled Google Earth and Parallel Coordinates displays. Here we illustrate the utility of ND-Scope to visualize the spatial distribution of atmospheric particles of different compositions, and explore the relationship between individual particle compositions and their activity as cloud condensation nuclei.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>